Indonesian Sea Research Articles

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF INDONESIAN SHIPPING LAW IN THE SEA TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FOR A SUCCESSFUL SEA TOLL PROGRAM AND IMPROVEMENT OF SHIPPING ADMINISTRATION

Indonesia uses Pancasila Democracy as the main foundation as well as a source of law in the nation and state (staatfundamentalnorm). One of the sounds of the 5th principle of Pancasila is, "Social Justice for All Indonesian People" which means fair to fellow human beings, fair to oneself and fair to God (Pancasila Justice Value). The purpose of this justice in particular must cover the growing system of exploitation of authority and ambiguity in the shipping world from the strong to the weak and must also narrow the socio-economic gap in the lives of seafarers, so that prosperity is achieved that reflects that Indonesia deserves to be called a World Maritime Axis Country as in history. Srivijaya & Majapahit. However, the fair principle has not been fully enforced and there is discrimination, especially the application of several articles in Act No. 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping. This research is a qualitative research with constructivism paradigm and sociological juridical approach. The formulation of the problem in this thesis are; 1) Why is Act No.17 of 2008 concerning Shipping in the Indonesian Sea Transportation System Not Fairly Pancasila?, 2) What are the Weaknesses of Act No.17 of 2008 concerning Shipping that Affects the Suboptimal Sea Transportation System in the Success of the Toll Program Sea and Shipping Administration in Indonesia?, and 3) How to Reconstruct Act No. 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping in the Sea Transportation System for the Success of the Sea Toll Program and Improvement of Indonesian Shipping Administration based on Pancasila Justice Value? The purpose of writing this thesis is to reconstruct several articles in Act No. 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping which contain weaknesses in the Sea Transportation System for the Success of the Sea Toll Program and the Improvement of Indonesian Shipping Administration Based on Pancasila Justice Value. The results of this research are that there are several reconstructions of articles, namely Article 28 paragraph (6) in terms of granting ship operating permits held by the Directorate General, Syahbandar and specifically ASDP by the Land Transportation Management Center (BPTD), Article 59 is reconstructed with the addition of revocation of one's authority to become a crew member in the event of a serious criminal offense. Article 61, paragraph (3) is reconstructed with the addition of ship requirements and specifications. Article 151 (1) is reconstructed with the addition of a paragraph that regulates the affirmation of the welfare of seafarers and Article 169 (1) is reconstructed by giving criminal sanctions not only administrative sanctions. It is hoped that with this reconstruction the Sea Transportation system in the Sea Toll Program will be able to improve the Shipping Administration System in Pancasila Justice Value.

Morphology, Morphometrics, and Shark Conservation Status at TPI Sibolga City, North Sumatra Province

Sharks are predatory animals that dwell near coral reefs and swim at the ocean's bottom. Since the inclusion of many shark species in CITES Appendix II status in 2013, shark groups have become a global issue. This is owing to shark fishing's high exploitation, both as a target capture and as bycatch. It is divided into eleven fisheries management areas, one of which is WPPNRI 572, according to the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18/PERMEN-KP/2014 concerning the State Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI. The Indian Ocean waters west of Sumatra, as well as the Sunda Strait, are included in this area. Because it faces the high seas, notably the Indian Ocean, Sumatra's west coast is a key area of the Indonesian sea. The city of Sibolga is strategically important as one of the key entry points for utilizing the potential of western Sumatra's waters. This study was place during August and September of 2021. The goal of this study was to identify sharks landed through TPI Sibolga City in North Sumatra Province, describe their morphology and morphometrics, and describe their conservation status using IUCN and CITES criteria. Squalus chloroculus, Nebrius ferrugineus, Carcharhinus brevipinna, Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinus melanopterus, Carcharhinus sorrah, Rhizoprionodon acutus, Rhizoprionodon oligolinx, and Sphyrna lewini were among the 310 sharks successfully landed in the TPI, according to the study's findings. The overall length variable has the strongest tendency, according to the results of the Principal Component Analysis Scree Plot. C. brevipinna, C. falciformis, C. melanopterus, C. sorrah, and T. obesus are shark species with comparable morphometric features. According to the IUCN, the conservation status of S. lewini is Critical or Threatened (EN). The status of N. ferrugineus is Very Vulnerable (VU). Near Threatened (NT) status for S. chloroculus, C. brevipinna, C. falciformis, C. melanopterus, C. sorrah, and T. obesus. Less Worrying Status was assigned to R. acutus and R. oligolinx (LC). While the trading status of sharks based on CITES, particularly C. falciformis, C. melanopterus, and S. lewini, are included in the Appendix II list, which denotes species that are not threatened with extinction but could be affected if trade continues without regulation

Proposed Business Strategy to Develop the Ocean-Going Bunkers Business in Indonesia

The global bunker fuel market is projected to reach $ 130,1 billion in 2027, growing at a CAGR of 3.1% from 2020 to 2027. Asia-Pacific dominates the bunker fuel market, and Singapore has been the world's pre-eminent bunker hub, with 22% of the global bunker market. It is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.5% from 2021 to 2030. With this growth of the bunker demand, Indonesia, which strategically lies on the world maritime trade route, should be able to take this opportunity. There are nearly 150.000 ocean-going vessels that pass through the Indonesia seas each year, and around 11.000 vessels do loading-unloading cargo in Indonesia's ports or anchorages. The business size of the ocean-going bunker in Indonesia is $1.2 Billion/year or equal to 2.2 million Metric Tons. However, only 4% (0,08 Million Metric Tons) were bunkering in Indonesian port. Mostly they were bunkering in Singapore, Port Klang, Zhoushan, and Hongkong. Estimated Indonesia’s opportunity loss from bunker transactions is $1.1 Billion/ per year, while the opportunity loss from port charges and other services is estimated at more than $1 Billion per year. This final project will use a qualitative research methodology consisting of desk research and field research through in-depth interviews of the key informants. To understand the level of competition and Indonesia's relative position in the Asia Pacific bunker market, this research uses an external analysis framework. Moreover, the internal analysis is applied to understand the current competitive advantage and list items to improve. This research recommends the Value Innovation strategy, which started with the cost-leadership focus strategy in attracting the ocean-going bunker consumer and is supported by increasing perceived customer benefits. This research suggests focusing on ocean-going ships that load and unload cargo at Indonesian ports as the target market. This research also proposes the business strategy using 7P’s marketing mix approach. It consists of raising product specifications to a global standard, eliminating VAT components, reducing shipment costs, remapping supply points, increasing awareness of the global market, developing global skilled human resources, improving the bunkering speed and quantity accuracy, and improving the reliability of infrastructure.

Forecasting the stranded area of marine debris in Indonesian coasts using mobidrift model and floating drifter

The problem of marine debris became a concern of world scientists that placed Indonesia as the second contributor of the world. Plastic litter that leaked from the land and came through the river is a major source of Indonesia marine debris. This marine debris is a serious threat for ocean and coastal ecosystems. The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia supports the Presidential Regulation to reduce the plastic litter to 70% by 2025 by developing numerical modeling of marine plastic litter trajectory. Using a user-friendly web portal interface, we can simulate the trajectory of marine plastic litter from different points of source at different seasons. Wind, current, and tide data were used to force the particle on the simulation. The result of the model was compared with the record of the real time movement of twenty drifters that were released from three rivers mouth. The development of this trajectory model will become a useful tool to provide the information of the movement of marine debris in Indonesian sea waters and beyond. Knowing the path and stranded location in each season will improve our policy of planning and mitigate the impact of marine debris.

Arrangement of Submarine Cables and Pipelines as Part of Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia

As a country with many islands, Indonesia is also surrounded by an ocean that is two-thirds wider than the territory of its own country. So Indonesia must be able to manage and organize the sea regularly to be used for the welfare of the people. Marine spatial planning is not only done to organize what is above the sea but also to organize what is under the sea. One of the activities used under the sea is laying submarine cables and pipelines used for various sectors. There are many irregularities in laying submarine cables and pipelines in the Indonesian sea conditions. It can lead to fatal accidents at sea and damage the facilities needed by the community, so a comprehensive and integrated arrangement is required. In addition to preventing maritime accidents, marine spatial planning can also serve as a reference and guide for all parties using the ocean to prevent conflicts between users. Marine spatial planning is also the primary foundation to support and realize Indonesia's ideals as the Global Maritime Fulcrum. This study examines several existing regulations related to the arrangement of submarine pipelines/cables in Indonesia. It finds several problems where some aspects have not been regulated in the regulation. This research provides recommendations on these problems by looking at the needs of stakeholders for the implementation of an orderly Indonesian marine layout.

Enforcement of Illegal Fishing Laws that was Done by Foreign Ships in the Indonesian Sea Region, Viewed from International Sea Law

This study aims to determine and examine the law enforcement of illegal fishing and the factors that inhibit law enforcement of illegal fishing conducted by foreign ships in the sea of Indonesia in terms of international maritime law. The type of research used by the authors in this study is a type of normative legal research. Normative legal research is done by examining the object of the form of legislation or legal norms applicable or applied to a particular legal problem. Concerning the type of research used the approach. The results showed that according to the 1982 International Maritime Law Convention (UNCLOS 1982) law enforcement of illegal fishing has been regulated in Article 73 UNCLOS 1982 while in the Indonesian National Law has been regulated in Article 69 Paragraph (4) law Number 45 of 2009 on Fisheries. Further obstacles to law enforcement are the impenetrable enforcement, lack of insight, and the integrity of law enforcement, and the lack of an active role and awareness of the community to assist law enforcement of illegal fishing in the Indonesian marine territory.

Compensation for Oil Pollution Due to Tanker Accidents in the Indonesian Legal System in a Justice Value Perspective

The sea potentially fulfills the interests of sea transportation; for example, the transportation of tankers. The Indonesian sea is included in the seas with the dense traffic of tankers causing the risk of oil pollution due to tanker accidents. For example, the three cases of oil contamination caused by tanker accidents occurred in the Cilacap Sea which is the largest oil refinery in Indonesia. This study aimed to find the value of justice for oil pollution losses due to tanker accidents considering that Indonesia has ratified the international convention of the civil liability of oil spill by tanker, Convention on Civil Liability 1969, and its amendment of Convention on Civil Liability 1992, along with its supplementary protocol. The international law principles (polluter pays principle, precautionary principle, and strict liability) for oil tanker losses caused by tankers have been applied to the national legal system. There were still overlapping authorities and the conflicts of authorities among the institutes in the period before 2015 before the establishment of the Coordinating Ministry of Marine Affairs. After the periodization of 2015 with the formation of the Coordinating Ministry of Marine Affairs, it is expected to resolve the loss of oil pollution as a result of tanker accidents using the right method of calculating the loss of natural resources, taking into account the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept between the insurance and victims.

Phytochemical screening, docking study, and in vitro assessment of cytotoxicity against MCF7 and 3T3 cell lines of Indonesian sea cucumber Stichopus sp.

Phytochemical screening, docking study, and in vitro assessment of cytotoxicity against MCF7 and 3T3 cell lines of Indonesian sea cucumber Stichopus sp.

THE FEASIBILITY OF MICRO-CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION FOR ENHANCING DOMESTIC NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION, CASE STUDY : NATURAL GAS PROVISION AT R & D CENTRE FOR OIL AND GAS TECHNOLOGY "LEMIGAS"

Indonesia with a huge natural gas reserves distributed in various islands and separated by sea has utilized the gas for domestic energy source and petrochemical feedstock purposes. Transportation of the gas to its consumers can be in the form of either pipeline gas or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) schemes. Selection of the scheme chosen is determined based on its economic evaluation and technical reliability. The distribution of gas reserves in various islands segmented by sea in Indonesia in combination with economic activity concentration especially in Java island bring about difficulties in gas development due to the up-front massive investment required on gas pipe laying or LNG plant construction. It is therefore required to find a cheaper alternative to the scheme with an established safety standard application, in order that the domestic gas utilization will be able to be enhanced and thus reducing petroleum liquid import. An alternative that can be significantly considered is micro-cryogenic technology development in Indonesia for constructing a low capacity LNG plant so that a small scule of LNG can be economically produced. The LNG is then distributed to gas consumers at regions which has no existing and will not be viable for new gas network installation. Micro-cryogenic technology application is thought to be developed considering a preliminary feasibility study results. The study found that micro-cryogenic technology is around US$ 0,75 million (68,2%) cheaper than gas pipeline technology to provide natural gas for Gas Demonstration Plant operation at R D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology "Lemigas"

Implementasi Metode Propotional, Integral, Derifative (PID) Sebagai Kontrol Kapal Autonomous Dengan Sistem Waypoint Untuk Wahana Batimetri

Indonesia is the world's largest island nation with many islands and more seas than land. Because of the size of the Indonesian sea, oceanographic science is needed. Oceanographic learning involves the study of the underwater depths of the batimetric sciences. Batimetric science is crucial because it studies underwater depth. Batimetric processes in Indonesia today generally employ large vessels with manual control, resulting in the skill required of drivers at risk for obtained track data. With the problem, it has been designed to disrupt the autonomous control system with a pid waypoint system that would provide stable direction for the ship. The control system USES the arduino microcontroller which is used for processing data. The data obtained are data coordinates obtained from the GPS and the ship's navigation data obtained from the compass sensors. The data obtained will be processed and applied to pid methods. Of the pid process can be generated the degree degree required to power the servo motor connected to the ship's rudder. In this research USES four coordinate points of starting point, first goal point, second point of destination, and third point of goal. Once it reaches the third point of destination, the ship will return to its starting point. From the results of the testing done, the result is a kostanta pid score of KP =8, ki =5, kd = 3.5. Tests enabled the system that kept the ship's course steady as it should. So the ship goes on track.

Environmental Impacts Of The Oil And Gas Platform Decommissioning

Many of the oil and gas installations in the Indonesian Sea are reaching the end of their economic production life. Typically, oil and gas fields have an economic life of 20 to 40 years and a decommissioning program will be required and predicted to peak during the period 2010-2020. Some of them are located in shallow water such as those around Pulau Seribu, Java Sea, and South China Sea; some others are in deeper water such those at Makasar Straits and Moluccas Sea. Many different opinions exist on the benefits and problems of a partial platform removal or a complete removal. For some reasons platforms would be a good fishing spot. On the other hands, an unseen hazard could be left behind by the platforms. Even a complete removal of the platforms is conducted but without proper clearing of the ocean floor, the unused platforms still can cause hazards. For the management of the seas outside the territorial waters, worldwide nations have historically entered into international agreements and conventions. These agreements and conventions that have been entered into under the umbrella of the United Nations are Geneva Convention, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Guidelines. Nationally, there is little information concerning with the decommissioning project. This paper is intended to highlight options for decommissioning of offshore platforms, its environmental impacts, and regulations that could be referred to following the decommissioning proposal. The technological aspects of the structural decommissioning of platforms are beyond the scope of this paper.

Analysis of the Influence of Submarine Operational Capabilities on the State of Deterrence

Indonesia is an archipelagic state whose territory lies in a cross position between two continents and two oceans. So that Indonesia has the authority to maintain the security of its maritime territory, starting from regulating its shipping lanes to maintaining sovereignty in all of Indonesia's sea areas. Indonesia's threats have been identified as coming from neighboring countries, namely Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and China. Increasing escalation in the South China Sea area, Efforts to support Indonesian territorial security, submarines currently owned must be able to become a deterrent against potential threats both from within and from outside and be able to operate in all Indonesian waters. The hypothesis in this study is if the operational capability of the submarine increases the country's deterrence system. The methodology used is descriptive quantitative using software SPSS 25 and Microsoft Excel 2013 with data analysis techniques using multivariate correlation. The effect of submarine operational capability on the country's deterrence is 86.6% that implies submarine operational capability has strong influence.

Regulation of IUUF Overcoming in The Form of Interoperability through Control Center of Task Force 115

Abstract- As a maritime country with a sustainable potency of fish resources which is estimated 9.9 million tons a year, Indonesia becomes the source of illegal, unreported, unregulated fishing (IUUF). IUUF is prohibited in Indonesia because it contradicts provisions in United Nations Convention on The Law of the Sea of 1982, Indonesian Law Number 45 of 2009, and Indonesian Law Number 32 of 2014. But, during this time, IUUF overcoming is hampered by sectoral egos between domestic institutions in exchanging data and information about IUUF. Thus, solution for exchange of data and information can be built through an institution, that is the Control Center of Task Force 115 which has function to organize interoperability, with establish a platform that can accommodate facilities different between domestic institutions into an integrated data and information center. Then, the implementation of interoperability is outlined in a regulation through reconstruction of Ministerial Regulation Number 37/PERMEN-KP/2017. This solution need to be done in order to there is not overlapping authority between domestic institutions and ineffectiveness of the Control Center of Task Force 115 function as the organizer of exchanging surveillance data or information about the actor of IUUF that will or have entered Indonesian Sea.

Strategy of Towarding the Strength of Indonesian Navy in Overcoming Violations in the 2nd Indonesian Sea Lane Archipelagic to Achieve theStability of Marine Security in Supporting Military Operations other thanWar (Mootw)

Security in the territorial waters of a country is one of the important elements in maintaining the sovereignty of a country which based on facts on the ground shows that the ALKI II region poses a threat to international shipping where the threats are in the form of smuggling of goods, human trafficking, as well as terrorism and the impact of Malaysia's expansionary politics. is the impact of the non-optimal security in the ALKI II area due to the non-optimal degree of TNI al strength and regulations that are still overlapping in overcoming violations in the ALKI II area, so this study aims to find out how the interoperability between TNI dimensions in the ALKI II area in supporting the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. And how are the efforts in strengthening the strategy of the pattern of operations and deployment of TNI AL forces in the ALKI II region. Then this study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis methods supported by literature studies as a method of data and fact tracking, where based on the results of the study it is known that interoperability between dimensions The TNI in the ALKI II area has not been well integrated and is still running independently and the pattern of operations and deployment of the TNI's combat force is not optimal yet with a centralized and regional nature so that optimization is needed. realizing the stability and security of Indonesian marine waters.

Validation of satellite-based sea surface temperature products against in situ observations off the western coast of Sumatra

This study validated the sea surface temperature (SST) datasets from the Group for High-Resolution SST Multi Product Ensemble (GMPE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Optimal Interpolation (OI) SST version 2 and 2.1 (OIv2 and OIv2.1), and Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2) in the area off the western coast of Sumatra against in situ observations. Furthermore, the root mean square differences (RMSDs) of OIv2, OIv2.1, and ECCO2 were investigated with respect to GMPE, whose small RMSD < 0.2 K against in situ observations confirmed its suitability as a reference. Although OIv2 showed a large RMSD (1–1.5 K) with a significant negative bias, OIv2.1 (RMSD < 0.4 K) improved remarkably. In the average SST distributions for December 2017, the differences among the 4 datasets were significant in the areas off the western coast of Sumatra, along the southern coast of Java, and in the Indonesian inland sea. These results were consistent with the ensemble spread distribution obtained with GMPE. The large RMSDs of OIv2 corresponded to high clouds, and it was suggested that the change in the satellites used for SST estimation contributed to the improvement in OIv2.1.

Diversity of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in Pulau Pari and their potential roles for bioremediation

Oil spill accidents occur several times in the Indonesian sea, including Jakarta Bay. Studies on the application of oil spill bio-degradation techniques need to be developed but require baseline data on microbe species diversity and functions. We isolated several bacteria from Pulau Pari that can degrade hydrocarbons (hexadecane, phenantrene, and dibenzothiophene) by using two step enrichment culture technique. The isolated microbes belong to several taxa, including α-subclass Proteobacteria, β-subclass Proteobacteria, γ-subclass Proteobacteria, the gram-positive high GC content (Actinobacteria), and Bacillus group. These marine bacteria degrade not only alkanes but also polyaromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene). Alpha and gamma Proteobacteria were predominant alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbons-degrading bacteria. The ability of those bacteria to degrade both alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbon is a key-important trait for enhancing bioremediation of oil spills.

Dumai Port Area Development and Economics Approach

Ports are part of a complex urban setting as they provide important economic opportunities, such as access to global supply chains.(Economics, 2021). DivergenceFor an archipelago country that can exploit the maritime potential, Indonesia should be utilizing the potential of logistics transportation aspect, in this research context is Port. The distribution of ports in Indonesia is not evenly distributed if seen from Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB), in this case is Dumai City which has a port in the Indonesian archipelagic sea lane (ALKI) 1, although it is in strategic location, it is not reflected from Dumai city PDRB that can be categorized as lagging compared to other Port cities in Indonesia. To optimize the utilization of existing ports and increase economic growth in Dumai City, PT. Pelindo 1 of Dumai territory plans to develop port capacity by building a special segment of container loading and unloading activities based on the increasingly cheap vessels of containers docked at Dumai Port. To increase the phenomenon that occurs, the research is intended to design the conceptual design of port development by using dynamic system. The aim to the research are how to know cost maintenance, operation-maintenance and revenue at Dumai Port and how to develop this area

Review Strategis Upaya Pengamanan Laut Nasional Menuju Keamanan Maritim dan Pengelolaan Ruang Laut Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia as a world maritime country and an archipelagic country which has 17,504 islands whose territorial area is dominated by the ocean. As a maritime country, Indonesia has 4 (four) points that become international chokepoints, namely the Malacca Strait, Sunda Strait, Lombok Strait and the Ombai-Wetar Strait. Indonesia has established three Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ALKI) for the peaceful passage of international shipping, which are guaranteed by international and national law. The Indonesian Maritime Security Agency is a Non-Ministerial State Institution whose position is under and directly responsible to the President and has the authority to enforce the law at sea and is justified by law, so that with the issuance of Law Number 32 of 2014 concerning Marine Affairs and Presidential Regulation Number 178 of 2014 concerning the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency, it can be interpreted that there is legal legitimacy for the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency in carrying out its duties, functions and authorities to carry out law enforcement against special crimes at sea. This study aims to explore Indonesia's strategic role in law enforcement at sea towards national maritime security and resilience. The method used is a literature study approach and the data analysis technique used is a qualitative data approach by conducting secondary data analysis to explain the findings obtained. This research produces findings in the form of an analysis of Indonesia's strategic role in law enforcement at sea towards maritime resilience and security both nationally and regionally.

Microplastic contamination in Indonesian anchovies from fourteen locations

Abstract. Ningrum EW, Patria MP. 2021. Microplastic contamination in Indonesian anchovies from fourteen locations. Biodiversitas 23: 125-134. Microplastics in seawater can enter into the food chain of pelagic fish with subsurface foraging behavior such as anchovies (Stolephorus spp.). Anchovies are valuable commercial fish with high market demand. Hence, measuring potential marine pollutants in these fish is needed. Microplastics as marine contaminants are reportedly more dangerous if they occur together with other contaminants such as trace metals. This research aims to detect microplastic contaminants in anchovies caught in the Indonesia Sea. This research compared between the microplastic contamination on anchovies from 14 harbors: 6 in Western Indonesia (Meulaboh, Krui, Pangkalpinang, Muara Angke, Karimunjawa, and Sidoarjo) and 8 in Eastern Indonesia (Manado, Mamuju, Makassar, Kendari, Ambon, Sorong, Fakfak, and Waingapu). We isolated the digestive tracts of anchovies and measured their length and dry weight. The organic materials were digested with NaOH and a technical-grade sodium Laureth sulfate (SLES) solution approximately one week after collection. Microplastics were observed using a microscope and confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We found that most microplastic contaminants in anchovies were in fiber and film shapes. The majority of the sizes ranged from 50-500 ?m, followed by a range of 20-50 ?m. Microplastics were surprisingly high in samples from Mamuju (688±1.15 MPs idv-1) and Krui (645±7.02 MPs idv-1), higher than any contaminated biota ever reported for anchovies. As reported, anchovies from the Indonesia Sea are contaminated by microplastics. Moreover, human exposure to microplastic contaminants is possible and may affect consumer health in long-term exposure.

Determination Of 137CS In Batam Water As South China Sea Extention Using Ammonium Phospomolibdate (AMP) Method

A Study of the Characteristics of the 137Cs of the South China Sea in Batam Waters has been carried out. The South China Sea through several straits is connected to the Pacific Ocean region and the Indonesian Sea. The mass of Pacific water entering the South China Sea will reach Batam Waters with radioactive contaminants. Batam Waters are part of the Karimata Strait which is the Extention Line of South China Sea so that it has the potential to receive 137Cs of radioactive contaminants from operational nuclear reactors discharged in the coastal regions of China. The purpose of the study is to find out the characteristics of 137Cs and obtain the current status of 137Cs as a baseline to minimize the impact of nuclear activities on the ecosystem of the waters of Batam, Indonesia. The 137Cs characterization method uses the Ammonium Phosphomolibdate (AMP) with modification of base dissolution and measurement validation with Certified Reference Material (CRM). The results of monitoring the concentration of 137Cs in seawater in Batam waters are in the range &lt;0.03 - 0.35 ± 0.02 Bq.m-3, while the concentration of 137Cs activity in Batam waters sediments is known to be a maximum of 0.22 ± 0.08 Bq.kg-1 with 134Cs below MDA. Result in seawater and sediments are comparable to previous research related to the presence of radiocesium in the region