Indonesian Rubber Research Articles

Diamond Model and Competition of Rubber Export Markets: Evidence from Sumatra Economic Growth Center

The focus of this research is on how the position of competitiveness of Indonesian rubber exports among ASEAN countries and the dominant factors causing the competitiveness of Indonesian rubber exports experienced a downward. Approach to measuring rubber export competitiveness uses the Lafay Index, and factors that affect the competitiveness using the Diamond model by using panel data analysis method. The results show that there has been a decline in the competitiveness of Indonesia's rubber exports to ASEAN countries, the greatest decline in competitiveness that occurred in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. Factors that affect Indonesia's export competitiveness that is more dominant are a foreign direct investment, price levels, and interest rates. FDI should be directed at improving the quality of export products following the quality of ISNR and upgrading the quality of rubber export products from SIT 20, and directly more beneficial for the manufacture of goods for final consumers.

Application of reliability engineering method in machine maintenance

This study was conducted in an industry resin from block rubber with the quality specifications of the SIR (Standard Indonesian Rubber)-10. Problems occurred because the company is still doing corrective maintenance and do not have a planned machine maintenance schedule. It disrupted of the exhibition process. This study’s purpose is designing a preventive maintenance machine system with reliability engineering method. Data needed in study is machine breakdown and downtime, damaged frequency, and interval damaged of machine details. The critical details on the machine were Reactors with its details, namely packing valve Codogno, packing main-hole, and propeller. Determining the distribution of failure, reliability, Mean Time to Failure, the study results show the interval of replaced part packing valve Codogno is a 109-day with reliability value the of details 0.5007; packing main-hole is 120 days with reliability 0.5070; propeller details is 172 days with reliability 0.5028.

DAMPAK PENINGKATAN KONSUMSI KARET ALAM DOMESTIK TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI KARET INDONESIA

<div>Rubber is a people's commodity that contributes greatly to the Indonesian economy. However, the price of natural rubber fluctuates with a downward trend, thus affecting state income and the welfare of Indonesian rubber farmers. Therefore, the natural rubber producing countries in the ITRC forum agreed to increase domestic natural rubber consumption in their respective countries as an effort to stabilize the price of rubber in the world. This policy was later referred to as the Demand</div><div>Promotion Scheme (DPS). This study aims to see the impact of the application of DPS as a domestic natural rubber trade policy on the welfare of Indonesian rubber</div><div>farmers. The analysis uses an econometric model in the form of a system of</div><div>simultaneous equations which is estimated by the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS)</div><div>method using the 1992–2017 annual data series. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of policies to increase domestic natural rubber consumption can improve the welfare of Indonesian rubber farmers.</div>

Pertumbuhan Batang Bawah Karet pada Beberapa Komposisi Media Tanam dalam Root Trainer

The rubber tree rootstock nursery using the root trainer method is aimed to promote root growth through the use of non-soil growing media in a special container. This technology offers the advantages of a shortened breeding process, good rooting, and ease of delivery. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the planting media composition of oil palm bunches compost, manure, rice husk, solid decanter, and Trichoderma viride on the growth of rubber rootstock under the root trainer method. The research was carried out in the greenhouse of the Sungei Putih Research Center, Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Deli Serdang, North Sumatra in January-May 2019. The observation included plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, dry weight, and root length, and successful grafting percentage. The results indicated that the mixture of oil palm bunches compost, solid decanter, and Trichoderma viride (Te treatment) was the most potential to be developed as a planting media for rubber rootstock nursery under root trainer system. At 18 weeks after planting, the Te treatment had an average height of 82.66 + 14.27 cm with an increment rate of 3.25 + 0.81 cm/week, number of leaves 11.33 + 3.21 leaves with the increment of 0.52 + 0.20 leaves/week, stem diameter 5.29 + 0.73 mm with an increase of 0.33 + 0.05 mm/week. The Te treatment had a length and root weight of 41.97 + 2.40 cm and 1.68 + 0.77 g, respectively, with the grafting successfulness percentage of 47.37%. Besides showing good growth, these materials are also available in large and continuous quantities. The use of Trichoderma viride not only for increasing plant growth but also as a biocontrol of white root disease. Keywords: growth, growing media, Hevea brasiliensis, rootstock, root trainer

Indonesian natural rubber export potential in European market

Indonesia is one of the largest natural rubber exporters in the world. On the other hand, the potential for natural rubber in the world market is enormous. The Asian continent is the largest market for Indonesian natural rubber, followed by American and European markets. Currently there have been many studies on the competitiveness of Indonesian natural rubber exports to the international market, but so far there has not been much research on the competitiveness and potential of rubber exports specifically to European countries. This study aims to determine the competitiveness and the potential of Indonesian natural rubber in European countries, namely Germany, France, and Spain. The method used in this study is descriptive analytics, meanwhile Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) was used to determine Indonesia’s competitiveness in each of the partner countries, on the other hand Export Product Dynamic (EPD) was used to determine the performance of Indonesian natural rubber in partner countries. The RCA index shows that Indonesia has competitive advantages in the partner countries, and the EPD matrix indicated that Indonesia is in a rising star position in the German, French and Spanish markets. To strengthen this position, Indonesia needs to increase their export value through the increase in production.

Economic perspective of indonesian rubber on agroforestry development

Rubber commodity is one of the plantation commodities that supports agroforestry, besides that it is one of the attractors in the creation of labor in rural areas. The economic linkages around intensive plantations will affect development of rubber in agroforestry areas. Rubber agroforestry is important because demands of global trade will encourage the development of agroforestry itself. For this reason, this paper can provide a description of the rubber economy in supporting the national economy. The data used is secondary data including national and global data, especially for countries of ITRC forum group members. The analytical method usesPrincipal Component Analysiswhich is expected to provide an overview of the conditions for the development of the national rubber economy. The results showed that 55.34 percent indicated that the economic development of rubber was already export-oriented, while 8.56 percent indicated that global production would affect the decline in rubber area, while 13.70 percent of the global relative price had its own characteristics. Thus, it can be seen that the challenges ahead, need to anticipate the development of rubber cultivation, both in monoculture and agroforestry plantations, which can support each other with an interconnected agribusiness system for harmony with global demand.

Analysis of Indonesian Rubber Export Supply for 1995-2015

Analysis of Indonesian Rubber Export Supply for 1995-2015

The effect of natural rubber on physical and mechanical properties of rubber seal for LPG tube valve

The price of natural rubber (NR) continues to decline. In early January 2020 the price of Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR) 20 was around 1.83 US$/kg and in May 2020 dropped to 1.09 US$/kg. Under this condition, NR downstream program becomes a necessity to increase domestic consumption of NR so that the sustainable rubber industry can be achieved. One prospective product and can be substituted using NR is the rubber seal for Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) tube valve. Based on the rubber seal quality requirements in Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 7655: 2010, the rubber raw material should use rubber which is resistant to n-pentane. Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) synthetic rubber is suitable, meanwhile NR is not resistant to n-pentane so it is not suitable to produce rubber seal for LPG tube valve. Hence, this research studied the effect of NR on physical and mechanical properties of rubber seal compared to NBR compound. The results showed that NR improved elastic properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break and compression set, but decreased the resistance to n-pentane. Mixing NBR and NR with appropriate compositions can produce a better rubber seal for LPG tube valve.

PENGARUH GDP DAN NILAI TUKAR NEGARA MITRA DAGANG TERHADAP EKSPOR KARET INDONESIA

International trade is one of the economic activities that plays an important role for a country. The benefits of international trade are related to economic growth, national development and national welfare. The condition of limited resources is no longer a barrier to meeting the needs of a country with exchange and trade. Rubber is one of the leading export commodities for the Indonesian plantation sector. Indonesia is one of the main producers of natural rubber number two in the world after Thailand. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Gross Domestic Product and the exchange rate of trading partner countries on Indonesian Rubber exports. The type of data used is panel data of Indonesia Rubber export partner countries in 2009-2018. The method used is panel data regression. The results showed that the export of Indonesian Rubber with Gross Domestic Product was positive and significant. And the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect

HIILIRISASI DAYA SAING DAN POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN PASAR PRODUK KARET INDONESIA DI NEGARA ASEAN5

The increase in exports of Indonesian rubber products is the key to the success of the rubber product downstream policy to gain added value and foreign exchange. The export market for rubber products in ASEAN5 is competing with similar products from East Asia. As an exporter, Indonesia must focus on strengthening competitiveness and exploiting the potential market in ASEAN5.The purpose of this article is to describe the competitiveness and development potential of the Indonesian rubber product market in ASEAN5 countries (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines). The analysis that describes the competitiveness of Indonesian rubber products uses the RCA method and market share. Analysis of the position and potential for market development of Indonesian rubber products using the Export Product Dynamic method. The competitiveness of Indonesian rubber products in ASEAN5 markets is quite varied. Indonesian rubber products have a relatively strong competitiveness value in the Singapore market, but weak in other ASEAN5 markets such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam. Indonesian rubber products compete fiercely with similar industries in importing countries and major competitors from East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea). The clusterization shows that Indonesian rubber products have a potential market in Thailand, although their competitiveness is relatively weak but in a rising star market position. The market potential in Singapore and the Philippines is less potential, but has relatively strong competitiveness in Singapore and a falling star market position in the Philippines. Indonesian rubber products have no potential in Malaysia and Vietnam.

Soil Water Content Below 33.7% Progressively Reduces the Latex Yield of Rubber PB 60, A Study in Sembawa, South Sumatra, Indonesia


 
 
 Rubber is one of the economically important tropical trees that produces natural rubber, an essential industrial raw material in Indonesia. In general, rubber can grow well in areas with 1,500 - 3,000 mm rainfall per year that evenly distributed round the year. During the dry season, water availability is reduced so that water becomes a limiting factor for the growth and production of the rubber tree. This paper aimed to determine minimum soil water content that must be maintained to prevent the reduction of PB 260 rubber production based on field water balance. This research was carried out at the Indonesian Rubber Research Institute Experimental Field, South Sumatra, Indonesia, between 2014 to 2019. This experiment used PB 260 clone which was planted in 2001 using a 6 x 3 m plant spacing. Soil analysis showed that the Sembawa had a clay loam soil texture. The measured parameters were latex production (kg per ha per year), rainfall, and evapotranspiration (mm). The results from our six years of study showed that rubber production always decreased when soil water content started to decline below field capacity (33.7 %, or equal to 337 mm with 1m depth of root zone).
 
 

Farmers, Traders, and Processors: Buyer Market Power and Double Marginalization in Indonesia

Buyer market power can significantly reduce farm prices and incomes, making curtailment of such power a key strategy to improve rural livelihoods in emerging economies. A “double marginalization problem” occurs when market power is exercised at multiple stages in a supply chain. Although double marginalization has been studied extensively from a seller‐power perspective, the corresponding problem on the buyer‐power side has received scant attention. This paper addresses that lacuna through developing a vertical market model that allows buyer power to be exercised in local farmer–trader markets and also downstream at the trader–processor stage. We derive equilibrium results for output, prices, and economic welfare under alternative competition scenarios. The model is applied to the Indonesian rubber value chain by estimating the magnitude of buyer market power in farmer–trader and trader–processor interactions and quantifying the extent of welfare loss and redistribution of income among market participants due to double marginalization. Standard theory for seller double marginalization posits that it should be eliminated through vertical coordination within the supply chain. We conclude by discussing why such coordination may not occur within emerging‐economy supply chains and considering policy innovations to facilitate better coordination.

STUDY OF PINEAPPLE EXOCARP, GADUNG TUBER AND LIQUID OF PULP COCOA FERMENTATION AS LATEX COAGULANTS TOWARD RUBBER QUALITY

Some rubber farmers in Indonesia use un-recommended latex coagulant and it causes bad quality of rubber. The utilization of organic latex coagulants has the potential way to improve rubber quality. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pineapple exocarp extract, gadung tuber extract and liquid of pulp cocoa fermentation as latex coagulants toward rubber quality. The study was using Randomized Completely Block Design with six treatments and four replications the treatments tested was 10 ml and 20 ml pineapple exocarp extract, 10 ml and 20 ml gadung extract and 10 ml and 20 ml liquid of pulp cocoa fermentation. The parameters observed were contact time, weight of rubber and rubber characteristic which are comprised of serum clarity, rubber color and rubber stinky smell produced, ash content and volatile matter compared to Standart Indonesian Rubber (SIR) 20. The result of this study showed that 20 ml latex coagulant had faster contact time than others and increased weight of the rubber. It showed that rubbers produced a bit stinky smell as well, it was better than rubbers produced by inorganic latex coagulant.

The Development of Natural Rubber Composite Based Canal Blocking to Sustain Peatland Environment

Peatland fire became a serious problem in Indonesia until nowadays. The most problem of peat fire was caused by converting peatland become plantation area, wherein need canal blocking to adjust water ground as crop planting requirement in peatland. The structure design of this canal blocking should be strong enough to block excessive water level degradation so that can sustain the peatland environment. The current design of canal blocking was used wood as building structure, which has nor water-resistant, therefore, it can be rotten and easy to collapse. Indonesian Rubber Research Institute (IRRI) has already developed novel technology of canal blocking, namely natural rubber composite based water level canal blocking to overcome this problem. This novel technology was used natural rubber composite as material structure, therefore it has higher water-resistant, longer service life, and higher acid resistance than traditional canal blocking. In addition, novel canal blocking has equipped with water level system, which could control the groundwater level were suitable enough for crop planting requirement in peatland. Indeed, novel canal blocking could sustain peatland environment through peatland fire risk reduction, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction and increase peatland plantation production. This technology has already installed in South Sumatera. Present work would be detailed review structure strength novel canal blocking, environment and economic impact on its application. The application result had determined successful to reduce CO2 emissions up to 3,723.38 ton CO2 /ha during 7 months installation. Furthermore, the production of the intercropping system (palm oil and corn) in peatland within novel canal blocking was increasing the profit wherein the B/C of novel canal blocking application was 1.77, while traditional design canal blocking application was 1.55.

Optimization of Standard Indonesian Rubber 20 and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Blending for Ship Launcher Application

AbstractIndonesia is one of the largest natural rubber producers in the world. However, the utilization of natural rubber is still not optimal, even though with a touch of technology, natural rubber can be utilized to create technical products that have high added value. One of the rubber products is rubber airbag. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of variations of natural rubber type Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR) 20 and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber composition processed with auxiliary chemicals on the quality of mechanical properties of rubber airbag product which is considered quite optimal. Rubber compound is made from the mixture of natural rubber SIR 20 and synthetic rubber EPDM with variation of SIR 20/EPDM ratio A) 100/0; B) 90/10; C) 80/20; D) 0/100 phr. Rubber compound is made with kneader machine and open mill. Then its mechanical properties are tested in accordance with the target technical specifications to be achieved. Testing is done both before and after its immersion in sea water at 95 °C for 29 days. Test results both before and after immersion in sea water shows that the composition of natural rubber and EPDM has significant effect on mechanical properties and chemical structure of rubber compound vulcanizate. The optimum rubber compound formula for rubber airbag is sample A with 100 phr of SIR 20 composition with excellent mechanical properties of tensile strength, hardness, rebound resilience, and abrasion resistance.

Properties of Natural Rubber/Chloroprene Rubber Blend for Rubber Fender Application: Effects of Blend Ratio

AbstractNatural rubber is widely known to possess good mechanical properties. However, due to the existence of numerous reactive double bonds on the molecular backbone, natural rubber is highly susceptible to degradation by thermal aging. To overcome such shortcomings, natural rubber is frequently blended with synthetic rubbers such as chloroprene rubber. Chloroprene rubber is one of the most important specialty rubber for nontire application, for example rubber fender. The present study investigates the effects of two different blend ratios of natural rubber (standard Indonesian rubber or SIR 10) and chloroprene rubber on the cure, tensile properties, and morphology of rubber blends. The blends of SIR 10/chloroprene rubber are prepared by using laboratory kneader and laboratory two‐roll mill. Rubber blending is made from mixture of natural rubber SIR 10 and synthetic rubber chloroprene rubber with variation of SIR 10/chloroprene rubber ratio PF1 100/0; PF2 70/30; PF3 30/70; PF4 0/100 phr. Furthermore, each variable is tested to determine the rheological and mechanical properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, and compression set. The addition of chloroprene rubber also causes an increment in the tensile strength and elongation at break. However, only PF3 shows satisfied result compared to the requirements standard (ISO 17357‐1:2014 Ship and Marine Technology‐Floating Pneumatic Rubber Fenders).

Economics of production and marketing of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Jhapa, Nepal

A study was carried to assess the production and marketing status of natural rubber in Jhapa district in 2019, from a random sample of 70 households and 5 traders. Results were drawn using descriptive and inferential statistics employing SPSS and MS-Excel. The average area under natural rubber cultivation was 2.2 bigha and the productive area was 1.21 bigha. The average rubber sheet produced per household was 1167.092 kg and average yield was found to be 958.77 kg/bigha in the study area. The average annual household income from natural rubber was found to be NRs. 233418.57 which contributes 58.54 percent in the total household income. Three marketing channels were identified and the price spread ranged from NRs. 20 to 40. The producers’ share in consumers’ price ranged from 81.82% to 90.91%. The major production problem identified was the lodging by wind (0.80) and the major marketing problem faced by producers and traders was the absence of grading facility (0.82). Rubber farms were found to be a profitable farm enterprise with a discounted benefit-cost ratio of 1.88. The calculated NPV was 410992.40, IRR was 22% and PBP was 8.52 years respectively denoting the sustainability of rubber cultivation. RRIM 600, RRII 105 and GT1 were the major growing varieties of rubber in the study area. The cost of establishment in the first year (48.702%) is highest compared to the following years. The selling price of latex and sheet was found higher in 2015 and 2016 with a reduction of price in 2017 due to the high import of Indonesian rubber sheet. This research tries to present the general idea on the overall production and marketing status in the study area.

Numerical Study of Potential Indonesian Rubber for Elastomeric Base Isolators in Highly-Seismic Zones

Indonesia is located in high seismic zones. Therefore, earthquake dissipated devices such as elastomeric base isolator is needed to minimize building’s damages when an earthquake occurs. In this study, a numerical two-stage analysis was carried out to evaluate the behaviour of elastomeric base isolators. First, elastomeric base isolators were modelled in the finite element software to obtain vertical and horizontal stiffness and damping values based on local rubber of mechanical properties that is obtained from the previous tests. Second, the values of vertical and horizontal stiffness and damping values were analysed in a case study of a ten-stories hospital building located in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia using nonlinear time history analysis of seven different ground motion values. The studied results showed that the structure with base isolators using a local rubber base material can reduce damage caused by the earthquake with an indication of an increase in time period, decreased base shear, and also a decrease in displacement of the structure. Therefore, the use of local rubber for elastomeric base isolators is promising a good future for the advancement of the construction industry in Indonesia.

Experimental Study of Indonesian Low-Cost Glass Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators (GFREI)

In this research, four specimens of elastomeric base isolators were tested. They were named as A1, A2, B1, and B2. The type A and B elastomeric isolators were made from the hyperelastic rubber with the hardness of 40 and 60, respectively, according to the durometer scale shore A. Prior to the making of elastomeric isolators, both rubber categories (40 and 60) were tested to obtain the mechanical properties of these types of hyperelastic rubbers. testing of hyperelastic rubbers and elastomeric isolators were carried out following BS EN 15129:2009 requirements. The A1 and B1 specimens were tested under vertical load. For lateral load tests, double shear tests were carried out. Specimen A1 which has been tested under vertical load previously was used to be combined with Specimen A2 and tested under lateral load. This double shear test was also conducted to Specimens B1 and B2 in which B1 has been tested earlier under vertical loading. From the results of the hyperelastic rubber tests, the elongation at the breaking of type A and B rubbers were more than 500 and 400 percent with the maximum stress of 8.8 and 6.2 MPa, respectively. While the testing results of type B elastomeric isolators showed better damping ratio than type A, the effective stiffnesses of type A elastomeric isolators were found higher than type B. From the test results; it can also be shown that higher-story buildings, which have high axial forces, might use type B elastomeric isolators which have higher hardness and damping ratio, whereas low-rise buildings with low axial forces can use type A elastomeric isolators. Thus, it can be concluded that the Indonesian rubber has a bright future and has a strong potential to be developed for use in the production of low-cost elastomeric isolators.

Critical issue mapping of Indonesian natural rubber industry based on innovation system perspectives

The added value of Indonesian natural rubber industry is the lowest among other main natural producing countries, Malaysia and Thailand. It is necessary to overcome this problem especially based on innovation system perspectives. The objectives of this study are to map the problems of the natural rubber industry and developing alternative solutions to these problems. This study use systems approach, namely Soft System Methodology (SSM) and Strategic Assumption Surfacing and Testing (SAST), which aim is to get a complete picture (rich picture) of the problems in Indonesian rubber industry and to identify the strategic issues that become the industry priorities through sectoral innovation system approach. Based on the mapping of strategic issues, it shows that almost all indicators were in a certain planning region. Such as policy issues (general/parent policies, financing policies, price policies, tax policies for R&D and Innovation, education and training policies), Institutional Issues (formation of financial institutions and institutional arrangements), Human Resources, Industrial issues (Development of downstream industries), technology (technology development as needed), as well as financial and market problems. This implied that there were many strategic and urgent problems that must be addressed in the development of the downstream industry and the innovation system of Indonesia’s natural rubber industry. It is important to highlight the interaction between innovators, intermediaries and innovation users. In addition to the interaction within the system, interactions outside the systems are also needed, such as foreign research institutions, etc. Government and financial institution support, strengthening the innovation institution and the existence of a legal direction and protection (such as the system innovation law/act) are the key factors in enhancing the innovation-based industry and increasing the industry competitiveness.