Indonesian Labor Force Research Articles

What made you do moonlighting? A tale from the Indonesian labor force survey

What made you do moonlighting? A tale from the Indonesian labor force survey

KEPEDULIAN SOSIAL MASYARAKAT PERBATASAN DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN KETAHANAN EKONOMI (KASUS DI TEMAJUK, PALOH, SAMBAS KALIMANTAN BARAT)

Local wisdom of social care is the culture of helping one another to build food resilience in the Malay community in the border of Temajuk district of Sambas. For the Malay community to be a professional farmer, abundant food resources can survive without dependence on others. This research uses qualitative discrepancy methods by demonstrating food sustainability in a cultural perspective. The results of the study explained that social concerns have helped a former Indonesian labour force citizen who returned to his hometown to stop living in Serawak Malaysia so that he did not have a fixed job and decided to become a farmer. Social care is a form of support of the Malay people to others against each other voluntarily, through the approach of social capital such as economic resilience assistance through the provision of productive land and trade networks with neighbouring countries, thus creating resiliency with the community at the Temajuk border.

Pengaruh Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan: Narrative Literature Review

Abstract - Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency, the number of the Indonesian labor force was recorded at 144.01 million people in February 2022. Supported by a large number of potential human resources, an organization or company can certainly operate effectively and efficiently supported by the role of employees. Employees who work also have the right to Occupational Safety and Health which in its implementation is based on legislation. However, in reality, the number of work accidents in Indonesia is still relatively high and tends to increase. This research aims to find out how influential occupational safety and health are on employee performance for the company. The research method this time is a qualitative research method presented in the form of a narrative literature review. It was found that good employee performance in a company can have a positive impact on the company as a whole. The safety and protection factor at work is one of the keys to improving employee performance. So that the company makes various efforts in realizing protection for employees, one of which is through the provision of Occupational Safety and Health.
 
 Kata Kunci: Employee performance, Occupational health, and saf

COVID-19-associated income loss and job loss: Evidence from Indonesia

COVID-19 pandemic has substantially altered socioeconomic conditions around the world. While numerous existing studies analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among developed states, little is known about its effects on people’s lives and social discrepancies in emerging economies. To this end, we empirically analyze the 2020 Indonesian Labor Force Survey data, hypothesizing that COVID-19 has given idiosyncratic risks and impacts on people by gender, age, education, occupation and regions. We find that income loss and job loss are prominent among males, younger and less educated people as well as among self-employed and part-time non-agricultural workers. These tendencies are not pronounced for people enjoying high income and mobility, but tend to be evident for urban residents and those having dependents. Notably, self-employed people have the highest risk of losing income, while part-time urban workers face the highest probability of losing their jobs. The propensity score matching method also demonstrates that these losses are most evident for the regions susceptible to COVID-19. Overall, we suggest that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups require additional support to strengthen their resilience in the face of exogenous shocks, such as the one caused by the global coronavirus pandemic.

Analysis the Implementation of Indonesian Supertax Deduction Incentive for Apprenticeship and Training Programs

Background: In Indonesian National Medium Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah/RPJMN IV) from 2020-2024, one of the Indonesian Government's agenda is increasing the quality and competitiveness of the Indonesian human resources. The available labour force is considered adequate. Based on BPS data, Indonesian labour force numbers have kept growing and reached more than 144 million in 2022, with a participation rate of around 69,06%. Aim: The research would like to analyze the implementation of Indonesian supertax deduction incentive for apprenticeship and training programs. Method: This study uses a post-positivism paradigm. This study is descriptive. This study is based on the policy performance evaluation criteria by William Dunn using Nugroho's dimensions and indicators of policy effectiveness. Both theories can explain the evaluation of policies and provide comprehensive information. Findings: The STD incentive policy for apprenticeship and training programs has been implemented in Indonesia since 2019 through the issuance of GR 45/2019 and PMK 128/2019. As of September 2022, only 65 taxpayers have received approval for the application for this tax facility. Among the 65 taxpayers, only 14 taxpayers have received tax benefits from using the STD incentive facility. Of the five criteria for public policy effectiveness, namely the right policy, the right implementation, the right on target, the right environment, and the right on process have been fulfilled.

Tackling for Human Trafficking: Village-based Movement of Migrant Workers in Lembata, Indonesia

Studies on the role of villages in combating human trafficking have not been much discussed. This paper examines the efforts of the grass roots to counter human trafficking in Lembata, Indonesia. Data based on observations, interviews with the government, and discussions with six migrant workers' communities in Lembata. The methods used are qualitative research methods with literary approaches and empirical approaches. The results of the research indicate that the people of the village in Lembata have succeeded in providing alternative livelihoods for the former Indonesian Labour Force through the strengthening of the productive economy. This community has also been able to train and support the candidate TKI to acknowledge its rights and duties. This study proves that the bottom-up system is an effective way to tackle human trafficking.

The impact of COVID-19 on the labour market and the role of E-commerce development in developing countries: Evidence from Indonesia

This paper assesses the impact of covid-19 pandemic, measured through work mobility reduction, and e-commerce growth on the labour market using data from Indonesian labour force surveys and e-commerce transaction values. The findings confirm that the pandemic adversely affects workers’ employment prospects, work hours, total earnings, and hourly earnings. E-commerce growth does not counteract the adverse impact of the pandemic as expected, but it plays a role as an employment buffer during the crisis, although it tends to suppress workers’ earnings. Our results imply that more efforts are needed to improve the productivity of workers involved in e-commerce.

Internet Utilization and Income of Entrepreneurs in the Informal Sector

The presence of the informal sector gives rise to more disadvantages in the economic development of a country, and individuals working in this sector are more vulnerable to poverty. However, technology plays an important role in decreasing the extent of informality and increasing work productivity. This study was conducted to examine the extent to which the use of the Internet in the job activity of entrepreneurs in the informal sector could increase their income. Using data from the Indonesian Labor Force Survey 2019–2020 and ordinary least square regression method, this study reveals that the use of the Internet significantly correlates with an increase in income by 11.8%. The effect was found to be 12% higher among entrepreneurs in the non-Java regions than in Java regions. Meanwhile, male entrepreneurs were noted enjoy a 14% greater benefit than female ones.

Effect Of Job Experience And Job Performance Among Indonesian Workforce

Malaysia is among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries that have the highest number of Indonesian labour force. The inclusion of Indonesian work force in Malaysia is one of the programs by the Indonesian government that aims in helping these workers to gain better jobs and at the same time improve the economy of the country. Here, most of the Indonesian work force in Malaysia work in domestic sectors (such as construction, plantation) and most of them lack of industry-ready skilled workers in spite performance that are in line with the scope of the task despite of having work experiences. Besides that, it is necessary in ensuring that the Indonesian labour force is industry-ready and competitive in order to o meet the skill sets required by the ASEAN country. This paper discussed the relationship between the Indonesian construction sector work force’s experience and level of skills in Malaysia. Hence, it is recommended that each Indonesian labour have at least some experiences before entering the field of work, especially abroad.

Kebijakan Penguatan Kewajiban Alih Pengetahuan Tenaga Kerja Asing

This study aims to find out the policy of transfer of knowledge of foreign workers in Indonesia. In addition, to know the policy of transfer of knowledge on the labor legislation law has guaranteed the implementation of knowledge transfer in the framework of the protection of Indonesian labor force. Research method in this research is legal research (legal research), that is by using library research data (library research), using statutory approach approach (statutory approach). The results showed that the transfer of knowledge has been regulated in the legislation in Indonesia. But the arrangement is still very general and sectoral. Keywords: Transfer of Knowledge, Manpower, Policy

Competency Model of Indonesian Construction Laborers in Malaysia

Quality of human resources is a significant factor to improve high productivity performance of an organization or industry. The quality of human resources can be indicated through competence, skills, ability and other specific characteristics of employee to build a teamwork within organization. Competency-Based on training emphasizes what an employee can do more than how much they know. Hence, through a mixed research method using explanatory approach, this study aims to build a model of Indonesian labor competency based on the competence of 300 Indonesian construction laborers in Malaysia. This model emphasizes four criteria of competency which are communication, skills, interpersonal, and attitude. The finding showed that Indonesian labor force is competent in communication, interpersonal, and attitude. However, Indonesian labor force is seen to be incompetent in criterion skills and still needs training to improve their skills to be in line with the industry needs

Model Kesehatan Keselamatan Kerja Berbasis Agricultural Nursing: Studi Analisis Masalah Kesehatan Petani

Introduction: The majority of Indonesian labor force at rural area works in the agricultural sector that risk for health problems related to interaction of farmer and environment. It is necessary to approach health care safety based on primary health care for to prevent and reduce the risks of accidents or illness. This study identifies farmer’s health problem and their factors for developing occupational health nursing model-based agricultural nursing at rural area of Jember.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 169 farmers was done to investigate sociodemographic, lifestyles, environment of living and worked, health status and health problem. Data collected by the self administered questionnaire, physical assessment, and blood test. The descriptive and comparative analyses include chi-square tests and ogistic and multinomial regression analyses were used to assess the relationships between factors to the presence of health problems. Results: There was differences between sociodemographic, environment of living and worked and the health problems of farmers (p<0.05). Almost 37.9% of farmers is illness. Among 28.5% of underweight and 9.5% of overweight that related to age, drink of coffe, and excess day of work. 62.6% of anemia that related to gender and smoking habit. Meanwhile, 45.2% of sistolic hypertension and 35.8% diastolic hypertension that caused by worked of overload. Furthermore, 50.3% of pain on join and bone related to age and recess of worked.Discussion: The health problems of farmers was characterized of nutritional problem, anemia, hypertension, and pain that related to sociodemographic environment of biologic, psychologic, and worked. Agricultural nursing model could be develop for assessesment of related factors that formulated diagnoses of health problems on farmers at rural area.

MODEL PERAWATAN KESEHATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA BERBASIS AGRICULTURAL NURSING: STUDI ANALISIS MASALAH KESEHATAN PETANI

Introduction:The majority of Indonesian labor force at rural area works in the agricultural sector that risk for health problems related to the interaction of farmer and environment. It is necessary to approach health care safety based on primary health care for to prevent and reduce the risks of accidents or illness. This study identifies farmer’s health problem and their factors for developing occupational health nursing model-based agricultural nursing at rural area of Jember.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 169 farmers was done to investigate sociodemographic, lifestyles, environment of living and worked, health status and health problem. Data collected by the self-administered the questionnaire, physical assessment, and blood test. The descriptive and comparative analyses include chi-square tests and logistic and multinomial regression analyses were used to assess the relationships between factors to the presence of health problems. Results: There was differences between sociodemographic, environment of living and worked and the health problems of farmers (p<0.05). Almost 37.9% of farmers is an illness. Among 28.5% of underweight and 9.5% of overweight that related to age, drink of coffee, and excess day of work. 62.6% of anemia that related to gender and smoking habit. Meanwhile, 45.2% of systolic hypertension and 35.8% diastolic hypertension that caused by worked of overload. Furthermore, 50.3% of pain on joint and bone related to age and recess of worked.Discussion: The health problems of farmers were characterized by the nutritional problem, anemia, hypertension, and pain that related to the sociodemographic environment of biologic, psychologic, and worked. An agricultural nursing model could be developed for assessment of related factors that formulated diagnoses of health problems on farmers at rural area. Introduction:The majority of Indonesian labor force at rural area works in the agricultural sector that risk for health problems related to interaction of farmer and environment. It is necessary to approach health care safety based on primary health care for to prevent and reduce the risks of accidents or illness. This study identifies farmer’s health problem and their factors for developing occupational health nursing model-based agricultural nursing at rural area of Jember.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 169 farmers was done to investigate sociodemographic, lifestyles, environment of living and worked, health status and health problem. Data collected by the self administered questionnaire, physical assessment, and blood test. The descriptive and comparative analyses include chi-square tests and ogistic and multinomial regression analyses were used to assess the relationships between factors to the presence of health problems. Results: There was differences between sociodemographic, environment of living and worked and the health problems of farmers (p<0.05). Almost 37.9% of farmers is illness. Among 28.5% of underweight and 9.5% of overweight that related to age, drink of coffe, and excess day of work. 62.6% of anemia that related to gender and smoking habit. Meanwhile, 45.2% of sistolic hypertension and 35.8% diastolic hypertension that caused by worked of overload. Furthermore, 50.3% of pain on join and bone related to age and recess of worked. Discussion: The health problems of farmers was characterized of nutritional problem, anemia, hypertension, and pain that related to sociodemographic environment of biologic, psychologic, and worked. Agricultural nursing model could be develop for assessesment of related factors that formulated diagnoses of health problems on farmers at rural area.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA FAKTOR INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL KELUARGA BURUH MIGRAN DENGAN KESEDIAAN UNTUK BERINVESTASI

<p>The purposes of this study are to determine: 1) the relationship between internal as well as external factors of Indonesian migrant workers’ family and their willingness to invest, 2) the types of investment made and the obstacles encountered, and 3) the amount of remittances received. The research was conducted in Pabelan and Tuntang Districts Semarang Regency by using explanatory research with quantitative and qualitative analyses approach. Data obtained from 80 respondents in earlier study entitled “Indonesian Labour Force: Roles and Impacht ono Rural Economy Central Jawa Province (2nd year)” and interviews with re-using 12 sampel of respondent. Spearman rank corelation and paired T-test at the confidence level of 95 percent were used to determine the magnitude of the relationship among assessed variables. </p><p>Results of this study indicate that the internal and external factors of migrant labors’ family were strongly related to their willingness to invest. The types of investment were building a firm and buying land, cars, cattle or house. Saving money and purchasing motorcycle were considered the<br />combination of investment and consumptive goods, and household variable are buying consumer goods for labour’s families migrant. The barriers were faced by families of migrant labours, there was the urgency of daily life needs, house improvements, school fees, labour’s departure-related<br />costs and other debts . The amount of remittances associated with the willingness to invest is different among migrant labors working in varied countries. This is resulted from the different wages<br />standard of each country of destination, labor’s departure fee discount, the working period, and the types of jobs abroad. </p>

PERUBAHAN STATUS HUBUNGAN KERJA PEKERJA PERUSAHAAN PENYEDIA JASA PEKERJA DALAM HUKUM KETENAGAKERJAAN

Regulation of service providers working in employment law is always opposed to thenorms and principles of law. The existence of labor service company that can not beseparated in the dynamics of development in the Indonesian labor force of restrictionsare clear and precise in the formulation of legislation. Changes in employment status asone of the forms of legal protection of workers' labor service provider is one of therestrictions set by the Government through Act No. 13 of 2003 on Labour in particularlabor relations agreements. Given the setting in Employment Act can not be separatedfrom the basic principles of the agreement, then the restriction that there must still bebased on the basic principles. Protection laws enacted by not considering the basicprinciples of the law will only make the problem more complex labor and potentiallycreates new problems.Keyword :Labor law, work relationship, employment agreement

THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN MINIMUM WAGE ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE COVERED AND UNCOVERED SECTORS IN INDONESIA

This study examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on employment in the covered and uncovered sectors in Indonesia using an individual micro-level data set from 1989 to 2003. Since the Indonesian Labor Force Survey data are not a panel, this study applies pooled cross-sectional time-series methodology to explore the impact of the minimum wage across individual workers. All of the equations are analyzed separately in urban and rural labor markets, as well as the male and female labor market. The results suggest that an increase in minimum wage is more likely to decrease the covered sector employment and to increase the uncovered sector employment. These results also indicate a displacement effect from the covered sector to the uncovered sector, as suggested by the two-sector model. In addition, this study found the displacement effect is stronger for women, indicating that female workers are the more likely to be hurt as the result of an increase in minimum wage. Compared to urban areas, the effects in rural areas are somewhat lower, indicating that minimum wage is less binding, given the dominance of the traditional agriculture sector. Keywords: Minimum Wage, Employment, Covered Sector, Uncovered Sector

Does minimum wage affect hours worked of paid employment in Indonesia?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of a change in minimum wage on hours worked of paid employment in Indonesia. This study used the Indonesian Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) data from 1996 to 2003. Design/methodology/approach – This study employs Bourguignon-Fournier-Gurgand two-step procedure of sample selection corrections based on a multinomial logit model for a potential selection bias from a non-random sample. This study extends the specification by examining the effects of minimum wage on hours worked of paid employment separately across individuals in different groups of gender (male-female workers) and residences (urban-rural areas). Findings – This study generally found that an increase in the minimum wage increases hours worked of the existing paid employees. The effects of the minimum wage on hours worked are stronger for female workers than male workers particularly in urban areas due to that female workers, particularly in urban areas, are mostly employed in industries which contain more low-wage workers. Comparing residences, the minimum wage coefficient in rural areas is slightly higher because of the structural transformation in Indonesia marked by a shift in employment from the agriculture sector to the other sectors that require more working hours. Originality/value – The empirical studies of the effect of minimum wage on hours worked in developing countries are very limited. This study contributes to the literature by employing the sample selection corrections based on a multinomial logit for a potential selection bias from a non-random sample This study also extends the hours worked specification by analyzing the effects of minimum wage on hours worked separately across individuals in different groups of workers, in terms of gender (male-female workers) and their residences (urban-rural areas).

Matrix Index of Income Varieties of Indonesian Labor Force and Its Application in Indonesa

Matrix Index of Income Varieties (MIVP) is an index, which is developed from the variety co efficiency and statistic χ2 so that it will produce output totally as shown by Index of Williamson/Theil, as regionally as Index of Theil, sectorally as Index of Gini. Besides, Matrix Index of Income Varieties (MIIV) is able to identify which individual/ sector/region influence the draw of income inequalities above or below the average. In application, MIIV will produce a maximal outcome if it is combined with Labor Force Productivity Index. The outcome of MIIV/MIVP in Indonesia shows that the high-income inequalities in Indonesia are influenced by the contribution of regional economy, regional labor force contribution, the characteristic of regional economic sector, and regional potentials of each province. Keywords: income distribution, total, region, sector, regional sector

Unobserved Household and Community Heterogeneity and the Labor Market Impact of Schooling: A Case Study for Indonesia

Studies have claimed that schooling investments have high rates of return in developing countries. Researchers however fail to control for all of the unobserved household and community effects which may affect estimates of returns. Using data from the 1986 Indonesian Labor Force Survey wage functions are estimated for Indonesia with and without fixed effects to see if controls for outside factors which might be correlated with years of schooling and wages make a difference. The impact of schooling on wage rates and hours supplied to the paid labor market is assessed with separate consideration given to males and females. Results suggest that estimates of the impact of schooling on wage rates and hours supplied to the paid labor market which do not control for household fixed effects are quite misleading. The directions and magnitudes of biases caused by failing to take control measures differ according to sex between wage rates and hours supplied and among schooling levels. Specifically ordinary least squares estimates of the impact of schooling are biased to overestimate returns to school returns to lower schooling levels relative returns of schooling for males relative to females and the positive impact of schooling on hours supplied to the paid labor force. Advocating schooling investments in other societies based upon the standard estimates may therefore create unrealistic expectations.

Who are Those Misclassified As ‘Others’? A Note on Indonesian Labour Force Statistics1

This paper examines possible kinds of misclassification of those placed in the large ‘others’ group in Indonesian labour force statistics, i.e. people registered as outside the labour force and neither attending school nor homemaking. It argues that a large proportion of those classified as ‘others’ are unemployed, unpaid workers and people attending informal education, as well as those in transition between two educational institutions. The paper discusses possible reasons for the remarkable differences between Census and labour force surveys in the reported size of the ‘others’ group, and considers the consequences for statements on trends in open unemployment if adjustment is made for the high ‘others’ share. 1 I am grateful to Saudin N. Sitorus and Alex Korns, both of Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, for helpful discussions on issues raised here.