Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual Research Articles

Penilaian Kualitas Pelayanan Jalan Simpang Gajayana-Joyoagung Kota Malang Berdasarkan Pedoman Geometrik Jalan 2021 dan MKJI 1997

As one of the supporting cities that connects to Batu City, Malang City has several connecting roads that can be alternative to Batu City, which is the Simpang Gajayana road - Joyoagung road, with the function as a secondary collector. Along with the rapid rate of mobility and community growth, many social areas have been developed along this road, so that along this road section becomes crowded with the heavy traffic, and it certainly has an impact on the level of road service. The purpose of this study to determine the value of road service quality along the Simpang Gajayana to Joyoagung road. Assessment carried out is regarding traffic conditions, side barriers, and the geometric condition of the road section, which is based on the 2021 Highway Geometric Guidelines and 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual. Result of the research shows that the total value of the degree of saturation (DS) on the Simpang Gajayana-Joyo Utomo road is 1,189 and the Joyoutomo-Joyoagung road is 0,61. So, it means that along the Simpang Gajayana-Joyo Utomo road, the quality of services is in category F value (poor condition), because the value of the degree of saturation is above 1 (DS>1). However, the Joyo Utomo-Joyoagung road, the quality of services is in category C value (moderate condition), because the value of degree saturation is below 1 (DS<1). Result from this study can be used as a consideration and reference for related parties in structuring the function of the road network in that area.

Vehicle Detection Monitoring System using Internet of Things

The overcapacity of vehicle numbers is one of the significant causes of the traffic congestion problem on Indonesia roadways. The government applies a One-way system (SSA) as one proposed solution to unravel the congestion. However, several congestion points are still found during the SSA implementation. Thus, this research offers an alternative method to detect congestion using IoT technology. The system automatically enumerates the number, classifies the type, and computes the speed averages of vehicles to identify the severity of congestion based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) published by the Ministry of Public Works 2014. We utilize ultrasonic sensors to detect the vehicles and send the data to the server in real time. The research successfully develops an IoT system for traffic congestion detection. Communication between nodes and API can be done well. Data exchange involving encryption and decryption with AES-256 is successfully done. The website application developed in this research successfully show the severity level of the congestion and their vehicle numbers. The average accuracy of the system is 78,97%. The system detected more vehicles than actual numbers due to the misreading value of the sensors.

Feasibility Study of Tsunami Evacuation Routes Based on Road Performance Using the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual

Earthquake and tsunami preparedness is important to plan, especially in the earthquake and tsunami-prone areas, such as Banda Aceh. This study evaluates the tsunami evacuation routes' performance using the width of the road, travel time and the Degree of Saturation (DS) parameter. Some of the Degree of Saturation (DS) of the road segment surprisingly reach 1.0 to 3.18, exceeding the recommended 0.75 standard DS ratio. That indicates that the existing roads cannot accommodate traffic flow during evacuation. This study recommends the evacuation process by walking. Thus, developing the pedestrian routes according to evacuation safety requirements is strongly encouraged. Further, more escape buildings reachable within 15 minutes of evacuation time should be planned in the area. The pedestrian routes need to be designed separately from that of the traffic flow.

THE IMPACT OF THE PCE MC CORRECTION VALUE USING MODIFIED AVERAGE TIME HEADWAY METHOD TO ROAD PERFORMANCE (CASE STUDY: VETERAN STREET, MALANG CITY)


 
 
 
 Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is a conversion factor of various types of vehicles compared to passenger cars or other light vehicles concerning their impact on traffic behavior. The PCE value used in calculating the performance of urban roads refers to Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI 1997) as an Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual. There have been many changes in traffic behavior nowadays compared to in 1997. The calculation of the PCE MC value using the average time headway method does not match the actual conditions. Therefore, modifications are needed by calculating the vehicle dimension factors to obtain the PCE value. The result of the PCE MC calculation using the modified average time headway method shows 0.17. This value is smaller than the value of the PCE MC set by the MKJI 1997, which shows 0.25. Based on the analysis of traffic conditions for ten years, the DS value using the PCE MC according to the MKJI 1997 obtains DS>1. Meanwhile, the DS value calculated based on the corrected PCE MC has DS<1. The difference in the value of PCE MC has implications for road performance. As a result, it affects traffic maintenance management in the form of maintenance costs and decision-making.
 
 
 

Analisa Dampak Lalu Lintas Pada Ruas Jalan Tambak Wedi Surabaya Akibat Rencana Pembangunan Cable Car/ Gondola

The plan to develop a cable car/gondola on Tambak Wedi Road in Surabaya has triggered trip generationand attractions, which can eventually decrease the performance of this road. Therefore, an analysis of the road performance due to the development of the cable car/gondola is necessary to minimize the impact of its performance and to provide solutions to traffic problems when the analysis indicates bad results. This research employed the method of the Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI 1997), or Indonesian Highway Capacity manual, and other related regulations. The analysis of road performance began with a traffic survey and was followed by predicting trip generation and attraction. After analyzing the existing conditions of road performance, the researcher analyzed the traffic predictions during construction and operation as well as proposed recommendations for alternative management to overcome the traffic impacts caused by the planned development. The research results demonstrated that the existing condition on Tambak Wedi Road obtained the highest result in the morning by V/C Ratio 0.16 and LOS A, whereas during the construction, the highest result occurred in the morning by V/C Ratio 0.2 and LOS A. Finally, during the operation, the highest result also occurred in the morning by V/C Ratio of 0.57 and LOS A.

Determination of PCE Based on Motorcycle Behavior at Signalized Intersections in Denpasar, Bali

A very high proportion of motorcycles affect the saturated flow and motorcycle behavior in synergy stores in developing countries such as Indonesia. The Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) and previous research have not adopted motorcycle behavior to determine the efficiency of passenger cars in synergy. This study aims to assess PCE based on the behavior of motorcycles in synergy with and without Exclusive Stopping Space for Motorcycles (ESSM). The synergy reservoir's location was a junction with a high motorcycle volume, low side obstacles, and traffic characteristics at an approach width of 3 meters, 5 meters, and 7 meters in Denpasar City. The survey method divides the lane virtually, the size of a motorcycle to determine the headway in the field. At the same time, the saturated flow was analyzed using the discharge headway method of both normal distributed data and log normal. Linear regression analysis was used to determine PCE based on motorcycle behavior on synergy junctions both with ESSM and without ESSM. Based on motorcycle behavior, the highest PCE value is obtained beside flow behavior (0.1-1.2) and the lowest in front behavior of the stop line (0.06-0.8). In determining PCE, it is recommended to adopt the motorcycle's behavior.

Traffic management at intersection to minimize dispersion of air pollution

Abstract One of the consequences of higher mobility is the increase in air pollution. The increase in traffic volume at intersections impacts delays and congestion, thus producing higher air pollution concentrations. This research aimed to identify intersection performance and analyze air quality at existing conditions, then propose traffic management scenarios that increase intersection performance and reduce air pollution at a time. This study was taken on Soekarno-Hatta – M.T. Haryono – D.I. Panjaitan intersection, in Malang. The intersection performance was at the worst level of service (LOS F) for each approach from traffic analysis using the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual. At this condition, the prediction of air pollutant parameters was out of standard level. The CO concentrate was lower than the standard level, while NO was higher than the standard level. Traffic management was proposed by controlling the movements at the intersection approaches and the number of phases at the intersection. The third alternative can improve intersection performance from F to C and decrease air pollution. The concentration reductions are about ±37.4% for NOx and ±61.3% for CO from the road median to the end of the road.

THE EFFECT OF SIDE FRICTION ON DELAYS IN ONE-WAY URBAN ROAD SECTIONS

The effect of side friction activities on delays due to the reduced free-flow speed was investigated by conducting a series of traffic surveys and referring to the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) parameters. The movement of pedestrians, parking/stopping vehicles, vehicles entering and exiting the road, and the slow-and-stop motion of vehicles on the road sections was observed in video footage and analyzed to estimate the effect of side friction on the delays occurring. A weighting factor was used to determine the total value of side friction on the road to test the combined effect of all activities. This study used a regression model for estimating vehicle delays, as a performance parameter, on urban road sections, taking into account the effect of side friction on the road section's vehicle free-flow speed (FFS). It was found that vehicle speed decreased when side friction increased at all levels of traffic volume. Low side friction produced a higher vehicle free-flow speed (FFS), and analysis of the free-flow speed (FV) showed a lower vehicle free-flow speed (FFS) than that in the 1997 IHCM analysis. Delays at undersaturated inseparable one-way road sections (2/1 UD) with low to high side friction were described by the equation: Y = 0.002 X + 0.028 (R2 = 0.704) for Panca Usaha Road, and Y = 0.0022 X + 0.0104 (R2 = 0.774) for Pejanggik Road, where Y = Delay, X = Traffic Flow. The results of the above study indicate the existence of new performance parameters on urban road segment type 2/1 UD in the form of delay, and that can be an early indication as input in the update of IHCM 1997 and other research that the author has done before, as well as other authors who have also written about similar topics about this manual that is more than 20 years old (1997-2021), in analyzing the performance of road networks in Indonesia.

The Saturated Flow Modeling on Motorcycle Behavior Based on Through Movements at Signalized Intersections

In developing countries such as Indonesia the proportion of motorcycles to other vehicles is reaching 76%, which is very high. The proportion of motorcycles in Bali Province exceeds 85% while in Denpasar City is 82%. Previous studies suggest that a high proportion of motorcycles will certainly affect the saturated flow. Therefore, the effect of motorcycles on saturation flows should not be neglected. With a high proportion of motorcycles that will affect the behavior of motorcyclists at irregular intersections such as in front of the stop line, besides other vehicles and behind other vehicles or in the flow, the behavior of the motorcycle affects the saturated flow. In calculating saturated flow, the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) does not have specific measures that adopt the behavior of motorcycles. If the motorcycle is not properly regulated, it will interfere with the movement of other vehicles when the green light is on. The behavior to be examined in this study is the behavior of motorcycles in front of the stop line, outside the current (beside flow), or in the current (inside flow). In this study, a model was developed to determine saturation flow based on the behavior of motorcycles for through movements at signalized intersections with or without ESSM.

Evaluation of Traffic Performance in Basuki Rahmat Street, Palu City by Using Road Segmentation Method

Abstract : Basuki Rahmat Street is a National Road with a primary-arterial-function based on the Regional Master Plan of Palu City 2010-2030. The area is focused as a trade and service area which attracts visitors to have economic and social activities. Therefore, each section of the road has other traffic performance. The research was conducted in three road segments: Grand Hero Supermarket, Samsung store, and BCA Bank, and Star Kitchen Electronic Center based on traffic generation of business activity. The study aims to understand Basuki Rahmat street's performance and its activities in each segment. A survey was conducted periodically (early, middle, and end of the month) by taking a workday and a holiday for each period, from 09.00-22.00 WITA. The evaluation method was based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) 1997 urban area on peak hour. The result showed that the Road Segmentation Method (RMS) of Basuki Rahmat street has 0.37 degrees of Saturation (DS) and was included in a B level of service. The differences between DS-RMS and DS on each segment were 0.04. The road segmentation method should be considered to assess the traffic performance of the road link.

Impact of dedicated mini roundabout on the capacity and level of services of the unsignalized intersection

This paper is aiming at investigating the impact of dedicated mini-roundabout on the capacity and level of services at a four-legged unsignalized intersection. The assessment was carried out based on two scenarios namely before the installation mini-roundabout (existing) and after installation (improvement). Datasets were collected at Ujung Stasiun KA unsignalized intersection, which is in the center of Bireuen City, Aceh province of Indonesia. A video-cameras are installed to observed traffic patterns including hourly volume, movement trajectories, and vehicle composition during three days on a morning, afternoon, and evening peak hour traffic. The Indonesian highway capacity manual (IHCM, 1997) is used to evaluate the capacity and level of service in existing conditions while the simulation approach using VISSIM is then performed to assess the scenario of virtual implementation dedicated mini roundabout. The result of analysis demonstrates that the capacity of unsignalized slightly increases by 5% while the delay and level of service are significantly reduced to 42% (31.02 sec to 18 sec), and improved from E to C, for delay and LOS, respectively. It can be concluded that the improvement of the existing condition by implemented a dedicated mini roundabout could improve the capacity and LOS in the study area.

COMPARISON OF AIR POLLUTION COST ON THE DIFFERENT ROAD CORRIDORS

The concentration of activities in the certain areas triggers traffic movements. Different land use generates different amount of traffic, causing different level of traffic delay and air pollutant. Currently, an appropriate policy has not formulated to overcome the concentration of activities related to different road corridors. Therefore, traffic demand management (TDM) should be arranged in order to decrease air pollution regarding to different road corridors. For this reason, this study estimates traffic performance and social costs due to air pollutant emission for different land uses in the city of Malang, East Java, Indonesia. This analysis is based on IHCM (Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual). An approach to estimating pollution costs is based on speed and travel distance in each road corridor. Highway performance for warehousing area has a poor service level. Based on speed analysis, huge concentrations of air pollution such as NO, HC and CO2 have a significant negative impact on the road corridor as a warehousing area. Another analysis based on travel distance also resulted in the highest air pollution cost on road corridor as a warehousing area. To minimize air pollution cost, the local government should have an effort to reduce air pollution cost by implementing TDM strategies such as minimizing road side friction.

The Effect of on-Street Parking on Vehicle Velocity and Level of Service at Cik Di Tiro Street Yogyakarta

On-street Parking activities on the curb of streets can disrupt the traffic flow and cause traffic congestion. This study aimed to examine the effect of On-street Parking on vehicle velocity and Level of Service (LO). This research was conducted on Cik Di Tiro Street, around Panti Rapih Hospital, Yogyakarta. The analysis of road segmentation was guided by the Indonesian highway capacity manual (1997). The analysis results revealed that during weekdays, the vehicle velocity in the morning without any On-Street Parking was 29.45 kilometers per hour, while the level of service was at level C, meanwhile, in the afternoon, and in the evening, the vehicle velocity was 21,672 kilometers per hour with the parking accumulation as many as 1-2 light vehicles, 4-18 motorcycles, and the level of service was at level E. Meanwhile, in the weekend, the vehicle velocity in the morning without On-street Parking was 29.16 kilometers per hour, and the level of service was at level A. Meanwhile, in the afternoon and evening, the vehicle speed was 23.04 kilometers per hour, with the parking accumulation as many as 1-3 light vehicles, 1-14 motorycles, and the level of services were at Level D and C in the afternoon.

Traffic management of Udayana University Sudirman campus intersection using Vissim software

The city of Denpasar is the capital of Bali Province, as well as the centre of various activities including government offices, hospitals, schools/ universities, trade and services, as well as tourism. Traffic congestion in the city of Denpasar is increasing from year to year, especially at the point of the intersection node, such as at the signalised intersection of Udayana University Sudirman Campus. The high trip attraction to Udayana University Campus has exacerbated the congestion of the intersection. The purpose of this study was to examine an alternative to managing the traffic flow using the Vissim software. The required data included the intersection geometric data, traffic volume and signal timing. The calculation of the intersection’s performance was conducted based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM). The simulation of the traffic flow management was conducted with the help of the Vissim software. The results of the performance analysis of the intersection conduced using Vissim Software indicated that the application of Vissim software was valid. The traffic management proposed has reduced both queue length and delay time.

Measuring Passenger Car Unit (PCU) at Four Legged Roundabout using Time Occupancy Data Collected from Drone

This study aims to measure the values of passenger car unit (PCU) at a four-legged roundabout based on the time occupancy data in complex traffic operation. Within mixed traffic, the PCUs are needed as a equivalency factor to convert various type of vehicles to a standard unit. The unit of PCU was used to determine capacity and level of service of specific the traffic condition. The composition of vehicles going through the intersection, mostly varies and each type of vehicles tends to have diverse effects on capacity and level of services. Consequently, a conversion factor from various vehicles to a standard vehicle is required. The data of this study was collected using a drone at the investigated roundabout at one of the major roundabouts in Aceh Besar, Aceh province, Indonesia. The method used was the vehicle's time occupancy, in which calculated from the average time required by each vehicle to pass through the roundabout area. The results show that the PCU values obtained is 0.16 for motorcycle, 0.59 for rickshaw, 1.07 for pickup, 1.91 for a medium vehicle, and 3.76 for the heavy vehicle. These results should be utilized for converting various type of vehicles into PCUs to estimate capacity and level of services, especially at the roundabout trafict. This results may be suitable to revise the Indonesian Traffic Code, named Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual 1997, and useful for ongoing national-level efforts to upgrade the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual.

Feasibility of on-Street Parking Based on Degree of Saturation

On-street parking leads to reduced road capacity and decreased traffic performance of the certain road. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of on-street parking based on road performance. The study was conducted at Central Business District namely Peunayong, Banda Aceh. Based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) one of the performance parameter values is Degree of Saturation (DS). The data needed for calculation of DS are the geometric conditions, traffic volume and the side frictions. The results indicate that on-street parking facilities on segment 2 of Khairil Anwar Street should be evaluated, as the DS value is greater than 0.75 (unstable road condition), by changing parking patterns into a parallel configuration or eliminating parking facilities. Furthermore, the parking configuration of R.A. Kartini Street also needs to be rearranged. Despite the stable road performance, this road is uncomfortable to pass because there is only one lane remained due to unfeasible parking patterns and existence of street market along the segment. The road performance of Khairil Anwar Street (segment 1), Ahmad Yani Street, W.R Supratman Street, T.P. Polem Street, Twk. Daudsyah Street and Ratu Safiatuddin Street is in stable condition, with DS 0.75. This indicating that on-street parking facilities can be maintained. While as for the W.R. Supratman and Ahmad Yani Street should be evaluated in year of 2019 to avoid traffic jam along this corridors.

Passenger car equivalents of becak bermotor at road segment in Medan

The road traffic systems, travel patterns and other traffic characteristics are different for each country due to differences in the geometric patterns, available transport facilities for commuters, proportional and type of the vehicle itself and so on. In Indonesia, the standard of pce (Passenger Car Equivalent) value found on IHCM (Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual) published in 1997. IHCM stated that the value of pce for heavy vehicles and motorcycles are 1.3 and 0.5 respectively. On these day, regarding Medan as a third biggest city in Indonesia, there have been lot of changes with regarding to the composition of the vehicle, as well as variations of the type of the vehicle itself. Becak bermotor (motorized tricycles) is a vehicle which is widely available in the city of Medan. Data from Medan City Transportation Department stated that there are more than 20,000 motorized motorized tricycles vehicles operating in the city at these day. Pce value of these rickshaws will be calculated based on observations at road and intersections in Medan. The calculation result shows that the pce value of motorized rickshaw is more than 1. This value will make the calculations regarding the performance of the traffic can be performed more accurately.

Kajian Kinerja Simpang Bersinyal Bundaran Kecil dan Simpang Tambun Bungai di Palangka Raya Kalimantan Tengah

Bundaran Kecil intersection is close to Tambun Bungai intersection, so vehicle must stop at each intersection because it gets red signal. To reduce delay and queue, signal coordination is required. Primary data include vehicle volume, geometric intersection and roundabout, signal timing, saturation flow, and travel time. Method used are Indonesian highway capacity manual (IHCM) 1997 and saturation flow approach method. From analysis, on roundabout, degree of saturation at weaving DA (R. T. A. Milono street - G. Obos street) reached 0.901. On signalized intersection, average delay value is > 60 sec/pcu (LOS F). Best scenario is 8th scenario with cycle time of 90 seconds and has LOS D. Based on coordination diagram obtained offset of 40 seconds and bandwidth of 13 seconds.

Study on Geometric Factors Influencing Saturation Flow Rate at Signalized Intersections under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions

The main objective of intersection design is to facilitate the convenience, comfort, and safety of people traversing the intersection by enhancing the efficient movement of road users. The intersections on urban roads in India generally cater to heterogeneous motorized traffic, along with slow-moving traffic including pedestrians. It is therefore necessary to consider saturation flow for mixed traffic conditions to evaluate the overall operation of signalized intersections. A proper traffic model must consider varying characteristics of all the road users to effectively design and efficiently manage signalized intersections. This paper presents the results of the study on analyses of saturation flow rate conducted at signalized intersections with mixed traffic conditions in the city of Bangalore, India. Studies were carried out at 15 signalized intersections in the city of Bangalore with varying geometric factors such as width of road (w), gradient of the road (g), and turning radius (r) for right turning vehicles. Saturation flow rate computed as per Highway Capacity manual (HCM: 2000), Indonesian highway capacity manual (IHCM), and IRC SP: 41-1994 was compared with the field observations. The geometric factors, which affect the saturation flow, have been considered in this study and accordingly a new model has been proposed for determining saturation flow. It has been shown that by the introduction of the suggested adjustment factors in this paper, the saturation flow rate can give better picture of the field conditions, especially under heterogeneous traffic conditions of an urban area.

Median-type Adjustment Factor for Road Capacity Calculation

A median is required for a two-way road to separate the opposite traffic and prevent head -on collisions. In road capacity calculation, the median factor contributes in terms of its existence regardless of the difference in median types. Road capacity is determined by a number of geometric factors such as road types, width of carriageway, shoulder/curb characteristics, and the presence/absence of medians, etc. The contributions of these factors are represented by the coefficients in the capacity calculations. Despite the different types of medians, the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) does not adopt different coefficients to accommodate the effects in the capacity. The aim of this study is to obtain an adjustment factor for road capacity calculation based on median types. The method of this study adopts video recordings of real traffic moving along three different types of medians: raised medians, fenced medians, and line medians. As it is assumed that the effects of different median types are expressed in the vehicles€ safety distances from medians, the capacity of the road will also vary by types of medians. The adjustment coefficients for roads with raised medians, fenced medians, and line medians obtained are: 0.79, 0.78, and 0.81, respectively. The results of this study confirm that in addition to the presence of the medians, the types should essentially be considered in calculating the road capacity. The result of this study will contribute to the enrichment of the road capacity calculation in the IHCM.