Indonesian Cocoa Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF CACAO VARIETY IDENTIFICATION METHOD USING COMBINATION OF FTIR SPEKTROSCOPY AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

Abstract
 Indonesia is the third largest cocoa producing country after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Indonesian cocoa agribusiness still faces obstacles, among others, the low quality of cocoa beans caused by different types of cocoa plant varieties. The amount of phenolic compounds in cocoa depends on the variety. There are 3 variety of cocoa plants, namely Criollo (fine flavoured cocoa) Forestero (bulk cocoa) and Trinitario (Criollo and Forestero hybrids). This study aims to identify cocoa varieties quickly and efficiently to control the quality of cocoa bean production. The method used in this study is a combination of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Method and Multivariate Analysis Method. The combination of these two methods has been widely developed for the identification and authentication of types of plants that have similar or close ties. Based on the results of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) analysis at a wave number of 4000-400 cm-1 to 15 samples of cocoa beans, a spectrum that is multicomponent and relatively the same is obtained. The spectrum data is processed by the multivariate analysis method, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and obtained that the 3 variety of cocoa can be clearly distinguished where the value of the main components (PC-1 and PC-2) is 92.03%.

Pengaruh Lama Penyimpanan Menggunakan Media Arang Sekam Padi Terhadap Perkecambahan Benih Kakao Hibrida

The Indonesian cocoa plantation business is dominated by the provinces of Sulawesi and Sumatra with the condition of the plants entering an unproductive period. The implementation of replanting is the main focus in 2022 by the Cocoa Sustainability Partnership through the provision of planting materials in the form of superior seeds from Puslitkoka Jember. Regional differences make seed delivery take a long time so that the seeds are in their shelf life. Storing cocoa seeds using a storage medium in the form of husk charcoal is carried out in order to maintain their water content in order to produce maximum germination when the seeds are received by consumers so they can grow well. This research was conducted at the Jember State Polytechnic in September-October 2022 using a factorial randomized design consisting of two factors. The first factor was the length of storage of cocoa seeds which consisted of 0 days (L0), 4 days (L1), 8 days (L2), 12 days (L3). The second factor was the type of cocoa clones used consisting of ICCRI 06 H (K1) and ICCRI 08 H (K2). The results showed that seeds with a long storage time of L1 were able to maintain maximum water content and germination after L0, while storage times of L2 and L3 decreased in water content which resulted in low germination. The longer the seeds are in the travel shelf life, the germination of the seeds decreases. Meanwhile, the cocoa clones in this study did not show any interaction

Pengaruh Air Limbah Tempe terhadap Pertumbuhan Kakao (Theobroma cacao L)

Cocoa plants have economic value and are a source of foreign exchange for the country. According to ICCO data for 2021, the total production of Indonesian cocoa plants for the last 5 years has decreased. The decline in Indonesia's cocoa production was caused by aging cocoa trees. The production of cocoa must pay attention to aspects of cultivation to increase the quality and quantity of production. Nurseries can affect further growth and produce maximum production. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of giving tempe wastewater on the growth of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). The research was conducted at the Saung of the Jember State Polytechnic, Sumbersari-Jember District, from September 2022 to January 2023. The study used a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors. The first factor is the composition of the topsoil planting medium: manure: sand which consists of 3 levels: 2:1:1 (A1), 1:2:1 (A2), 1:1:2 (A3). The second factor is tempe wastewater: EM4: Aquadest which consists of 3 levels, namely 300 ml: 100 ml: 600 ml (B1), 500 ml: 100 ml: 400 ml (B2), 600 ml: 100 ml: 300 ml (B3 ). The results of the research gave significantly different results for the parameter of stem diameter and significantly different for the parameter of plant height.

Sustainable Supply Chain Management of Cocoa Beans in Indonesia: A Review

This review describes the sustainable supply chain management of cocoa beans in Indonesia. Cocoa beans are produced in some areas in Indonesia such as Central Sulawesi Province, Southeast Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Lampung and other provinces. Indonesian cocoa beans performing special characteristic that is having higher melting point therefore it does not easily melt in higher temperature. So, Indonesian cocoa are commonly used for blending materials. In order to support the strength value of Indonesian cocoa beans, the sustainable supply chain management should also be considered. The sustainable supply chain management of cocoa beans will support the management system prioritizing balance and sustainability so that the business system is maintained. In addition, this will support increased effectiveness, efficiency and competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans globally.

Daya Saing Biji Kakao di Pasar Malaysia

Di pasar Malaysia, biji kakao Indonesia bersaing dengan biji kakao dari negara-negara di Afrika Barat yang memiliki standar kualitas yang tinggi dan lebih disukai oleh konsumen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui nilai ekspor, produksi, produktivitas kakao, posisi perdagangan dan daya saing biji kakao Indonesia dengan pesaingnya di negara-negara Afrika Barat (Pantai Gading, Ghana, dan Nigeria). Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Trade Specialization Index (TSI), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamics (EPD), dan X-Model. Data yang digunakan adalah dari tahun 2000 - 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa posisi perdagangan biji kakao di Indonesia, Pantai Gading, dan Ghana berada pada posisi pertumbuhan ekspor (nilai TSI meningkat antara 0-1). Sementara itu, Nigeria berada pada posisi kematangan ekspor (nilai ISP menurun antara 0 - 1). Rata-rata indeks RCA biji kakao: a). Indonesia = 3,92 ; b). Pantai Gading = 1,44; c). Ghana = 7,28; dan d). Nigeria = 173,13. Berdasarkan hasil EPD, Indonesia berada di posisi Lost Oppurtunity, Pantai Gading di posisi Falling Star, Ghana di posisi Retreat, dan Nigeria di posisi Rising Star.

Identification of Contaminant Fungi for Cocoa Seeds (Theobroma cacao L.) During Storage in the Exporter's Warehouse, Sorong City, Southwest Papua

The low quality of cocoa beans because they do not meet SNI standards can cause losses for exporters because they are subject to automatic discounting as a result of the product being detained (automatic detention). This problem can affect the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa in international market trade. Anticipation of the low quality of export cocoa beans really needs to be done to minimize the level of damage to cocoa beans due to contaminant fungal attacks. The types of contaminant fungi that attack cocoa beans are from the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus and Mucor. The research was conducted from June to August 2022 at the Sorong City Plant Quarantine Laboratory. The study used a qualitative method and took a sample of 0.5 kg of cocoa beans from the top, middle and bottom of the storage sacks in the exporter's warehouse, using a purposive sampling method. The results of the study found 7 types of contaminant fungi and 4 species from the Ascomycetes class which mostly attacked cocoa beans, namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus clavatus and Penicillium sp.

Comparative Analysis and Factors Affecting The Competitiveness of Indonesian Cocoa Commodities In The German Market

Germany is one of Indonesia's cocoa export destinations because Germany is the largest importer of cocoa products in the European Union. This research purposed to analyze competitiveness and factors that affect the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa commodity exports in the German market. This paper used secondary data which is got from legal sources with time series data from 2011-2022 and used Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA) analysis to know the competitiveness (comparative) of a commodity and used multiple regression analysis with the Error Correction Models (ECM) approach to determine the effect of variables tested in this study. The results of RCA calculation of Indonesian cocoa on the German market show that the average RCA value of the cocoa commodity for the period 2011-2014 is more than one (RCA > 1), meaning that Indonesian cocoa commodity had a strong competitiveness in the German market, Indonesian cocoa bean commodity had a stronger competitiveness than its processed cocoa on that period. However, in the 2015-2022 period, the average value of the RCA of cocoa beans was 0.39, and the average value of processed cocoa RCA was 8.32, meaning that Indonesian processed cocoa commodities had stronger competitiveness than cocoa beans. The results of the ECM analysis showed that international cocoa price variables and Indonesian export duty policy have a positive and significant effect while Indonesian cocoa productivity and chocolate consumption per capita.

Factors Affecting Export of Indonesian Cocoa Beans To Malaysia

Factors Affecting Export of Indonesian Cocoa Beans To Malaysia

A Gravity Equation for Indonesian Cocoa High Value-Added Products to Selected Middle-East Countries

A Gravity Equation for Indonesian Cocoa High Value-Added Products to Selected Middle-East Countries

DAYA SAING KAKAO INDONESIA DI PASAR ASEAN PRA DAN PASKA PEMBERLAKUAN MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN

The analysis of the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa aims to convey Indonesian's cocoa export position amidst the ASEAN trades, particularly after two years of the establishment of ASEAN Economic Community. The research used three economic indicators in order to measure the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa. These indicators are RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage), EPD (Export Product Dynamics), and MS (Market Share). The three indicators were used in period of 2012 and 2017 in the ASEAN market. The results showed that the cocoa product with HS-180100, HS-180310, HS-180320 and HS-180500 code have competitiveness in Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore. However, the competitiveness of all types of cocoa has decreased after the implementation of ASEAN Economic Community.

MENCAPAI PRODUKSI KAKAO BERKELANJUTAN DI INDONESIA

Indonesia has the potential to become a major exporter of cocoa in the world as well as to meet the needs of the domestic cocoa industry. However, the lack of availability of raw materials (cocoa beans) causes the processing industry to import cocoa beans from other countries. Indonesia has even been included in the five largest cocoa importing countries in the world. This raises questions about the sustainability of cocoa production in Indonesia. This research has two objectives. First, predicting the sustainability of cocoa production in Indonesia. Second, identify strategies or efforts that need to be done so that cocoa production in Indonesia can achieve a better level of sustainability. The first objective of the research was achieved by using quantitative methods, namely by analyzing trends in secondary data (from FAOSTAT) related to cocoa production, planted area, and cocoa productivity as well as cocoa exports and imports. The second objective of the research is achieved by reviewing the literature, especially reviewing the results of empirical research (and various publications by cocoa-related institutions) to identify potential strategies in order to improve the sustainability of Indonesian cocoa production. The results showed that productivity problems have a high level of urgency to be overcome. If not addressed, there is a possibility that Indonesia will become a net cocoa importer in the future (imports are greater than exports). Strategies to increase the sustainability of Indonesian cocoa production need to focus on increasing productivity through the use of superior cocoa seeds, focus on specific support for farmers' livelihoods, focus on improving the supporting environmental instruments that are still lacking (such as access to finance and inputs, facilities and infrastructure) rural areas, capacity building of farmer organizations, and extension services) and focus on the existence of strong institutions to ensure the functioning of partnerships between farmers/farmers' organizations and other parties.

Sex Pheromone of Cocoa Pod Borer, Conopomorpha cramerella: Field Activity Evaluation of Pheromone Formulations in an Indonesia Plantation.

Simple SummaryWe have investigated the efficacy of six different pheromone lures for the cocoa pod borer in Indonesia. The lures provided by the USDA captured more males than the lures manufactured by Alpha Scents when loaded with a 0.1 mg pheromone blend. We increased the lure longevity to 7 months by increasing the Alpha Scents pheromone load to 1 mg. The long-life pheromone lure may be particularly useful in monitoring large-scale cocoa farms and developing new mitigation technologies that would necessitate high longevity powerful attractant.The previously identified female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was re-evaluated for male attraction using six different pheromone formulations in Indonesian cocoa plantations. In a dose-response experiment, the 0.1 mg pheromone load was significantly more attractive to male CPB than the lower doses tested. Additionally, during the first four-week trapping period, USDA (Beltsville, MD, USA) lures containing 0.1 mg of synthetic pheromone blend exhibited significantly better attraction than the commercial lure obtained from Alpha Scents, Inc. (Canby, OR, USA) with the same pheromone load (0.1 mg). Although the 1.0 mg lure did not show any higher attraction than the 0.1 mg lure during the first month, it was significantly attractive for CPB males with the same weekly average capture efficacy for the whole twenty-seven weeks in field conditions in 2018. A long-life pheromone lure can be particularly useful in monitoring large-scale cocoa farms.

“Downstreaming” Policy Supporting the Competitiveness of Indonesian Cocoa in the Global Market

Indonesia is one of the cocoa producing countries, where most of it is exported to foreign countries and the rest is marketed domestically. Indonesia cocoa export performance in the world market certainly opens up many opportunities. It is necessary to optimize the potency and competitiveness of its cocoa if Indonesia would make the cocoa exports as the driving of national economy. The objectives of this paper are to (1) analyze Indonesian cocoa performance in the global market compared to its competitors and (2) analyze the competitiveness and market position of Indonesian cocoa in global market and analyze the potency to develop market in 10 main trading partners. The data analysis methods used are the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Specialization Index (TSI) and Export Product Dynamics (EDP). The result shows that the comparative competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans and processed cocoa is lower than that of other producing countries. However, Indonesia still has the potency to develop market for its cocoa products in several countries such as the United States, China, India, Canada, Mexico and Estonia. Some efforts to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans may be through the replanting for estates rejuvenation and the improvement of fermentation to improve the quality of cocoa beans. In addition, to enhance the export performance of cocoa base products in general, it is necessary to also improve the development of downstream line and processing industries.

Unique metabolite profiles of Indonesian cocoa beans from different origins and their correlation with temperature

Chocolate flavors vary depending on the origin of the cocoa beans used. Differences in soil, microorganisms, and environmental factors contribute to the formation of flavor precursors in cocoa beans. During cocoa bean fermentation, environmental temperature has been shown to alter metabolite concentrations. However, the correlation between the metabolite profile of cocoa beans and the temperature of their region of origin has not been fully defined. In this study, the metabolite profiles of Indonesian cocoa beans of various origins were evaluated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based analysis, and were found to differ depending on the origin of the bean. Subsequently, the correlation between metabolite profile and environmental temperature of the origin was assessed using orthogonal projection to latent structure regression (OPLS-R) analysis. The analysis revealed that seven metabolites were associated with temperature: γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ethanolamine, glycerol, isocitric acid+ citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and saccharic acid. The findings of this study will be valuable to chocolate industries for the production of single-origin chocolates.

The Indonesian Global Cocoa Chain’s Position in the Pandemic Era

In the GVC of cocoa commodities, Indonesia has a potential position as one of the suppliers of cocoa commodities. However, the cocoa industry sector is increasingly threatened when the world enters a crisis period due to the global pandemic in early 2020. For this reason, Indonesia has made many efforts to maintain its position in the GVC of cocoa commodities. This study attempts to analyze Indonesia's position in the global cocoa chain in the pandemic era. The method used is qualitative research with a library research approach. The theory used to analyze focuses on global value chain theory. This study finds that Indonesia's tried to maintain it’s position in global cocoa chain through economic stability, both at the domestic and global levels. This position is described in the aspect of increasing the contribution of cocoa commodities to GDP, increasing the export market share of Indonesian cocoa commodities in the global market, as well as increasing the competitiveness of the Indonesian economy. This condition becomes a parameter to measure the performance of Indonesia's political economy as well as demonstrates the capability of the Indonesian government in dealing with the global crisis due to the pandemic and minimizing the impact of the crisis on national stability. Thus, it can be concluded that Indonesia can still maintain its position in the global cocoa chain as an important supplier.

Pengaruh Iklim terhadap Produksi Kakao di Kabupaten Gunungkidul

Cocoa is one of the commodities as a foreign exchange earner in addition to oil and gas. However, Indonesian cocoa imports have increased from year to year due to low cocoa productivity. Whereas in terms of region, Indonesia has the potential to become a new cocoa power country in the world of cocoa production. This study examines the effect of rainfall, the number of rainy days, and air temperature on cocoa production in the Gunungkidul district. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of time series data on rainfall, rainy days, air temperature, and cocoa production in 2016-2020 in Gunungkidul Regency. The regression analysis results showed that all observed climatic factors such as rainfall, rainy days, and temperature did not have a significant effect on cocoa production in Gunungkidul Regency. However, the time-series data shows that the highest cocoa production was in October 2017 and November 2018 to January 2019, when rainfall and intensity (rainy days) began to increase. Meanwhile, the air temperature in Gunungkidul Regency for five years is around 24-26°C, which is the optimum temperature for cocoa growth. This study concludes that rainfall, rain intensity (rainy days), and temperature affect fluctuations in cocoa production.

PENGARUH JUMLAH PRODUKSI, HARGA KAKAO INTERNASIONAL DAN NILAI TUKAR KURS TERHADAP EKSPOR KAKAO INDONESIA KE PASAR INTERNASIONAL

Cocoa is one of the important trading commodities in the world to generate foreign exchange. Indonesia's cocoa export activities each year always fluctuate so that the foreign exchange to be achieved is not in accordance with the set targets. The purpose of this study was to analyze empirical evidence of the effect of total production, international cocoa prices and exchange rates on Indonesian cocoa exports. This study uses secondary data with non-behavioral observation data collection methods. The analysis technique used is panel data regression analysis with a total sample of 55 observations. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the amount of production, international cocoa prices and the exchange rate simultaneously had a significant effect on Indonesian cocoa exports. The results of his study also show that the amount of production and international cocoa prices partially positive and significant effect on cocoa exports while the exchange rate has no positive and partially significant effect on Indonesian cocoa exports.

Dampak Pandemi bagi Global Value Chain Industri Kakao Indonesia

The contribution of the cocoa industry to the Indonesian economy is very large. However, the Indonesian cocoa industry is heavily dependent on the global cocoa industry, due to its position in the Global Value Chain. The majority of cocoa products destined for the global market are produced by smallholders who are limited in the implementation of Good Corporate Governance. The presence of a pandemic and these limitations presents a multidimensional crisis and threatens the position of the Indonesian cocoa industry. The study analyzes the impact of the pandemic on the GVC of the Indonesian cocoa industry, by relating it to the limitations of the implementation of GCG in the cocoa industry. The research method is descriptive qualitative with a document study approach. The main theory used is GVC. The results showed that the pandemic era had many impact on various aspects of the cocoa industry, one of which was also related to the limitations of GCG implementations. The impact including price channels, supply channels and financial channels. In these three networks, Indonesia experienced several declines, such as the value of exports, although they did not occur significantly.

The Development of Bali's Cocoa Industry through the Hexagon Model for Local Economic Development (LED): Sorga Chocolate Factory

Local Economic Development (LED) is the foundation for maintaining the national economic cycle and supporting local financial independence. In addition to its tourism sector, Bali has potential in the cocoa industry. In 2009, Bali had 12,850 hectares of cocoa land. Balinese cocoa is also famous for its taste and fermentation quality. Unfortunately, the cocoa industry still has several challenges, such as cocoa farmers being comfortable with the value chain formed by the world's largest cocoa companies, Indonesian cocoa's renowned mixed and low-quality cocoa; access to buyers; different prices between farmers, wholesaler, and lead firms; productivity consistency and quality in the upstream sector; and climate change. This research will examine the cocoa industry in Bali using the Hexagon Model for LED and also analyze the upstream-downstream process of the Balinese cocoa industry. The objective of this article is to examine how the Hexagon model for LED in the Balinese cocoa industry can further activate local economic activities and form a resilient and sustainable local economy. The local government has established regulations for the protection of cocoa farmers in collaboration with Kalimajari and Udayana University, however, optimization in implementing the regulations still need to be done, especially in the government sector

Deteminant factors to improve Indonesian cocoa performance

Encouraging the growth of Indonesia’s agricultural sector is important for improving the export performance of Indonesia’s leading commodities. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the IDR exchange rate and the shock of the determinants of cocoa exports on the growth of Indonesian cocoa exports. The research was conducted using time series data from 1969-2017. This study uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The analysis showed that the data is stationary at the first difference. The causality test shows that cocoa production, IDR exchange rate, GDP affect the growth of Indonesian cocoa exports, but world cocoa prices have no effect on cocoa exports. The results of the impulse response factor (IRF) analysis show that the response of cocoa exports to changes in the exchange rate is more volatile when compared to the response of production, GDP, and world cocoa prices to Indonesian cocoa exports. Analysis of variance decomposition shows that the contribution of the IDR exchange rate to export growth is greater than the contribution of world cocoa prices, GDP, and production at the beginning of exports, however over time the influence of the IDR exchange rate will decrease and it is the number of production factors that will affect Indonesia’s cocoa exports. Indonesia needs to increase production by maintaining the quality of cocoa according to export needs considering the demand for cocoa that will continue to increase. Bilateral or multilateral cooperation is needed to strengthen cocoa export cooperation with major importing.