Indonesian Coastal Waters Research Articles

Satellite observed oceanographic drivers of Mobulidae fisheries catch in the Southeast Indian Ocean

Indonesian coastal waters include several marine megafauna biodiversity hotspots. Several fish populations of ecological and socio-economic importance, such as elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), have experienced rapid decline due to unsustainable human activities, primarily overfishing. Small-scale fisheries (SSF) are currently exempt from governmental fisheries management measures despite contributing a significant proportion of a total catch. The Generalised Additive Models were used to investigate the effect of variations in oceanographic parameters of the Teluk Penyu fishing ground, south of central Java, on the magnitude of Mobulidae (Mobula spp.) catch based on its landings data over ten years (2009–2018) from one of Indonesia's largest ports, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. Mobulidae catch from Teluk Penyu fishing ground was generally higher from June to November when the water exhibited relatively high sea surface salinity (sal >34.1 ‰), chlorophyll (0.32–0.45 mg/m3), and nitrate (nit >0.0045 mg NO3/m3), water speed (>0.29 m/s) and eddy kinetic energy (>0.04 m3/s2) levels, and relatively low sea surface temperature (<28 °C), oxygen (<0.182 mg O2/m3) and sea surface height (<0.9 m) levels than the other months of the year. This study reveals that satellite Earth Observation (EO) data provided a preliminary relationship between oceanographic conditions and the amount of catch for developing more effective management and conservation measures for endangered species like Mobulidae. Utilizing EO data may also be applied to help inform much-needed ecosystem-based management measures, including habitat protection and bycatch reduction for conserving endangered Mobulidae species in the Southeast Indian Ocean. The in-situ onboard ocean observation and temporal species-specific catch data will greatly complement the current work.

Spatial variability of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) in Indonesian coastal waters

The effects of Ocean acidification (OA) on the coastal waters of small islands in Indonesia have yet to be extensively studied. This research aims to investigate the process of OA in the coastal waters of small Indonesian islands and examine how land-sea interactions impact carbonate mineral saturation. We collected seawater samples from seven locations on small islands in Indonesia between 2015 and 2021 to analyze the aragonite saturation state. The result shows that most of Indonesia's coastal waters are accompanied by supersaturation of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag>1). Selayar Island's waters had the highest aragonite saturation, averaging 4.96 ± 0.48, while Pari Island's coastal waters had the lowest, averaging 2.49 ± 0.50. Salinity had the greatest effect on Ωarag in all of the sampling sites, ranging from 24.13% to 52.92%, except Aceh Island, where temperature had a greater impact (34.35%) than salinity (26.99%). By the end of this century, Ωarag is predicted to decline based on projections related to climate change. Small island coastal waters are expected to experience a more substantial decline compared to those near the mainland, ranging from 4.71% to 79.58%. The coastal waters of Weh and Selayar Island are probably going to decline the greatest, while the coastal waters of Sorong (mainland) are probably going to decline the least. All seven sampling locations are expected to observe the decrease. This decline will be observed at all seven sampling locations, with Ωarag values ranging from 1.91 to 3.35.

Implementasi Analisis Fuzzy Time Series Dalam Melihat Hasil Komoditas Perikanan Di Provinsi Aceh

Fisheries is one of the sources of food security in Indonesia which plays an important role in the rich biodiversity of Indonesian coastal waters. This research uses the Chen Fuzzy Time Series Model forecasting method. The samples used in this study are data on the number of fishery commodity products with specific Tilapia and Catfish monthly Aceh Province as much as 24 data, starting from January 2021 to December 2022. The results of forecasting the number of tilapia in January 2023 were 1,320,815, with a MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value of 12.93%. And the result of forecasting the number of catfish in January 2023 was 2,339,568, with a MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value of 22.9%. This shows that forecasting using the Chen model Fuzzy Time Series method is good enough to forecast the number of tilapia and catfish in Aceh Province.

Analysis of research methodology on the content of heavy metals in sediments on the Indonesian coastal

Heavy metal pollution is one of the problems that often occurs in Indonesian coastal waters. Comparative methods of looking at heavy metal content in coastal sediments include a way to show similarities and differences between one or more articles by using certain criteria. Different comparison methods to see the heavy metal content in sediments include the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) method, AAN (Netron Activation Analysis), Regression, and USEPA methods. Based on the comparison of 2 methods, namely: AAS and AAN methods, the most efficient in analyzing heavy metals in sediments in coastal areas is the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method compared to the Neutron Activation Analysis (AAS) method.Keywords:CoastalSedimentHeavy MetalSpectrophotometer

Distribusi dan Kelimpahan Kista Pyrodinium bahamense di Perairan Rawan Marak Alga Berbahaya di Indonesia

&lt;strong&gt;Distribution and abundance of &lt;em&gt;Pyrodinium bahamense&lt;/em&gt; cyst in the harmful algal blooms risk waters in Indonesia. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pyrodinium bahamense&lt;/em&gt;as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) is one of the rising environmental problems in the coastal areas of Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia. Cyst bank formed after the blooms of &lt;em&gt;P. bahamense&lt;/em&gt; is a potential source for the future blooming events. Therefore, an effort to describe the distribution and abundance of &lt;em&gt;P. bahamense&lt;/em&gt; cyst banks in Indonesian coastal waters is necessary as a part of the mitigation strategy against the negative impacts of those toxic dinoflagellate blooms. This study was done as a desk study, which included a literature study, reanalysed of previous research data, and reanalysed of preserved samples or stored raw samples. Data and samples used in this study were collected and analysed from part of past researches in Lampung Bay, Jakarta Bay, Cirebon coastal waters, and Ambon Bay. This study also included an analysis to determine the &lt;em&gt;P. Bahamense &lt;/em&gt;HABs risk level in the studied areas based on the cyst density and distribution data. Results showed a low density of &lt;em&gt;P. bahamense &lt;/em&gt;cyst in Lampung Bay and Jakarta Bay, with cyst density &amp;lt;50 cysts.g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; wet sediment. In contrast, the bottom sediments of Ambon Bay and Cirebon coastal waters contained high cyst density, which reached &amp;gt;1,000 cysts.g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; wet sediment. Based on those data, the &lt;em&gt;P. Bahamense &lt;/em&gt;HABs risk in Jakarta Bay and Lampung Bay would be generally much lower compared to Ambon Bay and Cirebon waters. The existence of cyst banks in those coastal waters may indicate a possibility of future blooms of &lt;em&gt;P. bahamense&lt;/em&gt;.

Phytoplankton species potentially Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in Jakarta Bay

The occurrence of algal bloom causes problems in many parts of the world, including in tropical Indonesian coastal waters. Harmful algal bloom events in Jakarta Bay have been increased since several years ago and causing massive fish kills which lead to economic losses in local fisheries, a decrease of water quality, and threat to people consuming fish from the bay. Research was conducted in Jakarta Bay in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2015, to study the variability of phytoplankton species that potentially as bloom maker. The samples were taken by 20 μm mesh size plankton net which deployed vertically to a depth of 7 - 10 meter at each station. The results showed that the abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 106 to 108 cells.m−3. The population composed of 27 taxa, mostly belong to diatoms and dinoflagellates. We observed there are nine genera of phytoplankton which potentially as harmful algal bloom species, occurring in Jakarta Bay. Three of them are known as the predominant species of algal bloom in this bay, namely: Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, and Thalassiosira. Besides that, there are some species also playing a role in the tragedy of fish-killing due to oxygen depletion during blooms events in Jakarta Bay.

Institutional capacity building of Bina Hang Tuah youth organization and Tambaan Indah waste bank in the context of plastic waste management in Tambaan Urban Village, Pasuruan City, East Java Province, Indonesia

Plastic waste in Indonesia has reached 64 million tons per year of which 3.2 million tons per year is discharged into the sea. Because of this condition, Indonesian coastal waters experience degradation. Plastic waste on the coast can be utilized to add value in the form of premium fuel, diesel and kerosene, using a destilator machine. The study was carried out on the coast of Tambaan Village, Pasuruan, East Java. The results indicate that the beach is clean and the processing results are in line with the community expectations. However, the beach has become dirty again and plastic waste has accumulated. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between youth organizations which are responsible for processing plastic waste, and waste banks that currently receive waste from the community. The methods used are analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Partial Least Square (PLS). The two methods are used in the analysis of organizational capacity building and cooperative relations between Bina Hangtuah Youth organization and waste banks. The results of the analysis indicate that operating agreements and revenue sharing based on a “win-win” solution including increasing human resources are an important basis for increasing institutional capacity.

ANCAMAN HIPOKSIA BAGI EKOSISTEM PESISIR; PENGGUNAAN INDEKS AMMONIA-ELPHIDIUM (A-E) SEBAGAI PROKSI

Hypoxia is one of the aquatic phenomena caused by natural and/or anthropogenic factors. Eutrophication is the main trigger of hypoxia in coastal waters throughout the hemisphere. Hypoxia that occurs in aquatic ecosystems refers to the low concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water column to less than 2 mg/L. Hypoxia causes a double effect, low oxygen supply for biotic physiological process, and triggers ocean acidification. Prolonged hypoxic conditions will have a significant impact on the food webs in coastal waters and sea waters, further conditions will ultimately have an impact on capture-based fishing activities. The case of hypoxia in Indonesian coastal waters has not been widely revealed and has not been a concern to be understood or traced to its existence. Retrospective as well as actual traces of hypoxia were revealed, especially in the waters of Jakarta Bay. The retrospective study was carried out using proxies that have been used in various tropical and subtropical countries, the Ammonia-Elphidium (A-E) index (Foraminifera). The results show that several places in the coastal waters of Jakarta Bay and Semarang have experienced episodic hypoxic events for several centuries. A brief review of phenomenal hypoxic events in other parts of the world and preliminary information on recorded events in several Indonesian coastal waters are expected to open stakeholder awareness about further threats of hypoxia in Indonesian waters.

Concentration, distribution and correlation of heavy metals in Asian Moon Scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) and sea water from Indragiri River estuary

A study on the concentration, distribution and correlation of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in seawater and asian moon scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) from Indragiri river estuary has been conducted on April 2018. Samples were collected from six stations representing inner and outer part of the estuary and the analysis of heavy metal was carried out by using AAS Shimadzu AA-7000. The results of the study showed that the average concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in surface seawater and scallop were 0.0744, 0.0038, 0.0302, 0.1761 mg/L and 0.3100, 0.5300, 7.8669, 43.1069 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals between stations were significantly different (p<0.05), but no difference found between outer and inner part of the estuary (p>0.05). Heavy metal concentrations in seawater and scallop were positively correlated, except for Pb. The tolerable intake of metals as PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) was calculated presented. Although the concentrations of all metals were still lower than many reported areas in Indonesian coastal waters, further intensive study is needed in order to determine the toxic metals in the scallop, and not only to report levels of contaminants but also important to compare them with health criteria values. Continuous environment monitoring programs should also be implemented to keep and protect the sustainability of the estuary.

Potential of heavy metal contamination in cultivated red seaweed (Gracilaria sp. and Eucheuma cottonii) from coastal area of Java, Indonesia

Heavy metal is one of the widespread environmental contaminants in Indonesian coastal waters. These heavy metals have a potential negative impact on the aquatic organism and the people who consumed it. Most seaweed cultivation in Indonesia is located in urbanized estuaries, cultivated seaweed can accumulate contaminants such as heavy metals. This study focuses on the analysis of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in Gracilaria sp. and Eucheuma cottonii from various cultivation areas in Java, Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to find out whether seaweed can pose a potential risk to consumers and know the source of heavy metal contamination. The Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method was used to determine the heavy metal level in seaweed. These results indicate generally that heavy metal contents of seaweeds cultivated urbanized estuaries should be monitored since accumulation appears to be site-dependent. Seaweed that cultivated in locations around the industry with poor waste management has an impact on higher levels of heavy metal.

Colony morphology and molecular identification of Vibrio spp. on green mussels (Perna viridis) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia tourism beach areas

Abstract. Hikmawati F, Susilowati A, Setyaningsih R. 2019. Colony morphology and molecular identification of Vibrio spp. on green mussels (Perna viridis) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia tourism beach areas. Biodiversitas 20: 2891-2899. Green mussels (Perna viridis) have filter feeder properties that allow pathogenic bacteria from the water environment to accumulate in relatively high levels. About 20% of foodborne diseases are caused by large quantities of seafood contaminated with bacteria. The purpose of this study is to determine the morphological characteristics, pathogenicity, identity, and the kinship of Vibrio species on green mussels in Yogyakarta coastal tourism areas. Vibrio spp. were grown on selective differential TCBS media. In this media, the suspected Vibrio spp. would produce yellow or green colonies. The ability of hemolysis of Vibrio was blood agar media, the species was molecularly identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence, and the phylogenetic relationship of the Vibrio spp., was analyzed using MEGA X Neighbor-Joining program. Based on morphological analysis, we obtained 23 bacterial isolates suspected to be Vibrio spp. Two Isolates (L1K2 6 and L2K2 13) were positive for α-hemolysis activity and 4 isolates (L1K1 3, L2K1 8, L2K2 16, and L3K2 22) were positive for β-hemolysis activity. The molecular analysis involved 18 Vibrio species, and 4 of them represented the Vibrio genus and 14 species represented 97-99% similarity species in accordance with the 16S rRNA sequence in database, namely: Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio neocaledonicus, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio azureus, Vibrio diabolicus, Vibrio tapetis, Vibrio natriegens, and Vibrio owensii. The most dominant number of Vibrio isolates was V. alginolyticus, while the lowest was V. owensii. The highest number of Vibrio species in green mussels was found in Goa Cemara beach while the lowest was in Kwaru beach. Vibrio spp bacteria found in green clams in coastal tourism areas in Yogyakarta have close phylogenetic relationships with other Vibrio in seafood in Indonesian coastal waters.

SEAGRASS COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN TUNDA ISLAND GULF OF BANTEN

Seagrass, as an aquatic angiosperms which are completely adapted to live in the marine environment and shallow water estuaries, is one of the most highly productive marine ecosystems. Under the increasing of global water temperature, coupled with nutrient over-enrichment, the community structure of seagrass may transform as the alteration of ecological functions followed. This condition may also happen in Indonesian coastal waters, including Tunda Island on the Gulf of Banten which received excessive nutrients from the mainland. Study of seagrass community in Tunda Island has been carried out using line transect method perpendicularly to the shore with the 1x1 meter transect plots within 10 meters interval. Community structure as density, coverage, diversity index and dominance index of seagrass had been observed in 4 stations. The results showed that there were five species of seagrass were recorded in this area, namely Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis and Thalassia hemprichii. The distributions and species composition were varied and generally dominated by Thalassia hemprichii with 48.25 shoots m*2 density. The diversity index obtained from the research was 0.84 as well as the dominance index was 0.55. It showed that the diversity of seagrass at Tunda Island is low and no high dominance among species. The status of seagrass meadows in Tunda Island was classified as poor since the total coverage was only 22 %. Further observation of correlation among other organisms such as macroalgae and grazers in the ecosystems will be necessary to investigate the ecological alteration.

INVENTARISASI JENIS-JENIS MAKROALGA DI PANTAI LHOK BUBON KECAMATAN SAMATIGA KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT

Indonesia has tropical marine waters rich in biodiversity. One of the organisms living in Indonesian coastal waters is macroalgae. Algae is one of the marine natural resources of economic value and has an ecological role as a high producer in the food chain and spawning place of marine biota. types of macroalgae have many benefits, ecologically and economically for the community. The ecological benefits of macroalgae are to provide habitat for several types of marine life such as species of crustaceans, mollusca, echinoderms, fish or other small algae. The economic value of macroalgae can be used as food, industrial raw materials, and materials for laboratories such as wet preserved materials, media materials for bacterial and fungal breeding to produce antibiotics, and there are also macroalgal types used as medicines. This study aims to identify and inventory the types of macroalgae in Lhok Bubon waters. The research method used is survey method, by identifying macroalga and inventory of macroalga contained in research location. The results of identification of macroalgae in Lhok Bubon waters are Caulerpa racemosa, Chaetomorpha anteninna, Halimeda micronesica, Boegesenia forbesi, Cladhopora hespetica, Halimeda discoidea, Chaetomorpha sp, Sargasum sp., Sargasum natans, Padina australis, Turbinaria ornata, Canistrocaptus crispatus, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Galaxaura filamentosa, dan Halymenia durvillei.

Parasite fauna of Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) (Epinephelidae) as environmental indicator under heavily polluted conditions in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

The objective of this study was to assess the environmental conditions of a heavily polluted marine habitat using descriptors of fish parasites. Epinephelus coioides from Jakarta Bay as well as off Jakarta Bay was studied for metazoan parasites. Based on 70 fish and considering previous studies (230 fish), an environmental indicator system was designed. Including the recent study, a total of 51 parasite species have been recorded for E. coioides in Indonesian waters. Seven of them combined with five parasitological indices are useful descriptors for the environmental status of marine ecosystems. The results are visualized in a star graph. A significant different parasite infection between nine analyzed localities demonstrates the negative influence of the megacity Jakarta onto the coastal environment. We herewith complete a parasite based indicator system for Indonesian coastal waters, and suggest that it can be used in other marine habitats as well as for further epinephelids.

Distribution of Antifouling Biocides and Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in Sediments From Selected Locations in Indonesian Coastal Waters

Coastal marine environments are considered to be the most sensitive areas for the accumulation of organotin (OT) compounds and other emerging new pollutants, such as perfluoroalkyl compounds. Contamination by these compounds is a matter of great concern due to their accumulation and possible negative impact on the coastal environment and organisms. The concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) compounds were greater in Indonesia, i.e., on the order of Bitung > Manado > Jakarta Bay > Gangga Island, and TBT in sediment from Bitung and Manado was the dominant species among butyltin (BT) compounds. Sea Nine 211, diuron, and irgarol 1051 were detected among alternative biocides in Bitung, Manado, and Gangga Island and irgarol 1051 was detected in Jakarta Bay. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFOS) in Jakarta Bay were detected at 0.25 to 6.1 μg kg(-1) dry weight (dw) and 0.58 to 3.7 μg kg(-1) dw, respectively, and the concentrations of PFOS at most sampling sites were greater than those of PFOA. Thus, coastal waters from Indonesia have already been contaminated by antifouling biocides and perfluoroalkyl compounds.

Genetic diversity of Indonesia milkfish (Chanos chanos) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis

Genetic diversity of milkfish (Chanos chanos) from Indonesia was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of 255 loci were detected by combination of seven primers from 130 individuals collected at seven locations. AFLP analysis provided useful information in determining genetic variation for milkfish from different locations. The proportion of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity among populations ranged from 12 to 72% and 0.041 to 0.187, respectively. Genetic differentiation (FST) and Nei’s genetic distance among populations ranged from 0.214 to 0.732 and 0.016 to 0.302, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance supported significant differences between variance among populations when compared with variance within populations. The neighbor joining tree revealed four significantly distinct milkfish populations in Indonesian coastal waters. AFLP analyses may reveal historical patterns of milkfish genetic population structure in Indonesian coastal waters. The information derived from this study is useful to identify populations and categorize their population of origin to design a long term management program such as genetic improvement by selective breeding.

Hot spot biomonitoring of marine pollution effects using cholinergic and immunity biomarkers of tropical green mussel (Perna viridis) of the Indonesian waters

Selected biomakers, Cholinesterase (ChE) and phagocytic activities have been investigated with the exposed green mussel Perna viridis in Indonesian coastal waters. An operative effect-based monitoring on two polluted sites and one reference area were investigated for aquaculture enterprises and human health aspects. Between two heavily polluted sites, green mussels from Cilincing indicated a lower level of the ChE activity than those from Kamal Muara. The phagocytic activity of green mussels from the polluted sites demonstrated significant higher activity than that of green mussels from the pristine site, Pangkep. However, there were no significant differences of phagocytic activities between the polluted sites. This might indicate that the existing pollutants in Jakarta Bay were more neurotoxic rather than immonotoxic substances. The results showed clearly that both selected biomarkers were potential valuable tools for effect-based monitoring and pollution impacts in coastal zones of Indonesia. Key words: Green mussel, biomarkers, coastal zone management, Indonesia.

Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil using Bacillus sp. (strain TMY-2) in soil by uniform and non- uniform electro kinetic technology field

Selected biomakers, Cholinesterase (ChE) and phagocytic activities have been investigated with the exposed green mussel Perna viridis in Indonesian coastal waters. An operative effect-based monitoring on two polluted sites and one reference area were investigated for aquaculture enterprises and human health aspects. Between two heavily polluted sites, green mussels from Cilincing indicated a lower level of the ChE activity than those from Kamal Muara. The phagocytic activity of green mussels from the polluted sites demonstrated significant higher activity than that of green mussels from the pristine site, Pangkep. However, there were no significant differences of phagocytic activities between the polluted sites. This might indicate that the existing pollutants in Jakarta Bay were more neurotoxic rather than immonotoxic substances. The results showed clearly that both selected biomarkers were potential valuable tools for effect-based monitoring and pollution impacts in coastal zones of Indonesia. Key words: Green mussel, biomarkers, coastal zone management, Indonesia.

New phylogenetic lineages of the Spirochaetes phylum associated with Clathrina species (Porifera)

Though spirochetes have been repeatedly found in marine sponges and other invertebrates, little attention has been paid to the specificity of this association. This study demonstrates that different geno-and morphotypes of spirochetes can reside within the same sponge individual and develop in considerable numbers. Specimens of the calcareous sponge Clathrina clathrus collected from the Adriatic Sea off Rovinj (Croatia) were found to harbor spirochete-like bacteria, which were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 16S rRNA gene analysis, and catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH). Two novel spirochete sequence types related to the Brachyspiraceae could be retrieved. By use of specifically designed CARD-FISH probes, the C. clathrus-associated sequences could be assigned to a linear and a helical spirochete morphotype. Both were located within the sponge mesohyl and resembled the spirochete-like cells identified by SEM. In addition, from a Clathrina sp., most likely C. coriacea, that originated from Indonesian coastal waters, four different spirochete type sequences were recovered. Two of these also affiliated with the Brachyspiraceae, the other two were found associated with the Spirochaetaceae, one with the genera Borrelia and Cristispira.

SPECIES OF THE GENERA TEMORA AND TORTANUS FROM INDONESIAN COASTAL WAT

During taxonomic studies on the pelagic copepods of Indonesian waters, three species of Temora, T. discaudata Giesbrecht, 1882, T. discaudata n. var. and T. turbinata (Dana, 1849), and three species of Tortanus, T. (Tortanus) barbatus, T. (Tortanus) forcipatus and T. (Tortanus) gracilis were described and figured on specimens collected from 8 sites along Indonesian coastal waters. Descriptions, measurements and figures are given for those species, along with a review of their distribution over the world oceans, and with taxonomic remarks, ecological notes, and restricted synonymies.