Indonesian Archipelago Research Articles

Sand ridges from the coastal zone of southern Thailand reflect late quaternary sea-level history and environmental conditions in Sundaland

At many times during the Quaternary, when the global sea level was much lower than today (at least 30 m), the Thai-Malay Peninsula was connected by land to the Indonesian archipelago. This now submerged region is known as Sundaland and played a key role in the expansion of flora, fauna, and humans during the Quaternary. However, information regarding past environmental conditions is sparse as post-glacial sea-level rise submerged and eroded most sedimentary archives. In this study, a combination of geomorphological mapping, investigating sedimentary features, and optically stimulated luminescence dating is used to decipher the evolution of sand ridges found in the coastal zone of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. The two main ridges (eastern and western) are composed of moderately to poorly sorted medium to coarse, structureless massive sands. The eastern ridge deposited between ca. 8.3 ka and 0.16 ka and formed by coastal processes related to sea-level change and storm surge during the Holocene. Surprisingly, the western ridge yields a minimum depositional age of ca. 82 ka, and further deposition dates to different periods of the Late Pleistocene. We suggest that the initial formation of the western ridge possibly occurred during the Last Interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e). During periods of low global sea level, when the region was far away from the coast, the ridge accumulated further sand, most likely due to aeolian activity. This would imply a rather limited vegetation cover in the interior of Sundaland and support previous assumptions of savannah-like conditions during global-scale glacial periods.

The polymorphism of vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Indonesia with morphology-based cladistic

Wasps in the family of Vespidae often have a yellowish black color with white or brown markings, but some species have variations in their markings and coloring. There is limited information available about the distribution of these marking patterns within the Vespidae Family. To clarify their taxonomic status, this study aims to examine the marking patterns of Vespid wasps that are widely distributed in the Indonesian Archipelago and to explore correlations with their biogeographical distribution patterns. In this study, specimens from three different locations (Bandung, Sumedang, and Purworejo) and specimens from the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) were examined. A total of 31 individuals from five different species were analyzed based on their morphological features. The data collected was coded and analyzed using cladistic methods, and the results were used to create cladogram trees for each of the five species i.e., Phimenes flavopictus, Polistes stigma, Apodynerus troglodytes, Vespa affinis, and Vespa velutina, showing their biogeographical distribution. The cladistic analysis in this study showed the relationships between the different species based on their morphological characteristics. The arrangements of the clades were determined using the Euclidean method in R studio. The results showed that P. flavopictus has two clades based on the marking patterns on their thorax and abdomen, while the other species i.e., Po. stigma, V. affinis, V. velutina, and A. troglodytes have three clades based on their coloring and marking patterns on all segments. The distribution of the Vespidae species appears to be scattered, with their patterns randomly distributed among locations.

Energy transmission pathways of equatorial waves within the Maritime Continent: a view with the wave energy flux

Detailed pathway of wave energy exchange between the Pacific and Indian Oceans through the Indonesian archipelago for a wide range of wave frequency is investigated using a reduced gravity model with realistic coastline. The wave energy flux analysis that can be applicable for all latitudes in a linear shallow water system is adopted. The energy fluxes diagnosed from the model outputs for the incoming Rossby waves from the Pacific clearly indicate two major energy pathways to the Indian Ocean: one turning southward in the Halmahera Sea and reaches the Indian Ocean via the Banda Sea and the Timor Passage, and the other passing through the Makassar and Lombok Straits. The former route, however, is shifted to the western side of the island chain within the Banda Sea due to energy trapping around the island chain. It is also found that strong energy dissipation occurs along the northern coast of New Guinea when the incoming wave period is shorter than 1.5 years. In the case of the Kelvin waves from the Indian Ocean, it is found that the major energy pathway is through the Lombok and Makassar Straits to the Pacific Ocean. However, there appears another pathway along the eastern side of the Sulawesi Island in the Banda Sea to exit through the Molucca Sea only when the wave period is shorter than about one month. This secondary pathway makes it easier for the wave energy from the Indian Ocean to reach the western Pacific Ocean for the short-period waves.

Hydrological Potential Mapping to Generate Micro-Hydro Power in Code River

Fossil fuel energy utilization in Indonesia is consider high consisting of 65% coal sources and 20% fuel, while only 15% are generate from new and renewable energy sources. This number is critical due to the commitment to reduce greenhouse gases by 29% or 41% as declared Glasgow in 2021. Alternatives source of energy could be obtained from solar, wind, and water. The energy generate from those sources are consider intermittent, however, water utilization can be optimized by construct several weirs (small-scale reservoirs) to accumulate the rain water as a kinetic energy source to generate electricity. Only some part of the world, especially tropical Indonesia archipelago, has enough rain to generate energy. This research intends to measure the potency of Code River, representing small river in generating micro-hydro power. The Code River is representing a small river on the island of Java as part of the archipelago in Indonesia which has the characteristics of a river, a small water catchment area, and has high discharge input from rainfall because it is in the tropics. The weir is equipped with a penstock pipe, as water intake to the generator. The pipe inner diameter made of high-density polyethylene material can be 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 1,000 and 1,600 mm. Each pipe size can produce discharges of 0.42, 0.75, 1.62, 2.1, 3.1, 3.5, 6.0 and 24.0 m3/s respectively. The combination of discharge and head height will produce electrical energy (in watts). Based on hydrological modelling consisting of 52 sub-watersheds, the highest electricity production in 2021 is 8,359,218.3 kWh with 800 mm pipe size (3.5 m3/sec discharge). The electricity production is based on reliable discharge between 7-96% which is different for each weir location. In conclusion, the electricity supply for the whole year (100%) is inadequate

Sistem Pendataan Peserta PKH Lolos Jalur Seleksi Perguruan Tinggi Berbasis Website Pada Lembaga Mitra Gerakan Ayo Kuliah Lampung

The Bakrie Center Foundation is a charitable organization established in 2010, dedicated to nurturing emerging leaders in Indonesia. Its vision is to identify and cultivate leaders across all strata of society throughout the Indonesian archipelago, with a mission to bolster their capabilities and foster a talent pool that will ultimately stimulate national development and economic growth. In the 6th edition of the Campus Leader Program, the Bakrie Center Foundation collaborated with partner institutions as part of the "Let's Go to Lampung" initiative. The Foundation recognized the effectiveness of the "Let's Go to Lampung" movement, which is geared towards providing education, motivation, and support to KPM PKH children. During the operational phase, there were challenges in data collection, prompting the founder of GAK Lampung to propose the development of a website for a Data Collection System designed to assist PKH children in navigating the university selection process, to be implemented at the partner institution of the "Let's Go to College" Movement (GAK) in Lampung.

Optimization of the risk-based small-scale LNG supply chain in the Indonesian archipelago

The electricity supply in Indonesia is considered inefficient, as indicated by the increase in the Cost of Generation Provision (CGP) in the 2016–2021 period. Indications of high supply chain risks are not commensurate with the low demand for LNG. Nevertheless, every power plant on small islands must be served by minimizing costs. This study aims to develop a risk-based small-scale supply chain model to distribute LNG in archipelagic areas by minimizing infrastructure costs, including investment and operations. This paper formulates a risk-based small-scale LNG (SS-LNG) model with milk runs, which are rarely applied in LNG supply chains, thus impacting cost efficiency and the sustainability of LNG supply in Indonesia. The simulation was carried out using the vehicle routing problem with milk run (VRPMR) method. The optimization results show that the 2-vessel scheme is an optimal and efficient risk-based SS-LNG supply chain model. However, it appears that changing the scheme from 1 to 2 vessels generally increases the infrastructure tariff by 3%, or USD 0.11 per MMBTU. This risk-based supply chain model is able to ensure a fuel cost efficiency of 27% for power plants.

Global Atlas of Marine Floating Solar PV Potential

In this paper, we analyse 40 years of maximum wind speed and wave height data to identify potential sites for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems floating on seas and oceans. Maximum hourly wave height and wind speed data were segregated into 5 distinct categories. These categorisations were then combined at the nearest wind speed and wave height grid point for each sea location, generating a comprehensive wind–wave map via a geographic information system (GIS) visualisation. We find that regions around the equator are generally calm, i.e., free from strong winds and large waves. The most favourable locations are around the Indonesian archipelago, and the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of tropical Africa. Our analysis indicates the huge potential of floating solar PV systems in calm tropical maritime regions, capable of generating about one million terawatt-hours per year in regions that rarely experience waves larger than 6 m or winds stronger than 15 m/s. This study furthers our understanding of alternative renewable energy options, emphasising the promising potential of offshore floating solar PV systems in the global energy transition.

A Proposed Seaplane Float in Water Entry Problem and Landing in Waves using Particle Based Method

Seaplane is the newly transportation mode which is developed in the Indonesian Archipelago Region. Originally, the seaplane is equipped by pair of the floats in function to withstand the aircraft load and maintain the seaplane on the water stably. One of the critical moments in the seaplane operation is in the landing phase in waves. The failure in the float performance can be led into severe conditions, even the capsize. In this paper, the aims are to determine the water impact characteristics and response of the proposed seaplane float by implementing the water entry case, calm water landing, and when landing in the periodic waves condition. The numerical model was developed using DualSPHysics based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic to obtain more realistic and accurate prediction of the pressure, velocity fields, and water spray motion with droplets in complex shape of the float. According to numerical results and reproducible experimental data in this study, the 2D water entry and 3D calm and waves water problem were applied to reproduce the detailed characteristics of the interaction between the proposed seaplane float and the water surface with splashing. The paper showed that the developed model could be a useful tool to design the seaplane float for Indonesian seaplane in the future

Chineseness in Sino-Malay printing: a triptych of self-criticism

ABSTRACT From late-colonial times, Chinese-Indonesian writers began formulating competing notions of belonging and diasporic identity. Two political ideologies coexisted. The first and oldest was rooted in the ideals of the 1911 Revolution and encouraged the Indies Chinese to devote themselves to the “fatherland.” This movement attempted to resinicise those culturally hybrid Peranakan families in particular. The second group perceived the Indonesian archipelago as its home and advocated for more integration into the Indies society, often in solidarity with Indigenous people. The resulting tensions manifested themselves on the pages of vernacular publications. This article juxtaposes journalism, fiction and poetry as mutually reinforcing platforms to articulate, problematise and debate Chineseness. These genres and the slightly different messages they produced reveal evolving worldviews and a lack of consensus as key Indies Chinese experiences. Periodicals started exhibiting a greater diversity of opinions by the 1930s. A similar tendency is seen in novels and short stories in which pro-China and pro-Indies factions were often criticised in roughly equal measure. These fictionalised debates offer valuable insights into society’s faults and fissures. Fiction is relevant as it grappled with otherwise elusive social taboos, such as romantic encounters between different communities. Lastly, poetry was the genre par excellence to express frustration, aided by the rhetorical devices of sarcasm and translingual creativity. Across these genres, language proves crucial to understanding society’s conflicting expressions of Chineseness. While most of the discourse took place in vernacular Malay, acculturation through profuse borrowing from Hokkien helped to forge a discourse of identification and belonging.

Austronesian diaspora in Indonesian archipelago arrived at the last migration wave

Austronesian migration in the last 4500 years ago is a unique phenomenon in the history of human civilization, related to the vast area and the time of spreading. Not many papers summarize the Austronesian traces from a paleoanthropological perspective. This paper describes the Austronesian diaspora in the Indonesian Archipelago based on the physical characteristics and human remains (especially craniodental) found in the archaeological context. Human remains with neolithic burial context were found in several cave sites on the karstic mountains around 3500 years ago, while skeletal remains with a paleometallic burial context were found from several coastal jar burial sites dating back 2000 years ago. In the future, intensive research is needed to determine whether the two different burial characteristics result from cultural evolution or reflect two layers of migration.

Australo-melanesian: Human population in Indonesian Archipelago during the Pleisto-Holocene transition

Since the end of the Ice Age or the beginning of the Holocene, Human occupation of the Archipelago has shown significant development, as seen in the discovery of the remains that occupy a wider geographical distribution in various parts of the area. Modern Human has entered this region in the Late Pleistocene, but there is a possibility of a new migration process entering Indonesia after the end of the Ice Age. Holocene Human remains are mostly found in the prehistoric dwelling caves of the karstic mountains, and the shell midden along the east coast of North Sumatra-Aceh. Based on those discoveries, it presents the remains affiliated with the Australo-melanesid population. And here, we will discuss on this human population of the Archipelago in paleoanthropological perspectives.

A proposal to strengthen Indonesian democracy

AbstractFor centuries, Java‐based rulers employed economic, political, and military measures to control the myriad islands lying in the eastern reaches of the Indonesian archipelago. Following Indonesia's transformation into a presidential democracy, the country's leaders modified this strategy and sought to maintain regional control by implementing economic and political decentralization measures on a massive scale. These measures also gave the eastern populations an appreciable influence on presidential elections. However, population projections and recent election data indicate that inhabitants of eastern Indonesia may become electorally marginalized because the region's population growth is being far outpaced by that of Java and Sumatra. Such marginalization could lead to social unrest, separatist movements, and other malevolent behaviors that threaten the country's democracy. To address this scenario, this article suggests that implementing a presidential voting framework based on the US Electoral College could strengthen Indonesia's democracy by significantly empowering voters in the country's eastern provinces.

Variability of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene Homo Sapiens groups in Western Indonesian archipelago: focus on second molars

The present study aims at characterizing the variability of the Late Pleistocene to Holocene western Indonesian archipelago ancient populations based on second molars , which are described by means of comparative morphology (ASUDAS), and metrics (BL and MD measurements). We furthermore test similarity and differentiation by metric and non-metric statistics analysis to observe group clustering among the samples. Results show two different dental types. The “Preneolithic” one is present on Early to Middle Holocene fossils, between 12 to 4.5 ka, and the “Neolithic-Paleometallic” type consists of Late Holocene remains, from 3.2 ka. This study opens new perspectives regarding the scenario of human occupation in the western Indonesian archipelago during those periods, and questions as well the chronological significance of some features classically described as ‘archaic’ or ‘derived’ in dental palaeoanthropology.

“Two Distinct Creators”: Comparing Darwin’s and Wallace’s Formative Travels, and How it Influenced their Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently arrived at similar theories of evolution by natural selection as announced in 1858. Both men had undertaken transformative travels that provided data for their conclusions. This article compares and contrasts their published travel narratives and shows how it impacted their interpretations. While Darwin’s voyage aboard the H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836) was largely in the southern hemisphere temperate zone, Wallace’s (1854-1862) island-hopping expedition was confined to the Malayan (Indonesian) Archipelago. Although very similar, there were slight differences in their resulting theories of natural selection. The debates that would divide them on this issue related especially to sexual dimorphism in birds and butterflies, with examples from their travels. Both men, however, perceived the profound differences between the Australian fauna and that of the rest of the world. Wallace was able to identify the exact boundary between these two different “creations,” later dubbed “Wallace’s Line.”

HISTORY OF MUHAMMAD BASIUNI IMRAN AS HEAD OF SHARĪ’AH COURT OFFICE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ISLAMIC LAW IN SAMBAS 1951-1955 WEST KALIMANTAN

This article discusses the footsteps of the maharaja Imam Muhammad Basiuni Imran in the application of Islamic law in Sambas, West Kalimantan. Muhammad Basiuni Imran is a charismatic cleric from Sambas with qualified religious knowledge who has several works that are recognized by the Islamic world in reference to Islamic law and has many teachers, one of which is Rasḫid Rihda, a middle eastern cleric who is very famous for his knowledge of legal reform and works he became a reference for world Islamic scholars, especially scholars of the Indonesian archipelago. The focus of this research is how Muhammad Basiuni Imran as the head of the sharī’ah court office in the application of Islamic law in Sambas, West Kalimantan? While the method in this study uses a descriptive qualitative type and the nature of the research is literature. While the approach in this study is to use a historical approach. The findings in this study in the application of Islamic law Muhammad Basiuni Imran were faced with the problem of friday prayer law of less than 40 people, disputes about talkins in society, debates on the issue of marriage faskḥ, developing the concept of masḫlahāh mursālah, the application of the concept of al-Tahāluf al-siyasi and the application of the concept of tadārruj.

Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): checklist and bibliography.

Sponges in Indonesia have been studied since the 19th century during several historical expeditions and international collaborations. Hundreds of new species were reported from various locations, e.g., Ambon, Ternate, Sulawesi, Aru, and Kei Islands. This study aimed to create a sponge (Porifera: Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha) species checklist from Indonesia based on World Porifera Database. With a total of 731 species, our checklist comprises approximately 45 species of Calcarea, 566 species of Demospongiae, 115 species of Hexactinellida, and five species of Homoscleromorpha. The number of species are recorded from 12 marine ecoregions across the Indonesian Archipelago and freshwater habitats (Spongillida) between 1820-2021. The species composition indicates higher regional endemism or poorly studied since no other report after the original description. However, several marine ecoregions of Indonesia remain highly overlooked (e.g., Northeast Sulawesi, Papua, Southern Java, Western Sumatra), including freshwater habitats. Therefore, a taxonomic biodiversity baseline study, particularly on Porifera, is necessary to better understand the aquatic and marine biodiversity in the Indonesia Archipelago.

Bentuk, Makna, dan Fungsi Budaya Tutur Betore di Kabupaten Paser

Betore is one of the oral traditions in Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Province. This cultural practice is on the brink of extinction and is considered critically endangered, as only a few elderly individuals are capable of performing it. Originally used by the Paser community, specifically by young men and women, Betore served as a means of communication during rice harvesting in the fields. This communication also provided entertainment amidst the fields. The process of Betore involves a responsive exchange of speech with specific themes. The resulting utterances in Betore emerge spontaneously following the evolving theme, making it an anonymous form of expression. Betore and rice harvesting are inseparable, and as a consequence, this oral tradition is increasingly eroded due to the dwindling dry agricultural land in Paser Regency. Betore can be categorized as an ancient poem since it embodies the form, meaning, and function of traditional literature. In terms of form, Betore follows an a-b-a and a-b-c rhyme scheme. This rhyme structure is somewhat distinct from other ancient poems in the Indonesian archipelago, although Betore appears to be more similar to talibun. The functions of Betore encompass recreational, didactic, aesthetic, moral, and religious aspects. Regarding meaning, Betore conveys advice, satire, and religious messages. From these aforementioned functions and meanings, Betore implicitly holds social values, promoting fraternity, unity, and togetherness.

APLIKASI UNSUR VISUAL BENTUK DAN WARNA MOTIF KAIN TRADISIONAL INDONESIA TIMUR PADA PERANCANGAN FURNITUR MODERN

Indonesia is rich in a diversity of cultural crafts, one of which is traditional fabrics that are spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago. The traditional cloth has a spiritual and translingual dimension, which shows the very high level of Indonesian culture. These fabrics are full of symbolic meanings as well as spiritual values contained in the motifs inside. These motifs present various decorative patterns such as geometric, human, animal, plant, natural objects, technological objects, and calligraphy. The purpose of this study is to classify cloth motifs from Eastern Indonesia, which are sacred motifs and which can be explored further. The purpose of this research is to provide an educational basis when these motifs are innovated and applied to a product such as furniture. This study uses a descriptive qualitative analysis method through literature exploration and interviews with craftsmen or community activists for the preservation of Indonesian fabrics. From the research results, it was obtained twenty-four motifs that could be explored and ten motifs that were switchable so that they could not be explored. For motifs that can be explored, it is continued by making a sampling of one of the motifs using the laser cutting method which can then be applied to space elements, one of which is furniture.

Multi-criteria analysis for solid waste management system in Indramayu coastal area

Coastal area pollution in Indonesia does not only occur in one area but is spread over several points on the coastline of the Indonesian archipelago. Indramayu Regency, one of Indonesia’s coastal areas with significant marine resources and tourism assets, has experienced a worsening solid waste problem. This research activity was carried out in Cantigi District and Indramayu District; both areas were considered capable of representing the condition of Indramayu Regency which has various regional conditions but generally has resources and tourism assets in coastal areas. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is a decision-making model with multiple criteria that involves several alternatives that are selected based on consideration of all related criteria. In the analysis, five aspects became criteria: environmental, financial, social, technical, and institutional. This study aimed to formulate a solid waste management system in Indramayu Regency with the AHP approach. The study results are recommendations for solid waste management system alternatives that involve collaboration between the community and the regional technical implementation unit (UPTD). The alternatives are optimizing the function of the temporary waste shelters for waste reducing, reusing, and recycling (3R TPS) and socialization to the community about sorting waste activities.

Public services in island sub‐districts: Towards geography‐based governance

AbstractThis study proposes a form of governance of sub‐district public services based on the geography of the Maluku archipelago in Indonesia. Using qualitative research, data were collected using in‐depth interviews, focus group discussions, documentation, and field observations, involving informants from local and sub‐district government elements and community leaders. This study revealed that the governance of public services in the islands is not optimal because it cannot meet the challenges that are unique to the islands, such as minimal authority, inadequate organisation and management capacity of the sub‐district, lack of human resources and facilities support, and limited transportation facilities. This study found two primary causal factors, namely: first, internal factors, (1) implementation of the concept of symmetrical decentralisation in various local contexts, (2) disproportionate fiscal policies, and (3) weak political commitment of mayors regarding delegation of authority and discretion. Second, external factors are related to the difficulty of accessing services.Points for practitioners The non‐optimal governance of public services in the islands cannot meet the challenges. The uniqueness of the islands includes minimal authority, inadequate organisation and management (O&M) capacity of the sub‐district, lack of human resources and facilities support, and limited transportation facilities. The Islands Sub‐District Governance Model (ISGov‐Model) proposes attributive and discretionary authority, increased O&M capacity, financial support, and adequate staff and facilities. The ISGov‐Model leads the archipelagic sub‐district to become the epicentre of public services.