Indonesian Trade Research Articles

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BАGI KORBАN TINDАK PIDАNА PENIPUАN JUAL BELI ONLINE DI INDONESIA

The development of technology and information led to new innovations related to the model in the trading system, namely Online Buying and Selling. The world economy and current international trade competition can have negative implications for consumer protection in online trading in Indonesia. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach that is by understanding various concepts found in the research process, research techniques using content analysis and library research. This research aims to find out how legal protection for victims of online buying and selling scams in Indonesia.

Understanding Causality Relation among FDI, Foreign Trade and Economic Growth

This study aims to analyze the causality relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Foreign Trade, and Economic Growth in Indonesia using quarterly time-series data from Q1-2004 to Q2-2019. This study uses co-analytical techniques, VECM integration, and Engle-Granger causality. The results of a two-way causality test happen between export and GDP variables, as well as import and GDP variables. In other words, foreign trade has an essential role in increasing economic growth in Indonesia. However, the two-way causality relationship takes place only in the short term. In the long run, it does not occur; what happens in the long term is an only one-way relationship, namely from foreign trade (X and M) to economic growth. While export and import relations have an only one-way relationship, namely from import growth to export growth, and this relationship only happens in the short term. In contrast, in the long term, it has no significant relationship. Likewise, the one-way relationship also takes place from imports to FDI in the short term. At the same time, export variables and GDP variables do not have a significant relationship with FDI variables. In the long-term economic growth, it turns out to be very instrumental in increasing both FDI, exports, and imports.

The Direction of Tax Policy in 2021 in the Context Increase Tax Revenue in the 19th COVID Recovery

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed economic and social developments and arrangements throughout the world. This pandemic requires the Government together with elements of the community to make efforts to prevent the spread of the virus and economic recovery. In the context of maintaining sustainable development in the midst of dynamic fundamental challenges, the National Budget as an instrument of fiscal policy is designed to be more productive, effective, and efficient in order to accelerate economic growth for welfare and improve the government's balance sheet. Global economic activity has been disrupted due to lockdown policies in a number of Indonesia's major trading partners, which has reduced supply of important components for industries from abroad. The increasing exchange rate of the US dollar makes the price of imported materials more expensive. On the consumption side, many companies experience cash flow difficulties, thereby reducing their ability to pay taxes resulting in significant tax revenues such as Corporate Income Tax. Significant reduction in international trade activities also resulted in lower tax revenues from imports and import duties. Tax revenues also experienced pressure from falling world oil prices, minerals, and CPO which are important components in calculating oil and gas PPh and export duties. Tax revenue performance is expected to weaken in 2020 with a tax ratio potentially below 9 percent. The government has made the first policy of relaxing the taxation by reducing the burden of business activities and helping to improve the condition of the company's cash flow, especially during and after the COVID-19 epidemic. The company can use a reduction in corporate income tax rates, exemption from import PPh and certain sector import duties, as well as various other tax facilities to cover increases in input material prices and decreased sales so that it continues to operate normally. Both Governments have made efforts to expand the taxation base and improve tax administration. Third The addition of new tax objects, one of which the Government levies taxes on Trade through Electronic Systems (PMSE) and other object sources of excise products such as plastics, sweetened drinks, and fuel oil (BBM). Fourth, from the aspect of tax subject by extending the taxpayers (WP), which are sector-based and regional, increase WP voluntary compliance through effective education and service improvement, including the High Net Worth Individual (HNWI) group. The Fifth Government seeks to improve tax governance and administration starting from business processes, information technology, databases (core tax), organizations, and HR. From government policies in the effort to accelerate economic recovery, there are still various obstacles, especially in terms of regulations or policies prepared as well as technology as a means of infrastructure in supporting these regulations. The regulation or policy must touch on all aspects, namely aspects of tax law, aspects of tax justice, and aspects of the Double Tax Avoidance Agreement (P3B) for cross-border transactions.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Korban Penipuan Jual Beli Online

Currently, the internet is often used as a means of trading in Indonesia, which often leads to cybercrime crimes, from fraud in trading to fraudulent objects of buying and selling online, requiring legal preservation. What is the form of legal preservation of the object of fraud in online trading? How do criminal sanctions for fraudsters roll out online? These two questions are the problems examined in this study. This study was designed using a normative legal research design. The results of research and assessment can be concluded that legal protection for victims of online buying and selling fraud is essentially carried out by non-penal and penal channels. Legal protection using the penal line can be realized through repressive measures, and non-penal through preventive measures. In repressive actions, objects can be reported by visiting legal institutions for further processing. In a preventive measure, outreach is held about legislation and legal understanding of the ways and culture of using technology so that there is no response to requests for information via e-mail. Matters that affect legal protection for victims of online bladder selling are aimed at the lack of proper facilities and infrastructure, namely the inadequate extension of statutory regulations related to cybercrime to the public. Quality of law enforcement officers and the culture of the people who are not interested in making reports and testimonies. Fraud in trading with online media within the scope of legal regulations has been regulated using positive law in Indonesia, namely in the Criminal Code and the Electronic Information and Technology Law (UU ITE). Although the Law has not been able to deter all the perpetrators concerned, seeing the Principle of Legality in Article 1 of the Criminal Code and the opinion of criminal experts that online defamation is a crime, and therefore it is definitely against the law. Then it must be held accountable for the actions when it is done.

EFFECTS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND URBANIZATION ON INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

This study attempts to investigate the impact of urbanization on environmental degradation in the presence of economic growth, trade, and use of energy for Indonesia. For this purpose, this study uses CO2 emission as endogenous indicators and GDP per capita, the use of energy, urbanization, and trade liberalization as exogenous indicators. Annual time series data are taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) for the period of 1970 to 2018. First of all, in order to check the characteristics of the indicator ADF and PP unit root tests are applied. Results indicate that Trade and Urbanization are stationary at a level while rests of all are at first difference. Further, the study uses the ARDL-bound test to check the co-integration in the model and verifies the existence of co-integration. The long run results are estimated by ARDL methodology. Results confirmed that there does not exit the EKC hypothesis in Indonesia because economic growth boosts the carbon production level in Indonesia. Energy consumption also creates environmental degradation while trade decreases the carbon emission level. Urbanization has not significantly influenced the level of the environment. It is just because of the country’s high urban development, energy use is still less due to the less income of the majority of population, and this may be one of the explanations why urbanization is not affecting the country’s carbon dioxide pollution. Keywords: Emission of CO2, Urbanization, Use of Energy, ARDL, Development of Economy, Indonesia

Trade Openness Effect on Provincial Economic Growth in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the effect of openness on the economic growth of provinces in Indonesia. Using panel data from 2010 to 2017 in six provinces in Indonesia with investment and labor control variables, the results show that trade openness has an essential contribution to improving economic growth in Indonesia's provinces. The methodology of this study is use regression panel model. These results are following the concepts of theory and empiricism. However, because the degree of openness of provincial trade in Indonesia is still relatively low, the positive influence contributing to the domestic economy is also relatively low, from the control of foreign investment, FDI, and labor, which has a negative effect

Existence Of Agreement In Foreign Language In The Process Of Verification In The Court

<p>In line with the increasingly waning of the State borders in trade and business, then currently many trade and business agreements in Indonesia are made or entered into inforeign languages. The law has in principle governed the language of the agreement, in which the Law requires the use of the Indonesian language as the primary language of the agreement, while the secondary language may use language understood by those who do not understand the Indonesian language. The problems a rise when the parties to the agreement do not understand the language arrangements provided for by this law and use Foreign languages as the primary language even further as the only language used in an agreement. This is certainly contrary to the provisions of the law and vulnerable to create new legal problems. The method used is jurical normative, amethod that examines the application of principles or norms in positive law, which examines the legal force of agreement made in private form in a foreign language. The data used are secondary data consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. With regard to data analysis was done by using juridical qualitative analysis method. The legal theory used is the legal certainty theory according to Jan Michiel Otto and Substantiation Theory. The results of this study is an agreement made or entered into ina foreign language has no legal substantiation before a Courtof law as they are contrary to the provisions of Article 31 of Law Number 24 of 2009. There fore the legal consequences of an agreement made in private form in a foreign language is considered to be null and void, and as a consequence, such agreement is considered never to exist.</p>

Batik Standardization as Batik Artisan Empowerment Model For Marketing Process

The purpose of this study is to produce batik standardization as an empowerment model addressed to batik ARTISAN as individuals, and / or business entities for the marketing / trading process. This was triggered by the existence of the ASEAN free market in 2015 which resulted in the deccreasing of Indonesian batik marketing; there were lots of Indonesians who do not know the quality of Batik Cloth; lack of supervision by the Indonesian government of sales behavior; the shortcome of Indonesia Trade Law. The problem in this research is how to make The Model of Batik Standardization for the empowerment of Batik ARTISAN marketing, either individuals, and / or business entities. In order to solve this problem the method used is descriptive qualitative method and direct practice. Data was obtained through observation in the field / direct practice), in-depth observations, and literature studies and internet sources. The results of this study are that every batik cloth sold must be labeled batik-INDONESIA, Indonesian government supervision of the marketing process should be carried out continuously, hence; there should be a control and enforcement of Indonesia's trade law. This research is expected to produce a batik standardization model for marketing empowerment so that batik ARTISAN in Indonesia, both as individuals, and / or business entities can carry out batik production and marketing smoothly. Keywords: SNI Batik, Standardization, Marketing DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-27-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Law Enforcement in the Practice of Bribery in Business and Trade in Indonesia: Between Theory and Practice

Abstract: Abuse of power for the sake of business and trade profit has become an increasingly average occurrence in the practice of public procurement in this era of moral disruption. It is commonplace that government officials make an illicit arrangement with companies through bribery scheme to win tenders in the procurement of goods and services. This practice resulted in a shift of ideology and abuse of authority by government officials. This practice is contrary to the professional code of ethics, so it is necessary to settle such cases through juridical channels. The intervention of public officials in determining the award of contracts of government projects to certain parties has resulted in a crisis of public trust in law enforcement in Indonesia. This article reviews the basic principles of the criminal act of corruption and the commitment and integrity of government officials in implementing the professional code of ethics, and upholding honesty in order to achieve equitable law enforcement. This paper proves and confirms that the abuse of power by government officials for the sake of business profit in the public procurement has weakened Indonesia’s investment sector. In many cases, these activities may even lead to unfair competition in the trade and business sectors.Abstrak: Memperdagangkan otoritas guna melancarkan praktik bisnis dan perdagangan merupakan hal yang banyak terjadi di era disrupsi moral ini. Para pejabat pemerintah sering kali bekerja sama dengan para pengusaha dengan cara membantu memberikan stimulus berupa kemenangan tender dalam pengadaan barang dan jasa. Praktik tersebut mengakibatkan terjadinya penyalahgunaan wewenang oleh para pejabat pemerintah. Hal ini bertentangan dengan kode etik profesi, sehingga diperlukan penyelesaian perkara melalui jalur yuridis. Adanya intervensi pejabat publik dalam penetapan pihak yang menangani proyek pemerintah menyebabkan terjadinya krisis kepercayaan publik terhadap penegakan hukum di Indonesia. Artikel ini menelaah ulang dasar pokok aturan-aturan tentang tindak pidana korupsi serta bagaimana komitmen dan integritas para pejabat pemerintah dalam melaksanakan kode etik profesi, menjunjung tinggi kejujuran guna mewujudkan penegakan hukum yang adil. Tulisan ini membuktikan dan menegaskan bahwa perdagangan otoritas dalam praktik bisnis melemahkan sektor investasi Indonesia. Pada banyak kasus, kegiatan ini bahkan cenderung memperkuat kondisi persaingan tidak sehat dalam sektor perdagangan dan bisnis.

Rezim Global dan Liberalisasi Perdagangan Sektor Garam di Indonesia

Known as a maritime country, Indonesia is still unable to meet its need of salts, especially industrial salts. As a result, Indonesia has to import salts from various countries with an increasingly higher volume each year. Using theory of two-level games, authors found that the salt importing policy cannot be separated from international pressures so that Indonesia undertakes trade liberalization on salt sector. The international pressure emanated from three global regimes namely WTO, IMF and FTA. The three global regimes basically require Indonesia to liberalize its domestic market by removing tariff and non-tariff trade barriers in various sectors including salt. This paper will explain the mechanism and scheme of the three global regimes in liberalizing Indonesia's trade on salt sector.

Karakter Morfologi Rambut Kelompok Cervidae Indonesia

Identification through animal hair character is one of a very important forensic tool given the high level of animal trade in Indonesia, one of which is the deer family (Cervidae). Indonesia has four species of Cervidae, there are Rusa timorensis (Javan deer), Rusa unicolor (Sambar deer), Muntiacus muntjak (Barking deer) and Axis kuhlii (Rusa Bawean). Until now, no information about the morphological character of Indonesian cervidae’s hair. In this study, we used 30 shaft/individual/species from Javan deer (8 individuals), Sambar deer (5 individuals), Barking deer (5 individuals) and Bawean deer (5 individual) from specimens collection of Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and field collections. Hairs were analyzed for macroscopic and microscopic, with several parameters of morphology, cuticular structure, medula, cross-section, and medullary index. The result showed that the special character of this family was filled lattice medulla structure and can be used for species identification.

Development of Indonesian Free Trade and Port Zone: Analysis of Historical in Batam Island

Batam Island is one of the areas designated as National Strategic Areas in Indonesia. The development and direction of the Government's policy towards Batam Island underwent several policy changes in each period of government that began in 1973 to the present. Therefore, the author will examine about: What is the history of the development of Batam Island as the Free Trade and Port Zone in Indonesia? It certainly aims to find out the development and direction of the Government's policy towards Batam Island and can be used as a framework in making policies and legislation on Batam Island in the future to improve its function as a national strategic area. The study of normative juridical law with the method of approach which includes: The legal approach, the concept approach, and the historical approach. The history of the development of Batam Island as a Free Trade and Port Zone in Indonesia to date has 5 periods. These periods are: 1) The preparation period; 2) The period of infrastructure development and investment; 3) Development period for infrastructure development and investment; 4) Period of improvement of facilities and infrastructure, investment and environmental quality; and 5) The preparation period for establishing Batam as a Special Economic Zone in the Free Trade and Port Zone. Kata kunci: Development history, Free Trade and Port Zone, Batam Island. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/99-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

Competitiveness identification of fisheries export in Indonesia

Since the implementation of AFTA in 2003 and ACFTA in 2004, the fisheries sector is becoming discussed increasingly. AFTA and ACFTA is the door for international trade, especially import and export activities in Indonesia specifically in the fisheries sector. Besides, this sector is one of the labour-intensive sectors that absorbs a significant workforce. To prevent decreasing in export fisheries, competitiveness can be used as an indicator of trade level. This paper analysed the competitive and comparative advantage of Indonesian fisheries products for export destination country such as United States, Japan, ASEAN, China, and the European Union. Data used in this study were retrieved from BPS and World Bank between 2012 to 2017. This paper used several measurement methods to capture comparative advantage measures namely Trade Specialization Index (TSI), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Export Product Dynamics (EPD) methods. If fisheries products prove high competitiveness, it can be expected to continue to exist and consistently grow. The results of this study indicate that competitiveness in fisheries sector still increases and encourages domestic production, with the end goal in public welfare. So that in the future, fisheries sector become one of the leading sectors in Indonesia.

MACROECONOMY IMPACTS ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE BETWEEN INDONESIA AND ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

As one of the members of the Organisation of Islamic Corporation (OIC), Indonesia has excellent trade prospects. Therefore, this study has a purpose to examine the impact of macroeconomics factors on trade between Indonesia and intra-OIC countries. The variables of macroeconomics in this study consist of country risks, inflation, exchange rate, oil price, and economic growth. Quantitative is the right method for this study, applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression with the help of EViews. The data used for the analysis is a time horizon with annual frequency from 1986 to 2016. Furthermore, finding shows that almost all variables of macroeconomics play an insignificant role in determining the trade between Indonesia and Islamic countries. However, the oil price is the only variable to show its contribution towards trade between Indonesia and intra-OIC countries. The results indicate that macroeconomic variables do not contribute to the key decisions for conducting trade internationally. Political factors and bilateral treaties become better variables to explain Indonesia's trade with other Islamic countries.

Comparison of Rice Price Forecasting Using the ARIMA Method on Amazon Forecast and Sagemaker

Rice is one of the main commodities of trade in Indonesia. PT Food Station as the management company of Cipinang Rice Main Market every day publishes data on price, type of rice and the amount of rice that enters and exits Jakarta area. This study aims to forecast rice prices in the Jakarta area using data held by PT FoodStation during the 2016-2018 data period. Rice price prediction is carried out for the next 30 days using the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) method on the Amazon Forecast and Amazon Sagemaker platforms. The ARIMA model is a form of regression analysis that measures the strength of one dependent variable that is relatively influential on other change variables. The ARIMA model is a special type of regression model in which the dependent variable is considered stationary and the independent variable is the lag or previous value of the dependent variable itself and the error lag. ARIMA is a combination of auto-regressive and moving average processes. The final result obtained in this experiment is that the ARIMA model on Amazon Sagemaker cloud computing is superior when compared to Amazon Forecast. From the experimental results obtained the results of Amazon Sagemaker RMSE (313.379941) are smaller than Amazon Forecast (322.4118029). So it can be concluded that the ARIMA model run at Amazon Sagemaker is more accurate than Amazon Forecast for forecasting the price of rice for 30 days at the Cipinang Rice Main Market

ANALISIS PENGARUH NILAI TUKAR DAN INFLASI TERHADAP NERACA PERDAGANGAN DI INDONESIA 2008 – 2018

Indonesia’s trade balance records the export and import of goods carried out by the Indonesian State. Indonesian trade balance movement. The trade balance can be called net exports. The results of this study can rate index have also be seen that inflation and the exchange rate index have a significant impact on changesin the trade balance for 2008 to 2018. The appreciated Rupiah (an increase in the value of the currency) will have an impact on the competitiveness of domestic goods on the international market so that the balance sheet have improved. Meanwhile, if there is an increase in the inflation rate, it indicates the value of domestic commodity prices and exporters’interest in domestic goods will decline, so this will cause exports to fall and will later have an impact on the surplus of the balance sheet.

ASPEK PIDANA PERDAGANGAN VALUTA ASING SISTEM DARING

Broker Notes mentioned that 9.6 million people in the world was doing foreign exchange trading online. It means every 1 (one) of the 781 inhabitants of the world is an online trader (in-network). Among 9.6 million traders in the world, 768,000 of them are Indonesian-language online traders. It counts almost 8%. In addition, Indonesian language traders rank fourth after English with a total of 54 percent of users, Arabic 15 percent and Spanish 10 percent of users. The next rank below Indonesia are Indian 7% consumer traders and French 6 %. The data does not clearly state that all Indonesian online valet traders use Indonesian. There can be thousands of traders online from Indonesia who choose to use English for their trading online. It means that the actual number of Indonesian residents who are online valerine traders is much greater than the number of traders who choose to use Indonesian. This paper aim to describe and illustrate how the development of information technology has quickly triggered the interest of the world population to plunge into the foreign exchange trading sector. The number of people trying to make a living for trading has steadily increased, including Indonesian people. Unfortunately, traders' interests are not offset by their knowledge and understanding of online valet trading. Traders also often have to deal with dishonest and cheating brokers. As a result, traders have to deal with not only the real issues of the trade but also the external problems from brokers. The results of this study indicate that the application of the Futures Trade Law (UN Law) No. 32 of 2008 which was later amended into Law No. 10 of 2011 with its derivative rules and Electronic Information & Transactions Act No. 11 of 2008 later amended by Law No. 19 In 2016, it was sufficient to become the legal of online system trading in Indonesia. Unfortunately, traders still find it difficult to apply for evidence when dealing with criminal cases. Meanwhile, the number of supervisors authorized to supervise is very limited, and traders themselves often do not realize that they have been "cheated".

Analysis of The Increasing Need of Drinking Water as The Effect of High-rise Building Growth in Eastern Surabaya

Surabaya City, the capital of East Java, is one of the centers for business, trade, industries, and education in Indonesia. Surabaya is also a very important hub for the eastern part of Indonesia, making it a strategic location for property investors. Nowadays, Surabaya’s economic is hugely affected by its significant growth in properties, where skyscrapers, malls, plazas, apartments, office buildings, and hotels will continue to be built in the coming years. The amount of the aforementioned commercial buildings creates concern on drinking water supply management. In this study, the projection of drinking water need was determined by projecting inhabitants or users of high-rise buildings based on existing project data as well as interviews and field survey to people in charge. The study was directed towards 9 high-rise buildings in the eastern part of Surabaya, in particular in the districts of Gubeng, Tenggilis Mejoyo, Rungkut, and Gunung Anyar. The projection data were then analyzed and modeled using WaterCAD. Technical aspects discussed in this study include the amount of water, the network of water distribution system, and supply management. This study found that the total water need would range between 3-20 L/s depending on the number of inhabitants or user. The modelling predicted year to year situation on flows and pressures until 2025. In the last year of the modelling, the pressure obtained on the distribution system were in the range of -4 to 18 mH2O, which is a critical range of pressure in those areas.

Legal Consequences Dispute Settlement Body Decision 477-478 Concerning Protection and Empowerment of The Farmers

Agriculture has an important role in providing food for the community. The Increasing of open world trade, especially in food products, causes prices of domestic food products to be affected by the situation and conditions of international food prices. To protect farmers, the Law Number 19 of 2013 concerning Protection and Empowerment of Farmers has been enacted. In the implementation of the law, especially Article 30 Paragraph (1), received many complaints from Indonesian trading partners, such as the United States and New Zealand who stated that these rules were inconsistent with the GATT provisions. The research method in writing this journal is a normative juridical approach method. In summary, the conclusions from the results of the first discussion, the protection of farmers in addressing world trade is regulated in Article 30 Paragraph (1) of the article aimed at protecting farmers as food producers from loss of price risk due to uncontrolled import of agricultural commodities. Second, Responding to the DS 477-478 WTO ruling it is necessary to revise Article 30 Paragraph (1) because it is contrary to the principle of quantitative restrictive prohibition. Changes to the article should still be used as an instrument to protect farmers as food producers by harmonizing the provisions contained in the WTO

Ecological footprint, energy use, trade, and urbanization linkage in Indonesia

Many studies have investigated the energy-environment nexus for Indonesia using carbon emissions to proxy environmental quality, while totally ignoring ecological footprint which is a more reliable measure of environmental quality. Factors like urbanization and energy consumption may increase the ecological footprint since ecological distortions are mainly human-induced. This study explores the effect of energy use, urbanization, trade, and economic growth on the environment which is captured by ecological footprint. The findings indicate that urbanization, economic growth, and energy consumption increase environmental degradation, while trade deteriorates it in the long run. Trade reduces environmental quality in the short run, while economic growth, energy use, and urbanization show consistent result with their long-run outcomes. Further findings reveal a unidirectional causality from economic growth to ecological footprint, and from urbanization to energy use. Therefore, policies to abate emissions, curtail urban anomaly and uphold a sustainable environment are extensively discussed.