Indo-European Root Research Articles

Lapscheure, etymologisch verscheurd. Een overzicht van de opvattingen, nieuwe gegevens en een voorstel tot verzoenende oplossing

The etymology of the West Flemish place name Lapscheure remains uncertain and contentious. The dispute involves both elements of the name. Gysseling (1960) interprets the second part, -scheure, as the local phonetic form of 'schuur' (barn), while Mansion (1935) and Tavernier-Vereecken (1954, 1968) suggest it means 'schoor/schor/schorre' (shore/marsh). The oldest records, such as "lappescura" (1019-30), use <u>, with later records showing <eu/ue>, indicating a Middle West Flemish pronunciation of [ø]. Tavernier-Vereecken's attempt to categorize 'schoor/schorre' within a group of ingvaeonisms (like veugel, weunen, bleuzen) lacks support in contemporary West Flemish. Conversely, unambiguous 'schuur' place names, such as the French-Flemish Ruischeure (Fr. Renescure) and Buisscheure (Fr. Buysscheure), suggest a more straightforward interpretation of 'schuur'. Mansion and Tavernier-Vereecken propose that Lapscheure derives from a personal name, such as Lappa or Lappo. Initially, Gysseling, however, considered the name could mean a repaired barn, later suggesting an Indo-European root *lap (‘bright, beautiful’), which gained little traction. The notion of a repaired barn appeared earlier in Tanghe's 1857 "Beschryving van Lapscheure". The noun lap (‘patch’) dates back to the 10th-century Old Dutch Wachtendonk Psalms and exists in all Germanic languages except Gothic. The verb lappen (‘to mend’) first appeared in 1285 (Dordrecht), possibly originating as a Northwest Germanic/Ingvaeonic term. However, naming a prominent barn this way is doubtful, whereas a personal name remains more plausible. The earliest form, with the expressive geminate -pp-, suggests Lappo as a diminutive of the frequent medieval name Landberht/Landbrecht, evolving through forms like Landbo, Lambo, Lampo, and Lampe to Lappe. This analysis aligns with similar transformations seen in medieval names, as discussed by Debrabandere (1980).

On The Proto-form of the Native Armenian Word Yerkin “Heaven” and ist Armenian Parallels

The native Armenian word yerkin (heaven) is absolutely incomprehensibly derived from the Indo-European root “*d(i)ui-n-, *dei - “to shine, to beam” with the root determinative *-u”, the Armenian parallel of which is the root tiv. At the same time, it is noted that “there are phonetic difficulties”, which is too mild a statement. The comparative study of the vocabulary of Armenian and Polynesian languages has already proven its effectiveness and mutual benefit: Rapanui-Armenian lexical parallels help to clarify the boundaries of the Polynesian word-form and the structure of the word, and with the help of the ancient roots preserved in the Polynesian languages, it was possible to etymologically analyze many Armenian words of unknown origin, incomprehensible, as well as the ones considered loanwords and find out their origin and initial meaning. A similar comparative examination reveals that the most probable form of the native Armenian word yerkin “heaven” is the word ragi (rangi) “heaven” from the Pan-Polynesian vocabulary. Not only the real living proto-form of the native Armenian word yerkin is revealed, but also the basic meaning, as well as a genealogical bunch of words with the same root in Armenian, three of which are presented in this article.

Mental disorders and violence

In this article, we aim to identify and show the roots and tragic consequences of violence, along with individual’s hidden pathological particularities. Upon mere observation, violence represents the brutal destruction of the normality of human existence, regardless of the linguistic connotation society had assigned to it at a certain time: war, holocaust, ethnic cleansing, terrorism, special military operation, murder, rape, beating, lapidation and flagellation (elsewhere), conflict, harassment, intimidation. Nevertheless, we must acknowledge that this form of extreme human manifestation embounds within the ontic vital force, present since the emergence of life and which, in order to preserve itself, tends to destroy life. Etymologically, the linguistic root of the term designating this form of extreme human manifestation is derived, like that of the ontic vital force, from an Indo-European root that designates life: bios-biázomai, vio-vis. Unquestionably, the text of the Bible describes, the state of extreme violence that reigns on earth; however, we will discover in the biblical text that, through Jesus Christ, one may attain the reality of the eschatological ideal, of a time when life will unfold in the absence of violence (cf Is. 11:6-9; Ap. 21:4). This new, religious perspective of a spiritual plane of the perfection of creation, forcibly introduced in the immanence of creation, and which we identify as utopian, entitles us to include the perspective of religious confessional propaganda violence into our analysis along the hidden pathological manifestations of violence. In this paper we shall focus on the following points: understanding the term violence in biblical, social and religious context; religious confessional propaganda violence; life dynamics and violence in society; the medical perspective.

Snakes, dragons, and hydras: the Indo-European terminology for serpent

The article deals with an analysis of some Indo-European words for serpent from a linguistic and philological point of view. We offer an overview of the most debated Indo-European roots from which nouns for serpent developed, and we hypothesize that the terms derived from roots such *V(n)gwhi-, *serp-, *dr̥k̑-, etc. are not to be regarded as synonymous units. Rather, they seem to designate different kinds of serpents. Indeed, the great number of words for this animal seems to be due to a taboo mechanism that enriched the terminology referring to the snake. Thanks to this kind of analysis, it appears possible to find numerous parallels between the Indo-European cultural traditions taken here into account.

Языковые единицы со значением меры пространства, веса и стоимости как фрагмент языковой картины мира крымских татар

The aim of the research is to identify linguistic units expressing one of the fundamental philosophical concepts, i.e., the category of measure, in the linguistic worldview of the Crimean Tatars. The authors have examined units of measurement in historical and contemporary, official and folk metrology presented in the Crimean Tatar language with various genetic types: original, common Turkic, and borrowed vocabulary. Similar and distinctive features of synchronic and diachronic linguistic units have been identified. The work is novel in that it is the first to explore metrological vocabulary in the Crimean Tatar language as a universal linguistic phenomenon with a dual nature: linguistic and cultural. As a result, the researchers have analyzed metrological units found in various Crimean Tatar documentary sources and identified their ratio and genetic affiliations. It has been determined that etymologically, metrological terms can be traced back to common Turkic, Indo-European, and Arabic roots. Borrowings from different periods are linked to the development of socio-economic relations and trade of the Crimean Tatars with neighboring peoples. In the analysis, special attention has been given to the linguistic units containing concepts significant for Crimean Tatar ethnic culture, reflecting the particularities of the people’s traditional way of life and their assessment of the surrounding reality.

THE LEXEME "HARMONY" IN ENGLISH: DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS’ ANALYSIS

The article is devoted to the semantic structure of the concept of "harmony" in English by analysing dictionary definitions based on 12 monolingual dictionaries, aiming to define the nominative lexeme “harmony”. The research resulted in distinguishing the core seme, median part and periphery of the concept, their dominance or peripherality of the semes being analysed according to the frequency of their appearance in the dictionaries. The etymology of the concept of “harmony” is also outlined in the article starting with the Greek word “harmonia” (where it is believed to be a derivative from an Indo-European verb root -ar-), the first appearance of the concept in the Middle English and to its usage in the modern language. Consequently, the development of this concept as an open dynamic system is demonstrated according to the process of its evolution from the core seme having totally physical meaning to the peripheral ones, the meanings of which are rather metaphorical. Besides, the impact of outside circumstances is considered one of the reasons for the fact that not all the features of this concept are fully verbalised in the language. As follows, the conclusion is made about the permanent development of the concept as a system. This corresponds to the general theory of a concept’s development which extends from the sensory-visual image that constitutes the core of the concept, through the gradual layering of "basic layers, where the features are arranged in progressively more abstract ways.

THE RUSSIAN WORD: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH

The article is devoted to discovering the phenomenological potential of the word, which has Indo-European roots, and its consideration in the language of Russian traditional spiritual culture. The research interest to deep, essential semantics of a word-concept allows to present it as an “archetype of culture” (G. G. Shpet) and as a “live” phenomenon of the Russian spiritual tradition, restoring our cultural memory and our national self-consciousness.

Mechanism of Pain

Word "pain" derives its origin from the Indo-European root aleg meaning to suffer. Word "pain" is later and comes from the Latin word "poena" meaning punishment. Since ancient times there has been disagreement regarding the perception of pain and its evaluation. Unlike sight, hearing and smell, pain does not seem to be a primary sensation, but rather an emotional experience. Most pain researchers view pain as a complex perception, induced by noxious stimuli. Although pain is the most frequent symptom in medicine and despite the enormous advances that have been made in the field of analgesia and anesthesia, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in its generation and maintenance are not fully understood. Definition of pain was given in 1979 by the classification committee of the international association for the study of pain (IASP) "as an unpleasant aesthetic and emotional experience, associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage". In other words, although physiology and anatomy determine a precise point of reference for the detection and transmission of messages interpreted as painful, what differentiates the experience of pain is the fact that there is always an emotional gradient to the experience of pain. The purpose of the review is to investigate the analgesic system. Pain signals can be blocked at their initial point of entry into the spinal cord. Analgesia system may also inhibit pain transmission elsewhere in the nociceptive pathway. Because most drugs that alter neuronal excitability act on synaptic receptors, it has been suggested that the "morphine receptors" of the analgesia system must actually be receptors for some morphine-like neurotransmitter that is secreted normally from the brain.

Two difficult forms on the Tune memorial

AbstractThe Tune runestone preserves one of the most important older runic inscriptions. Yet two main interpretations have been proposed for the text on side B of the early Norwegian memorial. The more recent interpretation relies on the existence of a Proto-Germanic fabricatory verb *dālijanąthat is not attested otherwise. Side B also features a superlative adjective featuring the ending-jōstēzwhose root has equally been the subject of a range of unlikely proposals. The early runic verbdalidunis most plausibly taken as reflecting a loan of *dāl-, the Celtic reflection of the Indo-European verbal root *deh1(i̯)- ‘to divide’, while the superlative appears to be most obviously comparable to Gothicsinistans‘elders’.

Wrenching Torque

Wrenching Torque

ՂՈՒԿԱՍ ՍԵԲԱՍՏԱՑՈՒ «ԴԱՎԻԹ ԲԵԿ ԿԱՄ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ ՂԱՓԱՆՑՈՑ»-Ի ՏԵՂԱՆՎԱՆԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԿԱՐԳԸ / THE TOPONIMICAL SYSTEM OF GUKAS SEBASTASU "DAVID BEK OR THE HISTORY OF HAPANTSOTS"

The toponyms Syunik and Artsakh mentioned in the bibliographic information are important for understanding many historical, linguistic and geopolitical issues in general. From the point of view, there is important information in the work of Gukas Sebastassi "David Beck or the story of the Kapantsi". From the study of the place names mentioned here, it becomes clear that after the 15th century, various Muslim tribes began to settle in the territory of historical Syunik and Artsakh. In this work, the location and adjustment of some settlements were made, for example, the name Zeva was given to the Armenian settlements where there were sanctuaries (Arabic: zāviya (زاوية) "place of worship"), Mount Okuziyarat is located in the village of Tandzatap, and it was sanctuary. There are geographical names which have been changed by copying, distorting old names, foreign words. From the etymology of toponyms, it becomes clear that the name of the Tatar River comes from the Indo-European root *dhor- "jump". The name of the Kulaberd province is dialectal and is made up of the words kul "stone" and berd, probably the fortress was built for blows from a slingshot. The Yeritsvank-Artsvanik toponym received the following development: *arg՛- (Indo-European region) > arș (Urartian region) > arets (արէծ) (pre-Grabar period) yerets (երէծ) (Grabar period) > erits (երից) (Middle Armenian period) > ertc (երց) (early Ashkharabar period) > arts (արծ) (new literary Armenian period, from the 19th century). The toponym Urduar-Ordubad has a primordially Armenian composition: in the dialect of Agulis, urd means “field stream”, and var means “to lead”. The place name Agulis is old and comes from the Greek word ἐκκλησία ("church" in Armenian). It becomes clear from the statistics of the Gazar Sebastassi toponyms mentioned that 92% are native or Armenian words created on the territory of Armenia, 3% are new foreign toponyms, 5% are toponyms of unknown origin. According to references and period, toponyms have the following image: BC. 3rd millennium - 5th century: 14%, Early Middle Ages: 5th-9th centuries: 10%, Middle Ages: 9th-13th centuries: 29%, Late Middle Ages: 14th-17th centuries, 47%. In fact, the penetration of Turkic and Kurdish tribes into Syunik began in the 15-16th centuries, and already in the 18th century this phenomenon forced the indigenous population to fight against the invasion of Turkic troops and tribes.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛЕ СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ГНЕЗДА *КАП В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The purpose of this article is to build a semantic field "head" by means of borrowed lexemes containing the root *cap, as a result proof through etymological and derivational analysis of belonging to the same root nest of words that often have lost their original motivation. The material of the study is the lexemes of the Russian language, recorded in explanatory, derivational, etymological dictionaries, obtained by continuous sampling. In addition, the genetic origin of the Latin root *сaр from the Indo-European sound-symbolic root *kaр, which has undergone changes in terms of semantics and structure, is established. As a result of etymological and word-formation analyzes, it was possible to identify the nuclear concept “head”, which is a literal translation of the Latin word “caput”, which in turn in Russian has a branched seme structure consisting of 9 sememes. Despite the wide semantic range of the word in Russian, as shown by content analysis, within the central part of the semantic field of the root *cap, it is possible to distinguish lexemes that are included in only 3 lexico-semantic groups: “round object”, “front, upper part of something", "a person who is at the head of something / someone." The words caprice (kapriz), kapron (kapron) and capon (kaplun) remained on the periphery, having lost their natural motivation with a producing root.

Slavo-Iranica: Compound Words with Slav. *mysl- : Iran. *mana-, *mazda- (against Baltic Background)

    The investigation contains the results of a comparative-historical analysis of Iranian, Slavic and Baltic lexical and syntactic units with reflexes of Indo-European root *men- ‘thinkʼ, ‘thoughtʼ. The formation of compound-words and formulaic expressions (stable syntactic combinations, expressing ideological semantics) with the mentioned etymon shows structural-semantic parallelism in three linguistic cultures. This parallelism manifests itself in the complete genetical identity of the etymological composition (except for the formant) of the compared units and in the common organization standards of their cultural semantics, reflecting: 1) dualism at the core of religion and moral relations inside ancient societies (for Iranian and Slavic); 2) religiously unmarked cultural concepts (for Slavic and Baltic). Conclusions as regards the сauses of structural and etymological affinity or semantical and typlogical similarity of compared datas is made.

КОРІНЬ *ΜΑΝ- У ДАВНЬОГРЕЦЬКІЙ МОВІ: ЕТИМОЛОГІЯ І ДЕРИВАЦІЙНЕ ПОЛЕ

The current paper has sought to look at the etymology and derivational capacity of the sub-concept ΜΑΝΙΑ, which belongs to the group of sub-concepts ΝΟΣΟΣ, ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΑ and ΑΡΡΩΣΤΙΑ that make up the core of the macro-concept DISEASE in the ancient Greek language. The result displays that the root μαν- in ancient Greek can be traced back to the Indo-European root *men-/man and refers to the mental sphere. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of derivatives existing in some Indo-European languages. Following the line of thought that studying the derivational capacity is of crucial importance for the analysis of the chosen sub-concept, the paper singles out 28 derivatives formed from the verbal root μαν- with the meaning of mental disorder. The head of all derivatives that evolved from the mentioned root is the noun ἡ μανία and the verb μαίνομαι which belong to the archaic layer of the Greek lexicon. The majority of derived lexemes are represented by adjectives (14 units) and verbs (12 units). A lot of compound adjectives contain –μανης as the second component and the number of such compounds increased from the Hellenistic era onwards. The paper substantiates that when these adjectives realize the nuclear seme “excessive addiction” it combines with the semes of the first component that commonly serve to express the cause of state. Suffixation and stem compounding that are generally typical for nominal parts of speech (nouns, adjectives) were discovered to be the principal types of word formation. Prefixation was less common and was characteristic of verbs. The research findings illustrate how prefixes partially modify the meaning of primary stems and provide new coinages with additional shades of intensity, relationality, directiveness, sociativity. The semantics of derivatives is motivated by the meaning of the initial stem – “presence of mental deviations”, which later developed into the seme of “inadequacy of behavior”, “exaltation” and “inspiration”. All derivatives maintain close semantic ties with the initial stem.

Vista conoscenza, parola: lo “Schema del contenitore” applicato a un caso di polisemia indoeuropea

"View, Knowledge, Word: The Container Image-Schema Applied to a Case of Proto-Indo-European Polysemy. The present discussion aims at reconsidering the theoretical process of knowledge in some ancient Indo-European languages in the light of the prerequisites offered by cognitive linguistics and prototype theory. Thanks to the dynamic pattern of the Container Image-Schema – which is a primitive mental structure – some historical outcomes of a polysemic Indo-European root will be discussed in order to place them within the continuum of the semantic space in which the container is located. Keywords: Conceptual metaphor; polysemy; Image-Schema; Indo-European; semantics. "

Le dualisme et la civilization post-moderne

"Since its origins, Western civilization has always been marked by dualism both as a philosophical theory and on a symbolic level. Consistent with its Indo-European roots, the collective imaginary of the West has been influenced by dualism, even though, concerning the contemporary era, it is very difficult to trace some cultural phenomena that have not been conditioned by it."

LINGUOCULTURAL CONSTANTS OF SLAVONIC TYPICAL TEXTS

The subsystem of the linguistic cultural constants formed at the early stages of the ethnic genesis and correlated with the subsystem of the ethnos’ moral and ethical values expressed by linguistic means, represents the basis of each idioethnical linguistic system, since it reflects the existential perception of the world and oneself in it as an individual linguistic personality and the community of individuals as a whole. The formal and semantic structural plans of the basic constants, expressed by linguistic units of the ancient Indo-European origin, are associated with Indo-European roots. It is the ancient Indo-European root (the first root) of a linguistic unit of the lexical level as a component of a textual construction that often acts as an etymon (archetype) in the etymological reconstruction of a lexical unit. In turn, the primary meaning of the Indo-European root (the formal-semantic basis of the lingual cultural constant) necessarily correlates with the ancient sacred symbol-image that exists in the collective-individual consciousness of the ethnos, possibly from the pre-literary period, sacred for the ethnos, sometimes with several symbol-images forming a semiotic sacred-mythological linguistic subsystem. The subsystem of the linguistic cultural constants characterizing an ethnos contains information on its ontological peculiarities: its language system and its cultural profile as a set of the linguistic unity, the type of thinking and the nature of textual information perception. Consequently, the social dynamics of the linguistic cultural constants, represented by the translated Typical, or Statutory canonical Christian texts in the Slavic Liturgical discourse of the Kiev Russian at the end of the tenth century determines the specific stability of the purposeful verbal impact as the content of the Slavic-speaking communicative process that took place during the Christianization of the society of Kievan state.

Неофіційний антропонім Петръ Гоугнивыи. 3

The article is devoted to finding out the motivational basis, reconstruction of reference connections, denotative features of an unofficial anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи available in the original and translated East Slavic written artifacts (the Lavrenty chronicle, «Chronicle of George Amartol», «Old Slavonic Kormchaia of 14 titles» etc.). The anthroponym belongs to two people — Patriarch Peter ІІІ of Alexandria V century (Πέτρος Μογγός) and the «chronicle» Roman heresiarch ІХ century. It is assumed that Peter ІІІ got an unofficial name among the Monophysites during his lifetime. It is proved that the transition from the assessment of a person by physical disabilities to religious and ethical assessment, from the meaning ‛who has a hoarse, vague voice’ to the meaning ‛heretic’ reflected in the internal form of the unofficial proprial name Μογγός and its translation equivalent Гоугнивыи. translation equivalent Гоугнивыи. The use of an informal anthroponym in written monuments after the thirteenth century has been traced in connection with reconstruction of denotative features of an unofficial anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи. A number of discussion issues were considered, including the origin of «Philosopher’s Speech», time of inclusion of the legend of Петръ Гоугнивыи in the chronicle, fact of existence of Pope ІХ century by name Петръ Гоугнивыи, ethnic roots of the heresiarch, etc. It was shown that Peter Huhnyvyy introduced into the Catholic faith a heretical teaching focused on pagan and Jewish dogmas. Denotation of second component in an unofficial name Петръ Гоугнивыи includes characteristics that appeared at rethinking the original semantics of Indo-European root *gou‑(n‑) and its continuants. Semantics of dissatisfaction, mockery, disrespect developed in East Slavic derivatives. The transition to cultural semantics has already taken place in a word-forming nest with a root ‑гоу(г)‑ at a time when the legend of Peter Huhnyvyy was included in the chronicle article * 988. The ethnocultural denotative components which are included in the content of the anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи, in its entirety coincide with the semantic structure of the word heretic. Combination of linguistic analysis with historical and cultural analysis, taking into account historical facts and information contained in apocryphal legends and scientific versions, gives reason to believe that the «chronicle» Peter Huhnyvyy was the real historical person.

Vocalism of Indo-European root in the mirror of probability theory

Vocalism of Indo-European root in the mirror of probability theory

Etymology of terms in anatomy of central nervous system

We consider the origin of neuroanatomical terms and their formation as such in the history of medicine. Along with the terms originating from common Indo-European roots and reflecting the typical process of metaphorization of trivial objects and phenomena, in this sphere we find semantic calques (one of the types of borrowing) and formations originating from late Latin. The prevailing simple metaphor testifies to the early origin of most terminological units.