Indivisible System Research Articles

Глобальні проблеми людства: стан і перспективи вирішення

The article examines the main global problems of the modern world space, defining the main tendencies of overcoming the crisis and the further path of human development. Globalization indicates the general nature of most processes meaningful to mankind. Modern humanity represents an indivisible system of economic, political, social and cultural ties and interactions, which is significative for the unity of its future destiny. Informatization became the basis of globalization, reflecting the current level of technology development. Global problems are problems affecting all mankind, influencing the course of economic development and social sphere, also ecology and political stability. These problems require international cooperation, since none, even a highly developed State, is able solve them on its own. The number of hungry people in the world has increased over the past few years. Now every ninth person in the world is starving every day, suffering from a lack of nutrition. Both the food scarcity and hunger are among the greatest threats to the overall health of the human population exceeding malaria, tuberculosis or HIV. Responsibility for the planet should begin with responsibility for the country, because the crisis of a separate country complicates the world situation in the political aspect; ecological and resource crises jeopardize environmental equilibrium and complicate the problem of resources on a global scale; an economic crisis leads to social consequences in other countries.

Современное состояние стратегии развития конгрессно-выставочного туризма в Санкт-Петербурге

The research features the efficiency of the strategy development of congress-exhibition sector in St. Petersburg. The paper also describes the system weaknesses in the context of brand destination formation for business tourism. A powerful brand of an attractive touristic destination requires permanent diversification and improvement of the product. Business tourism is a highly remunerative segment in tourism industry. Therefore, its development is relevant for regional economy. Infrastructural environment is the determining factor for market capacity calculation. It remains important for strategic development initiatives in the sphere of positive image formation and high-quality services delivery. The methodological background included system approach to the local investment climate, which resulted in the development and classification of St. Petersburg congress-exhibition market. This approach is able to confirm direct or indirect connection between city ranks in the affected industry, as well as the actual implementation of strategic governmental initiatives. However, global strategies in the congress-exhibition service market cannot be applied to the current state of the industry in St. Petersburg. The new strategy can be implemented only after the development of a unified indivisible system approach to recording and classifying events at the congress-exhibition market. In addition, the local business processes have to be improved by applying effective experience of competitive destinations.

Hidden Correlations and Entanglement in Single-Qudit States†

We discuss the notion of hidden correlations in classical and quantum indivisible systems along with such characteristics of the correlations as the mutual information and conditional information corresponding to the entropic subadditivity condition and the entropic strong subadditivity condition. We present an analog of the Bayes formula for systems without subsystems, study entropic inequality for von Neumann entropy and Tsallis entropy of the single-qudit state, and discuss the inequalities for qubit and qutrit states as an example.

What Is Number?

What is number? This question is difficult to answer. Because the number is one of the most basic concepts, it is difficult to define the natural number with other concepts. Still, this problem is worth trying to answer. Now, everything is digitized and processed on computer. The importance of the number is increasing day by day. Now is time to consider what number is. Throughout the history of humankind, the ancient Greeks considered this question most profoundly. In particular, Plato defined the natural number one. The natural number one is equal, invariable and indivisible. These properties are intuitively acceptable. However, we have never seen or touched the natural number one itself. How can we know it? Socrates said that we know it before birth. This claim is called anamnesis. In this paper, we use a method, in which Socrates’ anamnesis is studied by the contemporary science. From a modern viewpoint, we could take Socrates’ anamnesis to mean that the natural number one is written in our genes. This article considers whether there is a biological entity corresponding to the natural number one. As a result, we find that a life itself is the prototype of the natural number one, and then properties of life make a critical base of DNA similar to the natural number one through natural selection. A life is an integrated and indivisible system, which resists the law of entropy. Furthermore, the basic properties of life enable natural selection, which conserves genetic information despite the law of entropy. The source of the power, which enables life to resist the law of entropy, is the genetic information. In conclusion, a life is a prototype of the natural number one. Furthermore, a life recognizes nature using natural numbers and resists the law of entropy using natural numbers.

DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTIONALISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS GREENING: CHALLENGES AND COMMON CONSTRUCTIONS

This article aims at analyzing the phenomenon of democratic constitutionalism and human rights greening, listing some of their common challenges and, especially, the possibilities and urgencies of a more integrated performance among them so as to favor full participation and citizenship, and, as a consequence, to strengthen one another. The contradictions of neoliberal globalization are the starting point for the assessment of the position of the constitutional theory - from the perspective of democratic constitutionalism - and of the field of human rights - including the analysis of the different understandings surrounding this concept -, as well as the impacts of its progressive greening. The ambiguities of the international protection of human rights as an indivisible system, characterized by the deficits of effectiveness regarding economic, social and cultural rights, and enlarged by the inclusion of the environmental speech, can only be overcome by their links with the ideas and instruments of the democratic constitutionalism and, especially, through the mobilization of the claiming and fighting energies of the society.

Hidden Correlations in Indivisible Qudits as a Resource for Quantum Technologies on Examples of Superconducting Circuits

We show that the density-matrix states of noncomposite qudit systems satisfy entropic and information relations like the subadditivity condition, strong subadditivity condition, and Araki-Lieb inequality, which characterize hidden quantum correlations of observables associated with these indivisible systems. We derive these relations employing a specific map of the entropic inequalities known for density matrices of multiqudit systems to the inequalities for density matrices of single-qudit systems. We present the obtained relations in the form of mathematical inequalities for arbitrary Hermitian N × N-matrices. We consider examples of superconducting qubits and qudits. We discuss the hidden correlations in single- qudit states as a new resource for quantum technologies analogous to the known resource in correlations associated with the entanglement in multiqudit systems.

State-Independent Experimental Test of Quantum Contextuality in an Indivisible System

We report the first state-independent experimental test of quantum contextuality on a single photonic qutrit (three-dimensional system), based on a recent theoretical proposal [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 030402 (2012)]. Our experiment spotlights quantum contextuality in its most basic form, in a way that is independent of either the state or the tensor product structure of the system.

Effect of interference inside surroundings on XANES. O K-shell photoabsorption in N2O

In this work an interference picture occurring as a result of inner-shell ionization of an atom in a substance is examined. We focus our attention on the interference of photoelectron scattered waves inside the surroundings of an excited atom. Such interference leads to the interdependence of amplitudes of the photoelectron waves reflected (or back scattered) by different coordination spheres and thus the surroundings act as an indivisible system. The influence of this interference is analysed here using as an example, the O K-shell XANES in the N2O molecule (the case of XANES of a terminal atom in a linear triatomic molecule). To reveal the role of the interferencial effects inside the diatomic fragment ⟨N1-N2⟩ we obtain an approximate analytical expression for XANES description. Such a description becomes possible due to (i) the localized orbitals approach, (ii) the variable phase approach and (iii) the concept of electron-optical properties of surroundings. The performed calculations show that for the correct O K-shell XANES interpretation the interference photoelectron waves inside the fragment must necessarily be taken into account. It is as well stated that the interference effects inside the surroundings explain: (1) the disturbance of the linear correlation between σ-resonance position and bond length, (2) the transformation of the EXAFS-like band to the resonance-like line in the spectrum and (3) the appearance of the extra maximum in the σ-channel of the photoabsorption cross section.

Anomalous properties of a simple small-volume membrane transport system at steady state

We investigate the transport of a single ligand L, between two macroscopic baths with different concentrations of L, by a simple membrane system. The center of this system is a very small volume V that might contain N = 0, 1, 2,... molecules of L. Access to V from either bath is by means of a single binding site for L. The steady-state properties of this simple system are studied exactly by a discrete-N master-equation approach. It is found that the mean concentration of L in V, c = N/V, is not a significant quantity either kinetically or thermodynamically. Further, the chemical potential of L in V is not defined and hence the overall thermodynamic force on L between the two baths cannot be subdivided at V. In fact, because V is small, the transport system must be treated as an indivisible system with interdependent parts. In the limit when V and N are very large, V becomes in effect a third macroscopic bath and two well-defined transport subsystems emerge (between V and either bath).