Individual Social Groups Research Articles

To the question of the structure of the legal obligation

Legal obligations play an important role in the mechanism of interaction between the state, law and the individual; without them, neither a balanced legal system, nor effective legal regulation, nor a clear legal order in society are possible. Legal obligations contribute to establishing clear standards of behavior in society, emphasizing its most useful and appropriate options. Moreover, the content of legal obligations reflects the basic principles of an individual’s interaction with society and the state, since the obligation itself as an instrument of legal regulation allows to create a balance between the interests of individual social groups and the individual as a part of them. So, for example, the obligation not to encroach on the rights and freedoms, honor and dignity of other people, which is contained in Art. 68 of the Constitution of Ukraine and is one of the tools for achieving a compromise and balance between the interests of individual participants in social relations. In addition, due to their imperativeness, formal determination and state protection, legal duties are able to optimally ensure proper and effective regulation of social relations. Duty is a multifaceted category that is of exceptional importance in various spheres of social life, which causes special interest in its research in general and its internal structure in particular. Instead, more often, the subject of scientific research in the field of law is the rights of a person and a citizen, which to some extent reduces the value of legal obligations. The lack of an adequate level of scientific study of the category of legal obligations causes a number of shortcomings in the process of direct implementation of obligations by their addressees. That is, the lack of a comprehensive study and interpretation of the nature of the legal obligation, its internal content and structure has as a consequence the imperfection of its understanding by the individuals to whom such obligations are directed, which, in turn, causes a low level of their implementation and compliance. The theoretical foundations of the category of legal duty are extremely important for understanding its essence and means of implementation, because it is the duty of consideration They are given as a guarantee of the existence of freedom, democracy, responsibility and morality in society. That is why we consider it necessary to investigate the internal content of the legal obligation through the prism of its structure.

Роль звітування щодо соціальних аспектів ведення бізнесу у зміцненні КСВ-практик

The publication of non-financial statements by companies is an important element of the mechanism of complex solution of global social problems, which are generally inherent in modern society, regardless of the individual parameters of the economic and social development of individual countries. By publicly reporting on the impact of social and environmental aspects of its economic activity on individual social groups and society as a whole, the company forms an important primary source of information regarding its mission as a subject of corporate social responsibility (CSR), tasks, tools for their achievement and the results obtained in this field and demonstrates respect for norms and rules that are not defined by law, but for the observance of which there are requests from the public. The relevance of the article is due to the importance of non-financial reporting in the information provision of the CSR phenomenon and support of stakeholders’ trust in social business initiatives. The purpose of the article is to assess the relationship between the level of stakeholders' trust in companies' disclosure of information on the social aspects of doing business in non-financial reporting and the improvement of the results of the implementation of CSR practices. The evolution of non-financial reporting from voluntary preparation to the obligation to submit it by companies that are of public interest has not yet reached the stage where the expression of an independent assessment of the reliability of the reported indicators is a necessary prerequisite for its publication and use by stakeholders. In this regard, the issue of relevance and reliability of information contained in non-financial reporting as a source of information for decision-making and assessment of compliance of the company's actions with the goals of CSR and sustainable development remains open. The lack of trust on the part of stakeholders reduces the importance of non-financial reporting and prevents its use, while accusing companies of deliberately filling such reporting with insignificant information and distorting indicators reduces the prospects for further development of this system in general. Since non-financial reporting is an important tool for informing society about the extent to which business meets its expectations in solving social problems, especially through the use of effective CSR practices, and what role the state plays in this, there is an urgent need for scientific and practical substantiation of a set of measures with elimination of existing weak points of non-financial reporting, namely: content and comparability of its indicators. It has been established that at the current stage of CSR development, high-quality non-financial reporting effectively represents the socially responsible behaviour of the company, and increasing the trust of stakeholders is ensured by expanding the opportunities for comparative analysis of the content of non-financial reports. The paper type – research paper.

THE ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK WARFARE: THE ESSENCE AND CONSEQUENCES

The constitution of a new space for the functioning of social reality due to the impact of information and communication technologies on all spheres of human activity contributed to the transformation of traditional military operations, which resulted in the spread of network wars. The networking and digitalization of society has led to a change in human existence. Cognitive, informational, social, and psychological aspects of network processes form a new picture of the world, creating conditions for changing people's mentality and behavior. Therefore, the identification of the ontological foundations of network warfare is of particular importance. The disclosure of its essence is a prerequisite for the development of measures to preserve the security of the statedevelopment. The transformation of the mechanism of datainformational impact on the consciousness and meaning of both an individual and large social groups has led to a change in the civic position of the individual, expanding the possibilities for manipulating public opinion. The formation of new network structures and the spread of cyberterrorism are modifying the world order. Network wars have become an integral phenomenon of the modern realityexistence. Their attribute, which determines the specifics of the conflict unfolding, is the destructive use of information. Information disseminated on the Internet forms social content. Thus, new conditions are being created for the aggravation of contradictions, including the world community in the zone of confrontation, manipulating the behavior of its representatives, creating opportunities for non-contact warfare.

Modern Russia in collective consciousness of the country’s inhabitants

The article explores collective consciousness as a theoretical construct, a type of social consciousness and as real attitude of the population towards Russia at the emotional and rational levels. It shows that modern collective consciousness in Russia is a product of mass culture, which actualized during modernization of the Russian society in the economic, political, cultural and everyday spheres of life. Today, it is influenced by mass and high-tech communications, while also reflecting the life experience of different generations. The research methodology is based on the interpretation of collective consciousness as the averaged consciousness of the whole mass of individuals in social groups; it erases individual differences, human characteristics, which in any single case may not be the same as collective consciousness, but impart collective consciousness a qualitative diversity. Empirically, the research is based on representative mass surveys – the Seventh Wave of the Russian Values and Interests Monitoring (Summer 2023), Russian Survey of Young Russian Adults (June 2020), European Social Study (ESS 2018–2019). The research attempts to determine whether the Russian mentality is more emotional than rational towards their “lesser motherland” or birthplace, their oblast/republic/krai, Russia as a country and the author suggests that these properties of mentality constitute characteristics of such a complex psychological phenomenon as Russian patriotism. The article reveals a growing rational perception of the problems of society with outspoken criticism amid high levels of emo tional attitude of the respondents to the country and “lesser motherland”. Such is the evaluation of Russia’s attractive and unattractive characteristics and the importance of civil rights and liberties, among which the rights that ensure people’s basic modern life-supporting needs, such as employment, education, property, security and protection by law, were ranked first with more than 90% of respondents stating their support. There is also a cohort of young people aged 18–24, for whom political rights and democratic freedoms, enshrined in the Russian Constitution, become more important compared to other cohorts.

Predicting attitude and intention to reduce food waste using the environmental values-beliefs-norms model and the theory of planned behavior

This study examined the role of biospheric and altruistic values in shaping pro-environmental beliefs, which can subsequently influence personal norms and lead to more positive attitudes and intentions regarding food waste reduction. Accordingly, the value, belief, and norm (VBN) theory and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) were integrated to develop the research model. Data were collected from 1,042 Chinese individuals. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis, complemented by multi-group analysis (MGA), to examine gender and education-related differences. Both biospheric and altruistic values have been found to contribute to the strengthening of pro-environmental beliefs. Personal norms are activated directly and indirectly through a causal chain of pro-environmental beliefs regarding food waste reduction. The positive effect of social norms on personal norms, attitudes toward food waste reduction, and food waste reduction intention indicates that individuals in social groups with food waste reduction practices internalize these norms and transform their attitude toward food waste reduction, reinforcing their intention to reduce food waste. Furthermore, the MGA results revealed that significant differences between gender subgroups emerged only for the relationship between biospheric and altruistic values of pro-environmental beliefs and social and personal norms. This study enriches the VBN and TPB frameworks by underlining their applicability and relevance in food waste reduction. Practically, this study guides tailored interventions, policy formulations, and educational campaigns that harness intrinsic motivations and leverage social norms to foster sustainable behavior toward food waste.

The right to education in the system of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen

It was established that, despite the universal recognition of the right to education as one of the fundamental human rights enshrined in international documents and the constitutions of many states, there are a number of significant challenges in the implementation of this right at the national and global levels, including unequal access to quality education, limitations of opportunities for individual social groups, as well as the need to adapt educational systems to the rapidly changing conditions of the modern world. It is emphasized that the right to education is one of the fundamental human rights, enshrined in the constitutions of many countries of the world and international documents and is recognized not only as an important individual freedom, but also as a necessary condition for the development of democracy, the rule of law and social progress. It is noted that the right to education, as an important component of the system of human rights and freedoms, is characterized by a number of main features: universality - the right to education belongs to every person without any exceptions or restrictions based on gender, race, nationality, language, religious beliefs, social origin, state of health, beliefs or any other characteristics; every person has equal opportunities for access to education at all levels, in particular, it is also about overcoming gender inequality, as well as inequality related to physical or mental limitations, socio-economic status or place of residence; accessibility for all, which means the absence of any barriers that can prevent a person from getting an education (both financial barriers and barriers related to the place of residence, social status or special needs of a person); the quality of the process of realizing the right to education, which includes not only access to educational institutions, but also the guarantee of obtaining a quality education that contributes to the full development of the human personality; adaptability - the education system should be flexible and adapted to the needs of different population groups, including persons with special educational needs, migrants, national minorities and other vulnerable groups. In summary, the right to education is an integral part of the system of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen and is at the basis of the development of a fair and free society, providing every person with the opportunity to realize their potential and actively participate in society. Ensuring access to quality education for everyone without exception is a key task of the state and the international community on the way to achieving sustainable development and strengthening human rights.

FAMILY MEMORY AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF CIVIC IDENTITY OF YOUTH. SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The article analyzes and summarizes the results of a qualitative sociological study of the family memory of young people. generation of “centennials”, using the example of students of Mordovian State University, implemented by the method of in-depth interviews in order to identify the main characteristics of the family memory of young people in the context of the formation of their civic identity. Regular interaction of the family with wider communities of memory, as well as institutional “places of memory”, in modern Russia has been established, including the exchange of information and material evidence of memory through digital and traditional archives, museums, local history publications, the media, etc., construction “assemblage points” between significant people and events in the history of the family, on the one hand, and the country, on the other, through which the historical past of the country is included in the family narrative, and the family's past in the public memorial culture. The similarities and differences between the basic structure of informants' family memory narratives and the official narrative of Russian memory policy are shown. It was revealed that the family memory of “centennials” mediates the individual's connection not with individual social groups, formed in the form of mnemonic communities, but with the community of memory of an indefinite set of people, which can be correlated with the category of “people” as a state-civil community

Методологические предпосылки исследования роботизации промышленности сквозь призму политико-экономического осмысления неолуддизма

The development of the robotization processes of the industry entails a kind of renaissance of research on the phenomena of Luddism and neo-Luddism. Neo-Luddism is considered in the context of an attempt to describe the reaction of a part of society to technological changes, including large-scale robotization of industry, transforming the social and labor landscape of the modern economic system, although it does not represent a complete concept and requires further scientific understanding. The purpose of this article is to identify, by turning to the political and economic features of the phenomena of Luddism and neo-Luddism, the methodological prerequisites for the study of industrial robotization, in particular the development of directions and tools for improving industrial modernization based on robotization. The use of the subject-activity approach (N.V. Gerasimov) and general scientific methods of cognition in the paper enable to describe the essence of Luddism and neo-Luddism through the prism of the clash of interests of individual social groups. A scientific discussion is presented regarding the impact of robotization of the industry on employment, and potential mechanisms for reducing the social costs of this process. The limits of applicability of these mechanisms and the political and economic grounds for their development and application are shown. It has been proven that the features of robotization of industry of specific economic systems, the effectiveness of directions and tools for improving this process, mechanisms for smoothing out socio-economic consequences and appropriating the positive effects of robotization depend on the existing balance of political and economic interests of social subjects and their groups. The obtained results can be useful in developing mechanisms for robotization of industry in the national economy and identifying potential economic and social risks arrising in this process. Further research of the impact of industrial robotization on employment in national economic systems may be of interest

Życia codzienne w okupowanej Polsce, czyli o czym (nieraz) zapominają historycy

The article presents several possibilities for a slightly different perspective on everyday life (or rather everyday lives) under occupation, one rarely used if at all by researchers. Within the area of German occupation, which from the summer of 1941 covered almost the entire pre-war territory of Poland, the range of differences — both between administrative units (e.g. the General Government, the Reichsgau Wartheland, and the Eastern Borderlands) as well as within them, between city and countryside, between individual social, professional, ethnic and age groups — was vast. The occupation was not static and homogeneous, but diverse and dynamic, full of complex interactions. Based on subject literature, published materials and archives, and the press — both clandestine and official — the article focuses on the following: the situation of Polish officials working for the occupation administration, mobility (both spatial and social — horizontal and vertical), relations between the city and the countryside, the breakdown of social norms, the wartime economy (in which Polish actors had a stronger voice than tends to be believed), and the process of “taming” the occupation, both materially and psychologically. The paper may be treated as an encouragement and invitation to get involved in interdisciplinary, methodologically innovative, and cross-sectional research on Polish society during the Second World War.

Філософські виміри культурної політики

Against the background of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the question of an effective cultural policy that would support national identity, contribute to the purification of consciousness from propaganda myths and preserve the heritage of Ukrainian culture is becoming more acute. Since cultural policy is related to both aesthetic-artistic and cultural-anthropological dimensions of social life, in order to identify the effective influence of cultural policy on dominant social practices, it is necessary to find out the universal principles of its functioning. The purpose of this article is to identify the relevant philosophical and methodological basis of cultural policy for modern Ukrainian realities. Based on the fundamental ideas of Richard Rorty’s pragmatic philosophy and his analysis of cultural policies, the generally accepted nature of the inferential approach to social reality on the part of individual social groups was ascertained. The variability of cultural policy depending on the type of social organization community/society is demonstrated. In small social groups of the authoritarian type, social epistemological authority is mediated by the individual preferences of the leader of this group, so the tools of cultural policy are weak (patriarchal family, religious or political sect). An authoritarian or totalitarian mass society shows a high propensity for linguistic practices of propaganda, which can be seen as an extreme distorted form of cultural politics. In democratic societies, cultural policy is able to harmonize social life, improving its practices and building a value-symbolic world that constitutes culture in a broad sense. The social institute of education has all the tools, including digital ones, to shape the necessary social practices and educate a critical thinker who is able to generate conceptual knowledge, i.e. see relationships and be aware. Openness in decision-making, interaction of expert groups, public discussions are necessary elements for an effective cultural policy, which should be different from “cultural management”. Creative cultural industries play an important role in modern popular culture societies, and these industries significantly strengthen the economic component of social life. Public projects and initiatives effectively help to preserve Ukrainian culture, influence the level of awareness of Ukrainians and the economic well-being of our country.

Group structure and individual relationships of sanctuary-living Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri).

The study of individual social relationships and group structure provides insights into a species' natural history and can inform management decisions for animals living in human care. The Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education (GRACE) center provides permanent sanctuary for a group of 14 Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri), a critically endangered and poorly studied subspecies of the genus gorilla, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We monitored the association patterns of the gorillas at GRACE over eight months and here describe their individual relationships and group structure via multiple social network statistics. The group was highly connected but associations between individuals were weak on average. Social network metrics describe that an adult female was the most gregarious and socially central individual within the group. In fact, adult females were the most gregarious and socially central on average. Group level association patterns were significantly correlated over the study period and across observation types, suggesting the group was socially stable during the eight month study period. The data collected in this study were done so by GRACE caregivers as part of their daily husbandry routine and provided important insights into this group's behavior, ultimately informing on their care, welfare and future release considerations. The methodological approaches implemented here are easily scalable to any primate sanctuary or care facility seeking to use data to inform husbandry and management procedures. Lastly, our study is the first social network analysis to be conducted on Grauer's gorillas and provides tentative insights into the behavior of this poorly studied subspecies. Though more research is needed to evaluate if the findings here are reflective of this subspecies' natural history or the idiosyncrasies of the group.

ОГЛЯД ПІДХОДІВ ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СУТНОСТІ ПОНЯТТЯ “СОЦІАЛЬНИЙ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ”

The article analyzes various approaches to defining the essence of the concept of “social management”. Two main approaches to interpreting this concept have been identified: theoretical and process-oriented. The theoretical approach views social management as an academic discipline that studies the patterns, principles, methods, and models of managing social systems. This approach focuses on analyzing the theoretical foundations of management, such as the formation of social structures, the development of social institutions, the regulation of social processes, and the impact of the social environment on the effectiveness of management decisions. The processoriented approach concentrates on the practical aspects of managing social systems, considering social management as a process that includes planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling the implementation of social programs and projects. This approach emphasizes the importance of coordinating actions, mobilizing resources, and achieving specific social objectives. Based on the analysis of these two approaches, the main features of social management have been identified: the integration function aims at harmonizing the interests of various social groups and ensuring social stability; the systemic approach involves managing social systems as a unified organism, where all elements are interconnected and influence the overall outcome; the organizational-processual nature of social management includes managing both individual social processes and systems functioning within society; adaptability allows for taking into account dynamic changes in the social environment and adjusting management strategies accordingly; orientation towards social impact implies that social management is directed towards achieving positive social changes and improving the quality of life of the population. Taking into account the above features, an author's interpretation of social management was formulated. Social management is an integral activity aimed at the effective management of the formation, development, and utilization of social systems at various levels-from society as a whole to individual social groups and individuals. This definition considers both theoretical aspects related to the study of social systems and practical actions that ensure the achievement of specific social objectives through the effective management of processes and resources.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЮ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ДЕТЕЙ

The article analyzes modern approaches to ensuring the information security of children in the Russian Federation. The work includes a brief overview of regulatory sources that determine the priorities and directions of state policy in the area under consideration, in particular, such as the Federal Law “on Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” and the Federal Law “on the Protection of Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development”. Particular attention is paid to studying the provisions of the Concept of Information Security of Children in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 28, 2023 No. 1105-r. The article studies the reasons for the increased vulnerability of minors to destructive information influences. Attention is also paid to the analysis of information threats to children on the Internet. Approaches to regulating the market of information products intended for children are outlined. It identifies subjects influencing the information security of minors as well as the risks, the management of which affects the state of information security of children. Individual public events and projects that are currently under implementation to promote the formation of a culture of information security for children are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of measures that contribute to improving the system of ensuring information security for children at the level of the state, society and representatives of individual social groups.

Law-making activity in modern conditions: essential dimensions and functional orientation

The article emphasizes that the effectiveness of state-making processes in any democratic state is determined by a number of factors, among which law-making occupies an important place as one of the main directions of state activity. Law-making is the result of the objective development of social relations, directly aimed at their regulation. The purpose, content and results of law-making activities are determined by various factors. Among them, the following ones are traditionally distinguished: professionalism of law-making subjects and their objectivity; the degree of influence and nature of the interests of individual social groups (the so-called lobbying); level of development of state legal institutions; legal culture of the population; form of government, government and regime; the nature of society’s mentality, etc.
 It is substantiated that law-making is based on law-making policy. The task of law-making policy is to ensure the system, integrity and consistency of legislation, to eliminate gaps in the latter. Attention is drawn to the fact that law-making characterizes the development of law and is a legal form of activity of the state and authorized subjects in the development, adoption, change, suspension and cancellation of legal standards.
 On the basis of clarifying the essential and meaningful features of law-making functions, their concept was formulated. It is emphasized that the functions of law-making should be understood as the directions of its influence on the development of social relations, which reveal its essence, nature and purpose in society and the state and are aimed at fulfilling certain of its tasks. Particular attention is paid to the types of law-making functions and their features are characterized.

Population Structure and Size of Early Yekaterinburg (1723-1744)

The article is dedicated to the study of the social structure of the population of early Ekaterinburg. The main objective was to investigate individual social groups of the population, as well as the specifics of their formation in a situation of a rapidly growing and developing industrial and administrative center. The research was based on documentary sources of official record-keeping, the most significant of which were the data from local (factory) censuses of residents of the fortress factory in the 1720s — 1740s. Using quantitative analysis methods and social history approaches, the main social groups of the population were identified and characterized. Their numbers were determined, and the history of their formation and employment specifics in the mining industry were analyzed. The conclusions were drawn about the existence of a special social policy by the mining plant administration. It was found that it was aimed not only at maintaining optimal working capacity but also at progressively expanding the group of factory personnel by including representatives of new social groups such as soldiers, recruits, schoolchildren, exiles, and convicts in labor processes. It was shown that by the mid-18th century, Ekaterinburg, founded in 1723, was not inferior to both old and new urban centers in terms of infrastructure development, administrative, industrial, and social institutions, and population composition.

THE ROLE OF THE CAPITAL CITY MAGAZINES IN PRESENTING THE KALMYK ETHNOS TO THE RUSSIAN AUDIENCE IN THE FIRST DECADES OF THE XIX CENTURY

The purpose of the study was to specify the representation of the Kalmyk ethnic group in St. Petersburg and Moscow magazines in the fi rst decades of the XIX century. The study of publications in the journals Vestnik Evropy, Syn Otechestva, Otechestvennye Zapiski, Sibirskiy Vestnik, Severny Arkhiv and other included the volume and details of information about the Kalmyks, the availability of historical and ethnographic information, the characteristics of the ethnic group and / or its individual representatives, the social status of the authors and the genre forms of the materials.The study has found that over the period under consideration the capital city magazines showed a gradually growing interest in the Kalmyk ethnic group, revealing its unusual history and culture to the Russian audience. The publications mainly belonged to contemporary authors, but texts from the XVII–XVIII centuries were also used, which made it possible to demonstrate the ideas about the Kalmyks at diff erent stages of their history.By the social status, the authors included offi cials, travelers, historians, ethnographers, writers, including the European ones and a Chinese one, which contributed to the creation of a diverse picture of the past and the present of the Kalmyk people. At the same time, the depth of topic coverage was determined by the breadth of the author’s outlook, their ability to observe, the degree of understanding and acceptance of a diff erent culture, and the place of the ethnic group in the overall plot of the text. The diff erence between empathy and immersion in culture led the authors in some cases to defi ne the Kalmyks as an “ignorant” people and, on the contrary, as a “shepherd”, demonstrating the highest level of originality. Most often, the texts created a collective image of the people or individual social groups. In historical discourse, the names of the Kalmyk rulers were called. Modern personalities were uncommon, as well as women – only three of them.The representation of the ethnic group was carried out mainly in voluminous genres – historical, ethnographic, historical-ethnographic and travel essays; less often – in the form of portrait sketches and reviews, which allowed magazines to provide diverse information and create a multifaceted image of the Kalmyk people.

Образы исламского образования: нарративы скрытого потенциала

The foundation of the image-of-the-future concept goes back to Fred Polak, a Dutch founding father of futures studies. He defined such an image as a fantasy about the future, considered “the Other”, the world fundamentally different from the real one. Evaluating the images of the future (hereafter ‘the images’) as an object of research, Polak also considered it as a statement of the problem. Study-ing the images allows us to trace the values and anticipations of individual social groups and society as a whole and see the emerging priorities for its further development. Also, the images are the bear-ers of weak signals, which are essential for successfully building the process of medium- and long-term plans. Therefore, the paper presents the results of the research, whose main objective was to study images of Islamic education in Kazakhstan among young imams studying at a specialized Islamic educational institution. Firstly, the author describes the methodology of futures studies that was applied and included, among other things, the reconstruction of the present image that served as a starting point for the next step. After that, the results and the gallery of the chosen images with their original descriptions is presented. And finally, the author identifies those weak signals that can play a critical role in strategy building of further development of Islamic education in the Republic.

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF POPULATION INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND STATE REGULATION INSTRUMENTS

In the modern world, attempts are continuously being made to comprehensively assess and measure indicators related to the progress of the standard of living and well-being both globally and for individual groups of the population. Assessing and measuring the social condition is a complex process, because the concepts of "living standard of the population" and "quality of life" are multi-vector and difficult to calculate and evaluate. The assessment and measurement of the social progress of each state, individual social groups and territories (states, regions, etc.) with sufficient accuracy is an important factor in determining the indicators of population inequality. It should be the basis for implementing effective social policy through the principles and approaches of the state's social policy, individual groups of the population (especially socially vulnerable), effective management of the population's incomes and expenses. The basis for the formation of such a policy is the identification of social problems and the identification of ways to solve them. Socially oriented programs can be implemented both in the short term and in the long term. The formation of problems of population income distribution and state regulation and the search for tools to achieve it should become one of the key components of the policy implemented by the state. Taking into account the difficulties of social policy implementation and the use of appropriate tools during the development of that policy, the identification and characterization of the general trends in the formation and distribution of incomes of the population becomes a topical issue. As a first step, it is necessary to study the experience of countries with advanced free market relations and analyze the possibilities of their localization in Armenia for the selection and expansion of social policy tools. It is also necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the tools used to fight against poverty and the implemented policies, comparing the relevant indicators of Armenia and neighboring countries.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COERCION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE ADMINISTRATION: THE LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVICTION

The article analyzes public administration as a complex process, the effectiveness of which must be ensured by a set of measures aimed at the state's performance of its functions. It is noted that the state is the organizer of social life, and it exercises its organizing influence through the exercise of power. That is, the state, through the adoption of laws, establishes norms of behavior in various spheres of society's life, and a person, obeying them, gets opportunities for development. However, not all citizens and persons who are in the territory of a certain state obey the legal state requirements, realizing the need to observe the established rules and models of behavior to achieve the common good. It is substantiated that legal nihilism, unlawful and deviant behavior, accompanied by the commission of a large number of offenses and crimes, negatively affect the state's ability to perform the functions assigned to it, to effectively carry out public administration. That is why today it is extremely important not only to find methods and methods that will increase the efficiency of state administration but also to find out their philosophical and legal foundations. This will make it possible to outline the philosophical foundations of the method or method itself, and will also help to reduce the level of its negative perception by society in general and by individual people or social groups in particular. In this context, it has been proven that one of such methods is state coercion as an activity of state bodies and officials authorized by law, which is carried out by influencing the physical, mental, organizational, or property state of legal subjects, with the aim of universally binding conscious fulfillment of requirements law, restoration of violated rights, as well as preventive activities of law enforcement agencies. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the data of the study were systematized, according to which the purpose of applying state coercion is to restore violated rights. That is when one person violates the rights and freedoms of another person or group of people, the state is obliged to respond to such actions. The state's reaction should be to restore the violated rights and freedoms as soon as possible and apply appropriate coercive measures to the offender.

Protocol for secondary data analysis of 4 UK cohorts examining youth adversity and mental health in the context of intersectionality.

Youth adversity (e.g., abuse and bullying victimisation) is robust risk factor for later mental health problems (e.g., depression and anxiety). Research shows the prevalence of youth adversity and rates of mental health problems vary by individual characteristics, identity or social groups (e.g., gender and ethnicity). However, little is known about whether the impact of youth adversity on mental health problems differ across the intersections of these characteristics (e.g., white females). This paper reports on a component of the ATTUNE research programme (work package 2) which aims to investigate the impact and mechanisms of youth adversity on depressive and anxiety symptoms in young people by intersectionality profiles. The data are from 4 UK adolescent cohorts: HeadStart Cornwall, Oxwell, REACH, and DASH. These cohorts were assembled for adolescents living in distinct geographical locations representing coastal, suburban and urban places in the UK. Youth adversity was assessed using a series of self-report questionnaires and official records. Validated self-report instruments measured depressive and anxiety symptoms. A range of different variables were classified as possible social and cognitive mechanisms. Structural equation modelling (e.g., multiple group models, latent growth models) and multilevel modelling will be used, with adaptation of methods to suit the specific available data, in accord with statistical and epidemiological conventions. The results from this research programme will broaden our understanding of the association between youth adversity and mental health, including new information about intersectionality and related mechanisms in young people in the UK. The findings will inform future research, clinical guidance, and policy to protect and promote the mental health of those most vulnerable to the negative consequences of youth adversity.