Individual Ethics Research Articles

Extracorporeal hemoadsorption in critically ill COVID-19 patients on VV ECMO: the CytoSorb therapy in COVID-19 (CTC) registry

ObjectivesThe CytoSorb therapy in COVID-19 (CTC) registry evaluated the clinical performance and treatment parameters of extracorporeal hemoadsorption integrated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) in critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure under US FDA Emergency Use Authorization.DesignMulticenter, observational, registry (NCT04391920).SettingIntensive care units (ICUs) in five major US academic centers between April 2020 and January 2022.PatientsA total of 100 critically ill adults with COVID-19-related ARDS requiring VV ECMO support, who were treated with extracorporeal hemoadsorption.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsBaseline demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory values and outcomes were recorded following individual ethics committee approval at each center. Detailed data on organ support utilization parameters and hemoadsorption treatments were also collected. Biomarker data were collected according to the standard practice at each participating site, and available values were compared before and after hemoadsorption. The primary outcome of mortality was evaluated using a time-to-event analysis. A total of 100 patients (63% male; age 44 ± 11 years) were included. Survival rates were 86% at 30 days and 74% at 90 days. Median time from ICU admission to the initiation of hemoadsorption was 87 h and was used to define two post hoc groups: ≤ 87 h (group-early start, GE) and > 87 h (group-late start, GL). After the start of hemoadsorption, patients in the GE versus GL had significantly shorter median duration of mechanical ventilation (7 [2–26] vs. 17 [7–37] days, p = 0.02), ECMO support (13 [8–24] vs. 29 [14–38] days, p = 0.021) and ICU stay (17 [10–40] vs 36 [19–55] days, p = 0.002). Survival at 90 days in GE was 82% compared to 66% in GL (p = 0.14). No device-related adverse events were reported.ConclusionsIn critically ill patients with severe COVID-19-related ARDS treated with the combination of VV-ECMO and hemoadsorption, 90-day survival was 74% and earlier intervention was associated with shorter need for organ support and ICU stay. These results lend support to the concept of “enhanced lung rest” with the combined use of VV-ECMO plus hemoadsorption in patients with ARDS.

Moral Individualism in Modern Politics: A New Measure Inspired by Political Theory

We reexamine the concept of individualism and its political implications. While both political scientists and social psychologists agree that individualism is a core value for many Americans, political science has primarily associated the concept with views about economic mobility. Building upon insights from political theory, we argue that a narrow focus on economics overlooks key elements of individualism and its relation to political life. With the help of five distinct datasets collected between 2018 and 2022 (combinedN= 12,169), we develop a new index that emphasizes autonomy from authority, which we label moral individualism. We show how it and other dimensions of individualism explain interactions with the political world, including responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Across multiple indicators, moral individualists were far less likely to engage in collective action or pursue other behaviors meant to assist the community. For example, even after controlling for the effects of ideology and partisanship, moral individualism reduced the probability of wearing a mask during the first year of the pandemic by approximately 30 percentage points.

The illusion of moral decline

Anecdotal evidence indicates that people believe that morality is declining1,2. In a series of studies using both archival and original data (n = 12,492,983), we show that people in at least 60 nations around the world believe that morality is declining, that they have believed this for at least 70 years and that they attribute this decline both to the decreasing morality of individuals as they age and to the decreasing morality of successive generations. Next, we show that people’s reports of the morality of their contemporaries have not declined over time, suggesting that the perception of moral decline is an illusion. Finally, we show how a simple mechanism based on two well-established psychological phenomena (biased exposure to information and biased memory for information) can produce an illusion of moral decline, and we report studies that confirm two of its predictions about the circumstances under which the perception of moral decline is attenuated, eliminated or reversed (that is, when respondents are asked about the morality of people they know well or people who lived before the respondent was born). Together, our studies show that the perception of moral decline is pervasive, perdurable, unfounded and easily produced. This illusion has implications for research on the misallocation of scarce resources3, the underuse of social support4 and social influence5.

A principles-based ethics assurance argument pattern for AI and autonomous systems

An assurance case is a structured argument, typically produced by safety engineers, to communicate confidence that a critical or complex system, such as an aircraft, will be acceptably safe within its intended context. Assurance cases often inform third party approval of a system. One emerging proposition within the trustworthy AI and autonomous systems (AI/AS) research community is to use assurance cases to instil justified confidence that specific AI/AS will be ethically acceptable when operational in well-defined contexts. This paper substantially develops the proposition and makes it concrete. It brings together the assurance case methodology with a set of ethical principles to structure a principles-based ethics assurance argument pattern. The principles are justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, and respect for human autonomy, with the principle of transparency playing a supporting role. The argument pattern—shortened to the acronym PRAISE—is described. The objective of the proposed PRAISE argument pattern is to provide a reusable template for individual ethics assurance cases, by which engineers, developers, operators, or regulators could justify, communicate, or challenge a claim about the overall ethical acceptability of the use of a specific AI/AS in a given socio-technical context. We apply the pattern to the hypothetical use case of an autonomous ‘robo-taxi’ service in a city centre.

RELIGIOSITY AS A MODERATOR FOR FRAUD PREVENTION IN VILLAGE FUND MANAGEMENT

This study aims to determine whether the competence of village apparatus, individual morality has an effect on fraud prevention and religiosity as a moderating variable. The population in this study were village officials at the Village Government in the District of Responsibility, Grobogan Regency, Central Java Province. Sampling was carried out using the census method and the number of samples was 106 respondents. Type of data used is primary data. This study uses a questionnaire in data collection. The test technique used is validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test including normality test, multicollinearity test and heteroscedasticity test. Hypothesis testing in this study used the interaction moderation test (MRA) with SPSS version 23.Results of this study indicate that the Competence of the Village Apparatus has a negative and significant effect on Fraud Prevention. Meanwhile, Individual Morality has a positive and significant effect on Fraud Prevention. Religiosity is not able to moderate the influence of Village Apparatus Competence. But Religiosity is able to moderate the influence of Individual Morality on Fraud Prevention in Village Fund Management.

Ethical Challenges at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic – A Systematic Review

Background: The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented influx of patients in hospitals, raising ethical concerns not just about triage and life-support decisions but also about family visits and the quality of end-of-life care. The value of ethics in the public healthcare system cannot be overstated; nonetheless, the ethics-related problems (or issues) identified during this epidemic have been linked to a lack of accountability, resource allocation challenges, and a loss of trust in healthcare providers. These elements have the ability to shake our ethical ideas, exacerbate ethical dilemmas, and put carers in dangerous situations. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and distribution of ethical principles in COVID-19-related research publications. Methods: The keywords were used to check the articles published on ethics-related problems at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, published between January 1, 2021, and August 31, 2022. Secondly, we aimed to identify the prevalence and distribution of these ethical principles in research publications related to COVID-19. Results: A total of 6152 articles were identified; 2816 were included for abstract and title screening. Of the 159 articles, 134 were excluded based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The remaining 25 articles were scrutinised extensively. There were 17 (68%) literature reviews, 5 (20%) systematic reviews, 1 (4%) integrative review, 1 (4%) cross-sectional study, and 1 (4%) observational study. Conclusion: It is evident from the multitude of papers on the issue that medical ethical challenges, as well as ethical discussions and debates, continue to develop virtually every day. We attempted to portray the COVID-19 whirlpool, encompassing the scope, nature, and urgency of the issues that developed in a highly charged political atmosphere. There have been efforts to use ethical considerations to justify triage procedures. An imbalance between utilitarian and individual ethics, regardless of perspective, leads to insoluble discomforts that carers must overcome.

О ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ ПУТЯХ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ МОРАЛЬНОЙ АНОМИИ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ КИТАЙСКИХ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯХ

The pursuit of personal gain in the name of the public good is a typical characteristic feature of the moral anomie of public organizations (NGOs) in China. The root cause lies in the insufficient development of the culture of public welfare, weak self-restraint of public organizations and weak government supervision. The moral management of public organizations in modern China should not only emphasize the recognition of the value of members of public organizations for the purposes of public welfare of public organizations, improve the provision of an ethical system for public organizations and increase the cultivation of individual morality of members of public organizations, but also it is necessary to strengthen systemic punishments and rewards for the socially charitable behavior of social organizations and use rigidity settlement systems, deterrence and direction of social and charitable behavior of social organizations. Speaking in a substantive way, it is necessary to foster a culture of public welfare in public organizations and promote leadership orientation to the values of public welfare, combining institutional punishments and incentives to promote the management of the behavior of public organizations in the field of public welfare, strengthen government supervision and promote the management of the anomie of public welfare of public organizations, thereby contributing to the general promotion of overcoming the anomie in the field of public welfare of public organizations, as well as general advancement in other directions.

Budaya Organisasi dan Pencegahan Fraud dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa dengan Moralitas Individu sebagai Mediasi

This study aims to prove the direct and indirect effects of organizational culture on fraud prevention through individual morality as a mediating variable. This study is a quantitative study. The research was conducted on village objects in the Wungu sub-district, Madiun Regency, with village apparatus respondents who were involved in managing village finances. The census technique was used in this study. Primary data was obtained by distributing questionnaires directly to the respondents. Hypothesis testing uses Path Analysis with the help of the SPSS version 24 program and is strengthened by testing using the online Sobel Test. The research results show that organizational culture significantly positively affects fraud prevention in village financial management. Organizational culture has a significant positive effect on individual morality. Individual morality affects the prevention of fraud in village financial management. However, the results of path analysis testing indicate that individual morality is not proven to mediate the influence of organi-zational culture on fraud prevention in village financial management. These results are supported by the Sobel Test online results which show that individual morality does not mediate the relationship between organizational culture and fraud prevention in village financial management.

Research on the influence and mechanism of human-vehicle moral matching on trust in autonomous vehicles.

Autonomous vehicles can have social attributes and make ethical decisions during driving. In this study, we investigated the impact of human-vehicle moral matching on trust in autonomous vehicles and its mechanism. A 2*2 experiment involving 200 participants was conducted. The results of the data analysis show that utilitarian moral individuals have greater trust than deontological moral individuals. Perceived value and perceived risk play a double-edged role in people's trust in autonomous vehicles. People's moral type has a positive impact on trust through perceived value and a negative impact through perceived risk. Vehicle moral type moderates the impact of human moral type on trust through perceived value and perceived risk. The conclusion shows that heterogeneous moral matching (people are utilitarian, vehicles are deontology) has a more positive effect on trust than homogenous moral matching (both people and vehicles are deontology or utilitarian), which is consistent with the assumption of selfish preferences of individuals. The results of this study provide theoretical expansion for the fields related to human-vehicle interaction and AI social attributes and provide exploratory suggestions for the functional design of autonomous vehicles.

Factors Affecting the Unethical Behavior and its Impact to the Tendency of Accounting Fraud

Purpose: There is very little empirical research on fraud in non-profit organization. Previous researchers have conducted, and the results are mixed and inconsistent. Only a few models link several variables that have been previously proven to be related to one another. The purpose of this study is to combine the relationships of several variables to examine whether individual morality, effectiveness of internal control and compensation suitability have a significant effect on unethical behavior and its impact also to accounting fraud tendencies in nonprofit organization context. Theoretical framework: This research is based on several theories, namely the theory of moral development, the theory of attribution, the theory of hope and the theory of cheating. Some empirical research also provides varying results. The new model in this study links several variables that have been previously proven to be related to one another. Design/methodology/approach: The research design used is descriptive research using quantitative survey as a data collection method and a structural equation model (SEM) for the data analysis process. The population in this study were all permanent employees working in the office of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, especially in the conference/mission, namely those working as officers, heads of departments and employees working in the finance department. Using convenient sample method, the sample in this study amounted to 156 respondents taken proportionally represent each region of conference, or mission spread in East Indonesia. Findings: The result of this study found that effectiveness of internal control had a significant positive effect on unethical behavior, appropriateness of compensation had a significant negative effect on unethical behavior and unethical behavior had a significant positive effect on accounting fraud tendencies. For individual morality variables, the effectiveness of internal controls and appropriateness of compensation do not have a significant effect on unethical behavior, as well as the effectiveness of internal controls do not have a significant effect on the tendency of accounting fraud. Research, Practical & Social implications: This research contributes to a non-profit organization, in this case the religious organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, especially in the Eastern Indonesia region. The results of the study show that organizations need to pay attention to the appropriate compensation variable because it has a significant negative effect on the tendency of accounting fraud. Besides that, because the results of the study show that unethical behavior has a significant positive effect on the tendency of accounting fraud, it is necessary to minimize unethical behavior so that an increase in unethical behavior will increase the tendency of accounting fraud. Originality/value: The new model in this study links several variables that have been previously proven to be related to one another.

The Relationship Between Zoroastrianism and Kingship in the Iranian Empire

This essay discusses the relationship between Zoroastrianism and kingship through the primary source of Shahnameh, the epic of the Persian Kings, written by Abolqasem Ferdowsi. Shahnameh is a crystal of Iranian culture, it is a complete religious doctrine following the guidance of Zoroastrianism, it teaches the practice of threefold paths to Asha with the idea of spreading goodness into the society. They include personal religion, social life, and individual morality. Furthermore, the study connects the religious concept of the threefold paths to Asha and khvarenah, a mysterious concept in Iran myth that symbolize the bless from heaven and God, to the actual examples of the engagement of kingship.[ Zhibin, H, Zhibin, X. (2019) The Trajectory of Zoroastrianism in Iran. Journal of World Religion and Culture, 6: 58-64.] The paper introduces and corresponds the example of Jamshid, a Shah in the mysterious age of the Iranian empire, to the practice of Zoroastrianism. Finally, the paper concludes that in the Sassanid dynasty of Iran empire, the king in the world was decided by the heaven.[ Boyce, M. (2000) Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge, London.] The heaven blesses and protects those who were destined to be the king in all aspects. This is the myth of the divine right of kingship propagated by the rulers to maintain their power and status. However, although the kingship is shrouded in mystery, humans on earth eventually decide the kindship.[ Kantorowicz, E. (2016) The Kings Two Bodies. Princeton University Press, Princeton.]

능력주의의 한계 극복을 위한 시민교육의 역할

Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore the role of civic education to overcome the limitations of meritocracy in Korean society.
 Methods To this end, after analyzing the relevant literature on the characteristics and limitations of meritocracy, in relation to the meritocracy culture currently operating in Korean society and the problems of education it has caused, the promotion of social inequality, the destruction of individual morality, and the instrumentation of education center was explored. Based on this, the role of civic education to overcome the limitations of meritocracy was considered in relation to the cultivation of virtues that citizens should have.
 Results In Korean society, meritocracy has become a rational ideology required for fair competition, breaking away from family succession in the past. However, meritocracy has made people recognize that the differential distribution of rewards according to ability is reasonable, and has also influenced the spread of consciousness that regards individual abilities as purely the product of one’s own efforts. A strong belief in meritocracy is of little help in resolving social inequality and can harm relationships between people. In Korean society, meritocracy encourages savage competition and has an impact on undermining the essence of education.
 Conclusions By cultivating humility and solidarity, students can overcome the limitations of meritocracy and grow into desirable citizens who live with a greater sense of responsibility for the community. There is a need for civic education that leads students to cultivate a sense of solidarity based on the virtue of humility and a sense of respect for others.

Efek Moderasi Moralitas Individu terhadap Hubungan Pengendalian Internal dan Kecendrungan Kecurangan

Purpose: The aim of this research is to examine the moderating effect of individual morality on the relationship between internal control system and the tendency of village financial management fraudulency Methodology/approach: The sampling method was purposive sampling with a total sample of 51 respondents from 20 villages in Ambon City. The data collection technique used was a survey technique using questionnaires. Data analysis used moderated regression analysis Results/findings: The results of the study explained that the internal control system has a negative effect on the tendency of fraudulence and individual morality, which acts as a moderating variable that strengthens the relationship between the internal control system and the tendency of village financial management fraudulency. Limitations: The results of this study indicate that the independent variables internal control system and individual morality as moderating variables only affect the tendency of fraud in village financial management by 30.9%, meaning more than 69.1% are influenced by other factors outside the model. Other factors can be in the form of competence of village officials, as well as compliance with regulations and other behavioral factors that can contribute to the tendency of village financial management fraudulency. Contribution: For the government traditional villages in Ambon City to make the role of state saniri more effective which carries out the supervisory function as the implementation of the internal control function to prevent the occurrence of village financial management that is not in accordance with the rules and can lead to fraud. Novelty: This research was conducted in a village in Ambon City which has the status of a traditional village whose village government system upholds local customs and wisdom so that it is different from other villages based on administrative area.

Pengaruh Pengendalian Internal Dan Moralitas Individu Terhadap Kecenderungan Kecurangan Akuntansi Pada Perusahaan Dagang Di Kota Padang

The tendency of accounting fraud has attracted a lot of media attention and has become an issue that is often heard and important in the eyes of world business people. Not only in the BUMN sector but also in companies engaged in Merchandising. The city of Padang which is the capital of the province of West Sumatra which also has many companies engaged in Merchandising. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of the effectiveness of internal control and individual morality on the tendency of accounting fraud in merchandising companies in the city of Padang. This type of research is quantitative research. The population used in this study were all employees who carry out accounting duties and functions in merchandising companies in the city of Padang. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires directly to the respondents concerned. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS 22. The results showed that the effectiveness of internal control had no effect on the tendency of accounting fraud in merchandising companies in the city of Padang, while the individual morality had a negative effect on the tendency of accounting fraud in merchandising companies in the city of Padang.

The effect of individual morality, information asymmetry and organizational culture on the tendency of accounting fraud

This study aims to determine the effect of individual morality, information asymmetry and organizational culture on fraud tendencies. This research was conducted at LPD in Kerambitan District. The research method used in this study is a quantitative research method with primary data obtained from questionnaire data as measured by a Likert scale. The population of this study were LPD employees in Kerambitan District, while the sampling method used was purposive sampling with a total sample of 114 respondents. Data analysis used multiple linear regression using SPSS 26. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that individual morality has a negative influence on the tendency of accounting fraud. Information asymmetry has a positive effect on the tendency of accounting fraud. Organizational culture has a negative effect on the tendency of accounting fraud. The advice that researchers can give is to internal supervisory bodies (panureksa) give warnings or sanctions to employees who have bad morals and do not apply organizational culture and always supervise the preparation of financial reports to minimize fraud in the preparation of financial reports.

Pengaruh Pengendalian Internal, Moralitas Individu Dan Personal Culture Terhadap Kecenderungan Kecurangan LPD

Research purpose is to confirming effect of internal controls, individual morality also personal culture on the tendencies of frauds in LPD at Banjarangkan Regency. This research was conducted at LPD in Banjarangkan Regency. The method used is a quantitative method. The data used is primary data using a questionnaire as a data collection method. The population in this study were all employees at LPD Banjarangkan Regency as many as 115 employees. The sampling technique used is random sampling with the slovin formula so that the number of samples is 53 respondents. The analysis technique used is Multiple Linear Regression. Result confirm influence of internal control, individual morality and personal culture had a positive and significant effect on the tendency of fraud.

Pengaruh Moralitas Individu Dan Efektivitas Pengendalian Internal Terhadap Kecurangan Akuntansi Di LPD Kecamatan Kerambitan

This study aims to examine the effect of individual morality and the effectiveness of internal control on accounting fraud at the Village Credit Institution in Kerambitan District. The population in this study were 90 respondents consisting of the LPD chairman, secretary, treasurer, and LPD supervisory body from 26 LPDs located in Kerambitan District. The analytical technique used in this research is SEM-PLS. The results of this study are individual morality has a positive and significant influence on accounting fraud, the higher the individual's morale, the higher the chance of accounting fraud, allegedly because the respondents involved in this study are still in the pre-processing stage. conventional theory, where according to Kohlberg's moral theory, someone who has individual morality at the preconventional stage, then the opportunity for accounting fraud to occur will be higher. the occurrence of accounting fraud is getting bigger. Allegedly this happened due to the low regulation in an organization (LPD) and the low sanctions given to perpetrators of fraud, so that it did not provide a deterrent effect to the perpetrators.

Determinan Kecenderungan Fraud Di Era Pandemi Covid19 Yang Dimoderasi Budaya Tri Hita Karana

Abstract The weakening of the economic sector has an impact on the number of Fraud cases that occur. This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of compensation suitability, situational leadership style, individual morality, and Whistleblowing on Fraud tendencies in the COVID-19 pandemic era, as well as to examine and analyze the suitability of compensation, situational leadership style, individual morality, and Whistleblowing moderated by culture. Tri hita karana against the tendency of Fraud in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. The population in this study were employees at RSIA Harapan Bunda, amounting to 49 people. This study uses a saturated sample, which means that the entire population is sampled. The data in the study were collected through a questionnaire method. The analytical method used is MRA using the SPSS 22 program. This study uses the theory of Fraud pentagon and attribution theory. The results showed that the suitability of compensation, situational leadership style, individual morality, and Whistleblowing had a significant negative effect on the tendency of Fraud, and the tri hita karana culture was able to moderate the effect of the suitability of compensation, situational leadership style, individual morality, and Whistleblowing on the tendency of Fraud. Keywords : thk culture, tendency fraud, COVID-19

Edukasi Moralitas Anak: Kajian Atas QS. Luqman Ayat 12-19 Perspektif Tafsir Al-Misbah

Education is a humanizing process. This concept indicates that there is no education if morality is fragile. This article aims to analyze the narrative of surah Luqman verses 12-19, which contains essential themes in moral education for children. Through a literature study, data were obtained by searching written documents based on the text of the commentary of al-Misbah by M. Quraish Shihab. As for data analysis, the researcher used Spradley's notion of componential-taxonomy analysis to make finding meaningful and relevant themes easier. The results of this study found that the concept of moral education in surah Luqman contains content about monotheism, devotion to both parents, and calls for doing various virtues while trying to prevent evil. This study also found that in the text of surah Luqman, there are at least three main points of moral education: spiritual morals, individual morals, and social morals. This research contributes to a more contextual interpretation of educational discourse on children facing social realities in their future lives. At the same time, the concept of amar ma'ruf is education-oriented toward harmony, while nahi munkar is an educational effort oriented towards efforts to avoid communal conflict.

Florence Kelley: Pragmatist, Feminist, Socialist

Florence Kelley: Pragmatist, Feminist, Socialist