Individual Behavior Research Articles

Factors influencing physical activity behavior in older adults with subjective cognitive decline: an empirical study using SEM and fsQCA methods

ObjectivesDespite the evident potential benefits of engaging in physical activity (PA) for older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), their PA levels remains low. Previous research has predominantly focused on PA behaviors in individuals with dementia/mild cognitive impairment, with limited attention given to those with SCD. Therefore, this study aims to identify key factors influencing PA behavior in older adults with SCD based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and the capability-opportunity-motivation (COM-B) model.MethodsThree hundred and three individuals aged 60 and above with SCD participated in this study. A face-to-face structured questionnaire survey was conducted. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA).ResultsSEM results indicate that PA social support primarily influences PA behavior through three indirect pathways: the separate mediating effect of basic psychological needs, the separate mediating effect of motivation, and the chained mediating effect of both. Physical literacy, on the other hand, influences PA behavior through the separate mediating effect of motivation. Necessary conditions analysis by fsQCA reveals that no single factor is necessary for promoting PA behavior in older adults with SCD, while sufficiency analysis identifies four different combinations of factors leading to PA behavior.ConclusionThe model derived from the framework of SDT and the COM-B model effectively explains and predicts the interrelationships among variables. Physical activity behavior in older individuals with SCD is the result of multifactorial synergies.

This Is an Eventful Era: Exploring Event-Oriented Approaches to Organizational Research

This special issue explores the transformative role of discrete events in fostering changes at different organizational levels, challenging traditional feature-oriented approaches that focus on stable attributes of individuals, groups, and organizations. Joining the growing body of event-oriented research in diverse settings, the nine published articles evoke a novel theoretical lens (i.e., Event System Theory) to examine a number of discrete events (e.g., everyday change events, organizational downsizing, merger, corporate scandal, technology implementation, the U.S.–China trade war, the Black Lives Matter movement). Their findings demonstrate the interesting ways discrete events disrupt routines, prompt adaptation, and impact individual and collective behaviors across various levels within organizations. Our further analysis underscores the importance of adopting an event-oriented perspective for a better understanding of management issues, offering new insights and directions for future research. We hope this special issue provides a robust foundation for integrating event-centric research approaches into organizational theory, emphasizing the need for continued empirical investigation and theoretical refinement in a variety of management research domains, such as strategic management, organizational behavior, entrepreneurship, and human resource management.

Disrupted Hippocampal-Prefrontal Networks in a Rat Model of Fragile X Syndrome: A Study Linking Neural Dynamics to Autism-Like Behavioral Impairments.

FMR-KO and control rats underwent a battery of behavioral tests assessing sociability, memory, and anxiety. Single-unit electrophysiology recordings were then conducted to measure patterns of neural activity in H-PFC circuit. Advanced mathematical models were used to characterize the patterns that were then compared between groups using generalized linear mixed models. FMR-KO rats demonstrated significant behavioral deficits in sociability, spatial learning, and anxiety, aligning with symptoms of ASD. At the neural level, these rats exhibited abnormal firing patterns in the H-PFC circuit that is critical for learning, memory, and social behavior. The neural networks in FMR-KO rats were also less densely connected and more fragmented, particularly in hippocampal-PFC correlated firing. These findings suggest that disruptions in neural network dynamics underlie the observed behavioral impairments in FMR-KO rats. FMR-KO significantly disrupts several characteristics of action potential firing in the H-PFC network, leading to deficits in social behavior, memory, and anxiety, as seen in FXS. This disruption is characterized by less organized and less resilient hippocampal-PFC networks. These findings suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at normalizing neural dynamics, such as with brain stimulation, could potentially improve behavior and cognitive functions in autistic individuals. Fragile X Syndrome is associated with autism, cognitive challenges and anxietyThe loss of Fmr1 protein disrupts processes involved in building neural networksThe consequence is abnormal neural dynamics in hippocampal-prefrontal cortex networksNormalization of dynamics could improve outcomes in FXS and ASD.

Rethinking economic socialization: the intersection of culture, gender and economic life in a religious enclave

Abstract This article explores how economic socialization serves as a bridge between individual economic behaviors and the broader social and cultural contexts that shape them. Drawing on a post-functionalist approach to socialization, the study examines the ultra-Orthodox Jewish (Haredi) community in Israel, where distinct gender roles, cultural norms and patterns of economic participation create a unique context for investigating divergent economic socialization pathways. Comparing four groups within the Haredi community—average/below-average and high-income women, men with work experience, and men who study at religious seminaries (Yeshiva/Kollel)—analysis of an original survey study reveals how differential exposure to economic life leads to significant variations in financial risk-taking, loss-aversion, financial literacy and competitiveness. The findings problematize explanations attributing economic gender gaps to innate differences, instead highlighting the profound impact of the cultural framing of gender roles vis-à-vis economic integration. By foregrounding economic socialization as a sociological phenomenon, the study contributes to discourses on culture’s role in economic behavior and opens new avenues for examining how individuals acquire economic dispositions through socialization pathways shaped by structural constraints and power relations.

Effects of lockdowns in shaping socioeconomic behaviors

Lockdowns were implemented to reduce the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. However, it is unclear how severely curtailed physical interaction shapes individual behaviors that are considered vital for socioeconomic development. In this exploratory study, we investigate the behavior of college students who experienced a strict campus-wide lockdown and those who did not. Employing a combination of experimental and survey methodologies, we elicit students' behavioral variables, which are then integrated with administrative records from the university. We find that those exposed to the lockdown were more likely to trust others and be honest; however, their creativity was lower. Exposure to the lockdown was not found to significantly affect students' trustworthiness, risk preferences, or competitiveness. A follow-up study reveals that the lower creativity among students may be attributed to reduced communication frequency with friends during the lockdown, mediating the lockdown's impact. Conversely, the effects of the lockdown on trust and honesty may operate through a direct pathway, independent of changes in daily activities during the lockdown. Further analysis reveals a gender-dependent trend, with lockdowns exerting a more pronounced influence on male students than their female counterparts. These results underscore the consequences of lockdowns and advocate for enhanced support networks, emphasizing the importance of communicating with friends in similar circumstances.

The link between fear of disease progression and health promotion behaviors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypoventilation syndrome (OSAHS): the mediating role of social support

ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the levels of social support, fear of disease progression (FOP) and health promotion behaviors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), and to examine the associations between FOP, social support, and health promotion behaviors in OSAHS patients, with a focus on exploring the mediating role of social support. The findings aim to provide insights for enhancing health promotion behaviors among OSAHS patients in China and to offer a theoretical foundation for healthcare professionals in devising intervention strategies to promote health behaviors in individuals with OSAHS.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 307 patients diagnosed with OSAHS in Jinzhou City, Liaoning province. The survey instruments utilized included the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Fear of Disease Progression Scale (Fop-Q-SF), and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Scale (HPLP II). Pearson correlation analysis was employed to assess correlations, while multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling were utilized to explore potential mediation effects.ResultsIn the OSAHS patient population, FOP (r=-0.55, p<0.001) and social support (r = 0.60, p<0.001) were found to be significantly correlated with health promotion behaviors. In the mediated effects model, social support was identified as a partial mediator in the association between FOP and health promotion behaviors among OSAHS patients, accounting for 59.00% of the total effect.ConclusionFOP demonstrates a direct relationship with health promotion behaviors in patients with OSAHS, with social support playing a mediating role in this connection. Healthcare professionals are advised to underscore the significance of social support in promoting the health of OSAHS patients to mitigate FOP and consequently improve health promotion behaviors.

Unlocking the Reversal Anomaly in the A-share Market: Insights from Marginal Funds of Institutional Investors

Fama's Efficient Market Hypothesis (1970) posits that all valuable information is swiftly reflected in stock prices in mature markets. However, anomalies like momentum and reversal effects persist in China's A-share market. This study investigated the short-term reversal effect using turnover rates and institutional investor marginal funds. Significant reversals were found in high-turnover stocks due to speculative trading and deviations from intrinsic value. Institutional investors played a crucial role in correcting mispricing. The Institutional Holding Change Ratio (IHCR) demonstrated that institutional investors' marginal funds strongly explain the reversal anomaly and act as a style factor with positive returns. This research highlights the impact of institutional and individual investor behaviors on market efficiency and investment strategies.

Effect of healthy dietary intention-behavior (in)consistency on depression and anxiety in the process of behavior change.

Although an increasing number of people are now committed to pursuing a healthy diet, it remains unclear how mental health changes during this process. The present study aimed to examine the combined effect of healthy dietary intention and behavior on depression and anxiety across two sub-studies. This study consisted of two parts: a cross-sectional survey (Study 1) involving 1,433 college students and an 11-day daily diary study (Study 2) with 117 college students. Polynomial regression and response surface analysis indicated that in cases of congruence, individuals' intention and behavior align at a high level and were associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety in the motivational phase but were not found similar association in the volitional phase. In cases of incongruence, individuals with high intention-low behavior tend to experience lower levels of depression and anxiety in the motivational phase. However, individuals with high intention-low behavior tend to experience higherlevels of depression and anxiety in the volitional phase. These findings not only enrich the current understanding of diet and health but also contribute to the development of holistic strategies for promoting a healthy diet.

Bridging the gap: Political engagement and trust as mediators of racial health inequities and vaccine reluctance

This paper investigates how political engagement and trust can reduce health disparities in the context of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. It posits that active participation in the political process and trust in political institutions enable communities, especially marginalized ones, to advocate for equitable health policies, leading to more inclusive healthcare services. The study employs a multidisciplinary approach to understand how politics influence individual and collective health behaviors and decision-making. The research uses t-tests and logistic regression to analyze the relationship between political factors (like interest and participation) and trust in political and federal systems on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The t-test examines disparities in vaccine hesitancy across racial groups, revealing significant differences and emphasizing the impact of race on health behaviors. Logistic regression, controlling for variables such as partisanship and media influence, further explores these relationships, showing a consistent negative correlation between trust in federal institutions and vaccine hesitancy across racial groups. The study also finds that this correlation varies by race, with trust in the political system and political participation influencing vaccine hesitancy to different degrees among racial groups. These findings underscore the complex interplay between political engagement, trust, and health behaviors, highlighting the role of politics in shaping public health outcomes.

Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Disruptive Behaviors in Children: Update.

We reviewed the available evidence on psychosocial treatments for disruptive behaviors in children, as an update to Kaminski and Claussen (2017), focusing on children up to age 12 years. Search strategies, study inclusion, and treatment classification followed the procedures developed by Southam-Gerow and Prinstein (2014). Of the 44 included studies from 2016 to 2021, only 9 impacted previous results, either by increasing the level of evidence (for two treatment families) or documenting evidence for a new treatment family (four new treatment families). All three treatment families classified as Level 1: Well Established are parent-focused and now include Group parent behavior therapy + group child behavior therapy (previously classified as Probably Efficacious), in addition to Group parent behavior therapy and Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation (already classified as Well Established). Fifteen treatment families were classified as Level 2: Probably Efficacious, eight were classified as Level 3: Possibly Efficacious. Given the variability of programs in each treatment family, the evidence is for the overall treatment approach and may not apply to each program with those characteristics. Data were insufficient to examine outcomes in relation to participant characteristics. The information can be used to improve dissemination, implementation, and uptake of effective treatment, and inform research on improving access barriers.

Participatory Design of an Embodied Mixed Reality Experience Aimed to Assessing Individual and Collaborative Behaviors of Children

This study is part of a broader project exploring the integration of Mixed Reality (MR) in fostering prosocial behaviors among children, particularly focusing on interpersonal synchrony (IPS) and its impact on collaboration. IPS, the coordination of rhythmic movements among individuals, has been associated with improved group cohesion and prosocial behaviors, such as collaboration. Traditional assessments of prosociality typically involve structured play activities for dyads, making them difficult to adapt to other settings. To address these limitations, this research aims to design a flexible embodied MR experience that allows children to choose between collaborative or individual engagement, reflecting the natural dynamics of children's play interactions. For this purpose, we conducted an embodied participatory design (PD) and usability study with 50 children aged 8-10 years. We provide a detailed account on how the PD process was orchestrated and an evaluation of user-system interaction, children's perceptions of play modes, and experience satisfaction. The results show how the MR experience, codesigned with children, supports a free play environment, allowing children to choose their preferred play mode. This study highlights the potential of MR in psychological research and child development, providing a new avenue for assessing individual and collaborative behaviors in larger groups of children.

Investigating the Determinants of Herd Behavior: an Application of the Hwang–Salmon Method to the Turkish Banking Sector

Efficient financial markets are important for pricing assets at fair value. In an efficient market, investors are rational in the face of fast and accurate information flow, evaluate the information correctly, and reflect it in their pricing decisions. However, particularly in times of crisis and uncertainty, it is observed that some market participants hesitate in their decision-making processes, imitate the behavior of other individuals whom they consider reputable because they cannot rely on their own knowledge and experience, and try to follow the trend. This tendency, which is called herd behavior, destroys market efficiency and prevents correct price formation. Therefore, it is important to identify its determinants. The purpose of the study is analyzing the precense and determinants of herding behavior in the Turkish banking sector during the period 17.10.2017–10.11.2023. Herd behavior is identified using the Hwang–Salmon method, and logistic regression analysis and the Kruskal–Wallis test are applied to identify its determinants. The findings reveal that herding behavior is associated with the rise in risks and returns as well as the fall in interest rates and exchange rates.

EcolRxC: Ecological inference estimation of R × C tables using latent structure approaches

Abstract Ecological inference is a statistical technique used to infer individual behavior from aggregate data. A particularly relevant instance of ecological inference involves the estimation of the inner cells of a set of R × C related contingency tables when only their aggregate margins are known. This problem spans multiple disciplines, including quantitative history, epidemiology, political science, marketing, and sociology. This paper proposes new models for solving the problem using the latent structure theory, and presents the ecolRxC package, an R implementation of this methodology. This article exemplifies, explains, and statistically documents the new extensions and, using real inner cell election data, shows how the new models in ecolRxC lead to significantly more accurate solutions than ecol and VTR, two Stata routines suggested within this framework. ecolRxC also holds its own against ei.MD.bayes and nslphom, the two algorithms currently identified in the literature as the most accurate to solve this problem. ecolRxC records accuracies as good as those reported for ei.MD.bayes and nslphom. Besides, from a theoretical perspective, ecolRxC stands up for modeling a causal theory of political behavior to build its algorithm. This distinguishes it from other procedures proposed from different frameworks (such as ei.MD.bayes and nslphom) which model expected behaviors, instead of modeling how voters make choices based on their underlying preferences as ecolRxC does.

The Influence of Religion on Economic Development

Religion is one of the most important institutions in the process of socialization. Which has a profound effect on a thinking and behavior of individuals and groups. As well Religion affects economic system and is an important part of regulating economic life of individuals, however, nation building and national consciousness are based on the national economy. An important part of the preservation and development of nations is through the economy. Culture, religion and social traditions play an important role in shaping the economic status of nations. This is an important part of sanctified the work, work ethic, and love of work. Some opinion believe that religions have a profound effect on the way of life of individuals and groups. So that the basis of work, production and trade is sanctify mundane efforts. At the same time, it distorts the topics related to squandering and social virtues. This study is qualitative research, the aim of the study is to present the relationship between religion and the economy. As a result of this study, we found that religion and economics are two socio-cultural phenomena, and there is a strong influence and interaction between them. The level of influence and the relationship between them varies from one society to another. Religion also has strong influences on national economic development; therefore, religious discourse can play a powerful role in the process of encouraging the development of work culture and work ethics in societies. Reflecting economic growth in societies.

The Organization Man Paradox

Herein we examine the paradox faced by an individual after joining a large or ganization.The paradox is related to the phenomenon of the Organization Man, rst identi ed in the middle of the last century and is addressed herein using a large-scale numerical calculation of the network dynamics modeling the or ganization. This network model reduces to a fractal-order Langevin equation model of the dynamics for a single individual embedded in a complex network. An analytic solution for describing the subtle, yet dramatic, in uence of the organization (complex network) on the decision making behavior of an individ ual member of the organization is obtained. Furthermore, this adoption of the organizational behavior by the individual is the result of the way people interact with one another and is not necessarily a consequence of any overt e¤ort on the part of the organization to in uence individual behavior. In fact it is shown that a top-down approach to controlling individual behavior is unstable, whereas a bottom-up approach is resilient.

The effect of eating alone on behavioral intention: A case of Rize

In the modernizing and developing world conditions, eating and drinking habits and behaviors of individuals also change. With the effect of this change, consumers' collective eating habits have started to be replaced by individual eating. It is possible to state many reasons for this. The concept of eating alone, which has come to the fore in recent years, is very important for food and beverage businesses. It is because determining the needs of this changing customer profile and knowing the behaviors of this customer profile means determining the steps to be taken for these businesses. Therefore, in this study, the effect of eating alone on behavioral intention was investigated. There is no study examining the relationship between these variables. In addition, bungalow accommodation facilities, which have been under construction in Rize in recent years, are also businesses that will attract the attention of tourists with a eating alone profile. Therefore, it is also important to investigate these variables in Rize. A questionnaire form was created to measure this effect, and a total of 406 usable data were obtained. These data were subjected to various analyses using SPSS 24 and AMOS programs. As a result of these analyses, it was found that eating alone had no significant effect on behavioral intention. This result could not be compared since there is no finding in the literature addressing these variables. Therefore, testing the relationship between eating alone and behavioral intention as a whole through the model created for this research fills the gap in the literature. As a result of this result, suggestions for future studies and tourism policy makers are presented.

Social representations of young people about people with disabilities and disabilities in an inclusive educational environment: the experience of cross-cultural research

Relevance. Interest in the study of social representations arose due to the development of inclusion in all spheres of life. This fact has an impact on the specifics of training Russian and foreign students in this field in a medical university, the development of their inclusive competence. The study of cross-cultural features of social representations of persons with disabilities and the disabled, the identification of universal and specific phenomena in respondents will contribute to understanding social and psychological phenomena at the individual level that determine social attitudes and behavior of individuals in an inclusive modern society, taking into account its sociocultural characteristics.The purpose of the study is to study the cross-cultural characteristics of social perceptions of people with disabilities and people with disabilities among Russian and foreign students.Objectives: to analyze the content characteristics and approaches to the study of social representations; to develop programs of empirical research; to describe the results of the study; to formulate conclusions.Methodology. This study is based on the provisions of the theory of social constructionism (P. Berger, T. Lukman; J.Douglas); E. Durkheim's concepts of collective representations; theories of social representations (S. Moscovici, D. Jodelet, etc.). Research methods: theoretical analysis of literature, research interview, method of verbal associations, testing, content analysis.Results. Both similar and specific phenomena in social representations of people with disabilities and people with disabilities in the samples of Russian and foreign students were revealed. Similar is the presence of tolerant attitudes towards people with disabilities and people with disabilities in both samples. The differences relate to the social level of social perceptions, as well as the characteristics of social distance in relation to respondents to this category of citizens.Conclusions. Along with a tolerant attitude towards people with disabilities and people with disabilities, respondents have insufficient professional awareness of this category of citizens, experience difficulties in interacting with them at the level of joint activities and professional relationships, which requires the development of additional programs and practices in the context of social, educational and volunteer activities to develop inclusive competence of students.

The PHEM-B toolbox of methods for incorporating the influences on Behaviour into Public Health Economic Models

BackgroundIt is challenging to predict long-term outcomes of interventions without understanding how they work. Health economic models of public health interventions often do not incorporate the many determinants of individual and population behaviours that influence long term effectiveness. The aim of this paper is to draw on psychology, sociology, behavioural economics, complexity science and health economics to: (a) develop a toolbox of methods for incorporating the influences on behaviour into public health economic models (PHEM-B); and (b) set out a research agenda for health economic modellers and behavioural/ social scientists to further advance methods to better inform public health policy decisions.MethodsA core multidisciplinary group developed a preliminary toolbox from a published review of the literature and tested this conceptually using a case study of a diabetes prevention simulation. The core group was augmented by a much wider group that covered a broader range of multidisciplinary expertise. We used a consensus method to gain agreement of the PHEM-B toolbox. This included a one-day workshop and subsequent reviews of the toolbox.ResultsThe PHEM-B toolbox sets out 12 methods which can be used in different combinations to incorporate influences on behaviours into public health economic models: collaborations between modellers and behavioural scientists, literature reviewing, application of the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology, systems mapping, agent-based modelling, differential equation modelling, social network analysis, geographical information systems, discrete event simulation, theory-informed statistical and econometric analyses, expert elicitation, and qualitative research/process tracing. For each method, we provide a description with key references, an expert consensus on the circumstances when they could be used, and the resources required.ConclusionsThis is the first attempt to rigorously and coherently propose methods to incorporate the influences on behaviour into health economic models of public health interventions. It may not always be feasible or necessary to model the influences on behaviour explicitly, but it is essential to develop an understanding of the key influences. Changing behaviour and maintaining that behaviour change could have different influences; thus, there could be benefits in modelling these separately. Future research is needed to develop, collaboratively with behavioural scientists, a suite of more robust health economic models of health-related behaviours, reported transparently, including coding, which would allow model reuse and adaptation.

The Mediating Role of Individual Innovative Behavior on the Relationship between Strategic Leadership Behaviours on Adaptive Performance in the Iraqi Federal Board of Supreme Audit

The Mediating Role of Individual Innovative Behavior on the Relationship between Strategic Leadership Behaviours on Adaptive Performance in the Iraqi Federal Board of Supreme Audit

The influence of financial technology, personality traits, and financial literacy on financial attitude, personal saving orientation, and family financial planning, moderated by financial quotient among naval families. “A study of Hera naval base, Timor-Leste”

Family financial planning is becoming more and more crucial, particularly in military environments where certain challenges can affect financial habits. The study looks at moderating role of financial quotient on the correlation between financial technology, personality traits, and financial literacy and family financial planning of naval families at Naval Base Hera. Although certain factors of financial behaviour have been studied before, how these factors are interrelated within military families is still unclear. This research seeks to fill this gap by employing a causal explanatory research method that analyze sources from 248 married Navy personnel through using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach with Smart PLS. The findings paint a picture that where Fintech influences the financial behaviours of individuals and families, such traits for personality and financial literacy inform their attitudes and ever financial planning. Posted here, it is revealed that financial quotients have a moderate influence on the results of family financial planning. Thus, this research highlights the need to design and implement financial education interventions that incorporate technology support and improve the financial literacy of naval officers with policy implication for the authorities as well as other denominations in the teaching of financial education. This research fills this gap making a positive contribution in the understanding of financial management in military environment hence contributing to the informing of policies that foster better financial stability and well-being of families of soldiers serving in the navy.