Individual Work Behavior Research Articles

심리적 임파워먼트와 조직지원이 종합병원 직원들의 혁신적 업무행동에 미치는 영향

In the model tested here, individual innovative work behavior is considered as the outcome of two antecedent factors-empowerment and organizational supports. The relationships between those variables and innovative work behavior are analyzed form the data collected through a questionnaire survey of 389 employees in five general hospitals. Results of multiple regression analyses show that three dimensions of empowerment-meaning, competence, and impact, and supports from organizational culture have significant effects on innovative work behavior whereas the effects of choice dimension of empowerment and managerial supports are not significant. These results emphasize the importance of empowerment and innovation oriented organizational culture for individual members' innovative work behavior. Theoretical and practical Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Malathion deposition, metabolite clearance, and cholinesterase status of date dusters and harvesters in California.

Date gardens in the Coachella Valley in California typically receive multiple treatments of malathion to control major insect pests. Variable amounts of malathion dust retention by skin and clothing and individual work behaviors limit the usefulness of clothing as an exposure dosimeter in date dusters and harvesters. To determine malathion absorption in workers, urine clearance of dimethyl phosphates (alkyl phosphates; AP) and malathion mono- (MCA) and di- (DCA) acids were estimated from date dusters (loaders/applicators) and harvesters (both on ground and high in trees). A series of self-administered doses of malathion were either ingested in gelatin capsules or applied to the volar surface of the forearm to guide biomonitoring. Each of the dimethyl phosphates (dimethylthio> dimethyldithio > dimethyl-) and both malathion mono- and diacids were present in urine as soon as 2-3 h of work. On a micromole basis dimethylthiophosphate and the malathion acids (MCA > DCA) were the most prominent metabolites in urine. Applicator exposures ranged from 95-210 mg equivalents per day (1-3 mg/kg-day). Harvester exposures ranged from 1-270 microg/kg-day. Mid-season Monday morning urine specimens before work contained low or unmeasurable levels of malathion acids, indicating that malathion is rapidly metabolized and cleared from the body in the urine. Saliva was not useful for biomonitoring. No inhibition of cholinesterase activity was measured in any members of two separate crews of harvesters who had previous prolonged dust exposure (1 and 2 months).

Culture, Self-Identity, and Work.

The focus of this book is the development and application of a middle-range theory of culture, self-identity and work behaviour. According to the authors' self-representative theory, three components are relevant to an individual's work behaviour: cultural and situational characteristics, cognitive representation of the self, and managerial practices and techniques used in an organization. Culture is viewed as a shared knowledge structure that results in decreased variability in individual interpretation of stimuli. The self is viewed as a dynamic interpretive structure that shapes an individual's interpretation of social milieu. Managerial practices influence work behaviour, and in this book the focus is on how these practices relate to the components of culture and the self. A final chapter provides a number of specific recommendations for how organizations might consider structuring their environment and managerial practices in order to match culture-self interaction.

INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): FORAGING OF INDIVIDUAL WORKERS IN RELATION TO COLONY STATE IN THE SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA

AbstractWorkers of social insects are members of colonies that survive and reproduce together. Therefore, the behavioral activities of individual workers should be integrated with colony state. We here summarize and discuss the relationship between colony state and foraging behavior of individual workers under the provisional assumption that the colony is a unit. We argue that colony state can be described by a number of variables that should relate to fitness components in order to be meaningful. Among the possible candidates, colony population size seems to have an overriding importance in many respects, as shown by its relation to fitness components such as survival probability and reproductive performance. Other important variables include colony demography, i.e. caste or size distributions, nutritional status, or queen number. Each of these variables has been shown to affect fitness components; however, the evidence is rather scanty. We also discuss the evidence that variation in colony state variables relates to variation in individual worker behavior. Nutritional status (i.e. low or high levels of food stores) and colony size have been shown repeatedly to affect individual behavior. However, most of the evidence comes from the honey bee. Some studies suggest that behavioral responses are hierarchically structured. More work needs to be done to investigate the actual mechanisms of integration of individual behavior with colony state. Some knowledge has accumulated about the processes that govern recruitment to food sources. We conclude this review by discussing some concepts and problems for further research. These include the concept of a preferred colony state to which the colony should return after disturbance through the behavioral activities of the workers. Further theoretical elaboration and empirical investigations may help to elucidate whether this concept is useful and necessary. A largely neglected issue concerns the number versus effort problem, i.e. whether individuals should work harder or more workers should be allocated to a task that is in demand. We propose a simple scenario that suggests testable predictions. Finally, we discuss how colony state, individual work load, and the dependence of worker mortality rate on activity level may interact to generate different short-term foraging strategies that workers should adopt.

Enterprise trainees' self-construals as entrepreneurs

Abstract Although the past decade has seen a resurgence of interest in the economic and political aspects of the entrepreneur, most psychological studies have tended to concentrate on the identification of the “entrepreneurial personality” or the repertoire of traits that identify successful entrepreneurs. Even in career theory, the entrepreneur has received only passing attention, usually as an aberration from a neat stage development model or in the context of a psychodynamic explanation for individual work behavior. This article starts from the premise that the social representation of the entrepreneur, reflecting the past 10 years of public promotion, does not vary significantly among various groups but that aspiring entrepreneurs with realistic levels of aspiration reveal distinct construals of themselves as self and as entrepreneur. Using a range of subjects from a variety of enterprise training courses, all of whom aspired to be entrepreneurs, I used locus-of-control and attitude scales and business performance questionnaires to determine likely business success and strength of self-concept. The first-stage repertory grids, on which this article is based, attempted to reveal each subject's construal of self and ideal self in relation to parents and business roles. The second- and third-stage grids, not reported here, will explore the construal of business problems and business motivation.

A Third Party Assessment of Work Capabilities

The "Third Party Assessment of Work Capabilities" is a timely method for evaluating an individual's pre-hospitalization work behavior. It was developed by Griffiths in 1973 to monitor progress of hospitalized psychiatric patients on work therapy assignments. This survey form has been adapted to evaluate acute/short-term hospitalized soldiers and to assist in their rapid return to duty status. The "Third Party Assessment of Work Capabilities" worksheet, completed by the soldier's work supervisor, identifies five factors that summarize work behavior: task competence, response to authority and supervision, social relationship with others, work enthusiasm and motivation, and confidence and initiative. Once scored and results interpreted, an Occupational Therapy treatment can be implemented and early discharge planning with the soldier's unit initiated. A case study is presented for illustration.

Activity choice: A new approach to economic behavior

An individual's work and consumption behavior is modeled as the outcome of an optimal choice among activities at each moment within a ‘day’. The model describes the time-shapes of his demand for goods and services, labor supply, and activities within the day and it allows the analysis of choices in which unusually complex motivations are incorporated. It is applicable to questions of job satisfaction, peak demands, shift working and capital utilization, estimation of ‘the value of time’, goal and process utilities, intrinsic and extrinsic satisfactions, ‘labor’ versus ‘labor power’, and to the issues of compulsive consumption and self-control.

Health Promotion in the Workplace

r k j CCUPATIONAL health is a contentious field. Significant economic and political interests are at stake. No ? O ^ {other public health issue carries with it the volatile history that workplace health and safety do, both at the negotiating table and on the Senate and House floors. Unlike other forms of public health, occupational health is in a category of its own. Phil Landrigan of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) wryly defines the differences. "Salmonella," he says, "have no lobby." Currently, an issue responsible for creating warring camps is workplace health promotion. Since the early 70s, occupational health activists and worker advocates have struggled to impress upon policy makers, company managers, and scientists the need to reduce toxic exposures and other workplace hazards. These efforts have been predicated on the industrial hygiene principle that changing the hazardous environment is superior to reliance on changing individual worker behavior. Management, on the other hand, has frequently insisted that engineering controls are too expensive, and that adequate safety standards could be based on personal protective devices. The premise for this approach is that most accidents are caused by careless workers and that occupational disease frequently is not occupational in etiology, but is caused by cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and other personal "risk-taking" behaviors. It is not surprising then that the recent interest in workplace health pro-

Evaluating the Psychological Contract: Its Implications for Employee Job Satisfaction and Work Behavior.

A longitudinal study was conducted in which subjects' early expectations and later perceptions of conditions on the job were obtained. Using a measure of organizational contract compliance, individual's job satisfaction and work behavior were evaluated. Results indicate job satisfaction and evaluations of employee work behavior are positively correlated with the measure of organization contract compliance.

Operant terms and concepts in the description of individual work behavior: Some problems of interpretation, application, and evaluation.

Operant terms and concepts in the description of individual work behavior: Some problems of interpretation, application, and evaluation.

Operant terms and concepts in the description of individual work behavior: Some problems of interpretation, application, and evaluation.

Operant terms and concepts in the description of individual work behavior: Some problems of interpretation, application, and evaluation.

A Model of Intercounty Commuting

A MODEL OF INTERCOUNTY COMMUTINGf Lawrence K. Lynch* The basic purpose of this study is to develop a theory of inter-area commuting , to build a statistical model embodying the theory, and to test the model with empirical data. A related purpose is to test two hypotheses about spatial interaction offered by others. The unit of analysis is the county. This unit was selected because it is the smallest political unit for which data are regularly published. The results may be readily adapted to larger political units such as states or regions. The theory is aggregate, relating numerical flows of commuters between counties to variables which may be defined for counties, but is based on some assumptions about individual worker behavior. Previous work in the area of commuting has been either empirical, on the aggregate level, or theoretical, on the microeconomic level. In the former instance, findings have been directional—commuting tends to increase /decrease with some variable—but not quantitative (i.e., there is no information about how much commuting increases or decreases with a unit change of some variable ), and the lack of a consistent underlying theory prevents the generalization of results of studies of some places to other places not studied. Empirical studies of areas have found a consistent relationship between aggregate commuting to a given place and population, transportation facilities , and rate of economic growth. (1 ) Differences in total commuting to particular industries have been related to the kind ofindustry (manufacturing and construction attract the most commuters ) and the stability of employment in the industry (unstable employers attract the most commuters). (2) Plant size has been directly related to total commuting only when the plant was large relative to the local population, or when the plant's initial demand for labor occurred at a time of local full employment. (3) Studies of workers have shown a positive relationship between the average home-work distance and the population of the city of work. (4) Intra-city studies have shown that the densest part of the city has the widest dispersion of workers' residences. (5) With respect to industrial factors, unstable employers or plants new to an area have had the great dispersion of workers. (6) Some findings indicate that wage levels are associated with distance commuted. (7) tThis study is based upon an unpublished doctoral dissertation, A Statistical Model of lntercounty Commuting, University of Kentucky, 1966. *Dr. Lynch is Manager, Environmental Systems Group, Spindletop Research, Inc., Lexington , Ky. The paper was accepted for publication in February 1971. 10Southeastern Geographer The theoretical analyses usually have defined an optimization process for the residential location of the worker as an economic man, based on housing and transportation costs. For example, it has been hypothesized that the maximum distance from work an employee will live is that point where further savings in housing costs are not sufficient to cover additional transportation costs. (8) Even when such a theory has been verified for a group of workers, (9 ) however, it has not been possible to aggregate the variables and derive a function for total commuting between two places. Much work has been done on "gravity" or "spatial interaction" hypotheses, but the resulting models have seldom been applied to commuting, and never to intercounty commuting. Basically, a spatial interaction model relates the number or frequency of trips or other interactions (such as telephone calls, telegrams, etc. ) between two places to an attracting factor, such as population, which is divided by a friction factor, often some exponential function of the distance between the two places. (10) The lack of a theoretical basis other than an assumed metaphysical relationship between physical and human gravitation results in models which are descriptive rather than explanatory. Further, the limitation in the number of variables considered has restricted their predictive power. At present, then, there appears to be a need to pull together the results of earlier work, and develop a theoretical framework on the macroeconomic level within which the commuting flows can be studied. A THEORY OF INTERCOUNTY COMMUTING We shall assume, after Goldner, (11 ) that every worker has, surrounding his home, a "normal preference area" (hereafter abbreviated NPA). He is indifferent as to place of work within...

Simple Dynamic Effects in Work-Leisure Choice: A Skeptical Comment on the Static Theory

Conventional, static, work-leisure choice theory is unambiguous about the effect of a large increase in the poverty floor provided by government income supplement programs. The theory predicts a decrease in work effort, and this prediction is often used as an argument against imposition of a large scale negative income tax mechanism. This note grants the static theory its static position, but suggests how the addition of a plausible dynamic mechanism might well reverse the prediction with the passage of time. To make the point in a minimal space, an extremely simplified model will be presented. Suppose an individual's work behavior is described by the following model: