Individual Symbols Research Articles

Gaussian Mixture Noise Channels With Minimum and Peak Amplitude Constraints

Motivated by the idea of “transmitting energy and information simultaneously,” we investigate, in this paper, the impact of constraints on the amount of energy that individual symbols carry, i.e., minimum amplitude constraints. We consider a Gaussian mixture noise channel with both minimum and peak amplitude constraints. First, we prove that the capacity-achieving input has a discrete distribution with a finite number of probability mass points. Then, we further investigate the number and positions of the probability mass points for the capacity-achieving input. Specifically, when the interference is constant and known at both the transmitter and the receiver, it can be totally eliminated so that the channel operates like an AWGN channel. In this case, we give a theorem to determine whether the optimal input is binary. For more general cases, such as non-binary inputs and non-constant interference, we investigate optimal inputs and capacities via numerical computations.

The Eye of Horus: The Connection Between Art, Medicine, and Mythology in Ancient Egypt.

Ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the oldest cultures in human history. Ancient Egyptians are well-known for pioneering the fields of art, medicine, and the documentation of discoveries as mythological tales. The Egyptians mastered the integration of anatomy and mythology into artistic symbols and figures. The mythology of Isis, Osiris, and Horus is arguably one of the most recognized mythologies in ancient Egypt. The Eye of Horus was used as a sign of prosperity and protection, derived from the myth of Isis and Osiris. This symbol has an astonishing connection between neuroanatomical structure and function. Artistically, the Eye is comprised of six different parts. From the mythological standpoint, each part of the Eye is considered to be an individual symbol. Additionally, parts of the Eye represent terms in the series 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32; when this image is superimposed upon a sagittal image of the human brain, it appears that each part corresponds to the anatomic location of a particular human sensorium. In this manuscript, we highlight the possible scientific speculation of the ingenuity of ancient Egyptians’ remarkable insight into human anatomy and physiology.

Pairwise alignment of nucleotide sequences using maximal exact matches

BackgroundPairwise alignment of short DNA sequences with affine-gap scoring is a common processing step performed in a range of bioinformatics analyses. Dynamic programming (i.e. Smith-Waterman algorithm) is widely used for this purpose. Despite using data level parallelisation, pairwise alignment consumes much time. There are faster alignment algorithms but they suffer from the lack of accuracy.ResultsIn this paper, we present MEM-Align, a fast semi-global alignment algorithm for short DNA sequences that allows for affine-gap scoring and exploit sequence similarity. In contrast to traditional alignment method (such as Smith-Waterman) where individual symbols are aligned, MEM-Align extracts Maximal Exact Matches (MEMs) using a bit-level parallel method and then looks for a subset of MEMs that forms the alignment using a novel dynamic programming method. MEM-Align tries to mimic alignment produced by Smith-Waterman. As a result, for 99.9% of input sequence pair, the computed alignment score is identical to the alignment score computed by Smith-Waterman. Yet MEM-Align is up to 14.5 times faster than the Smith-Waterman algorithm. Fast run-time is achieved by: (a) using a bit-level parallel method to extract MEMs; (b) processing MEMs rather than individual symbols; and, (c) applying heuristics.ConclusionsMEM-Align is a potential candidate to replace other pairwise alignment algorithms used in processes such as DNA read-mapping and Variant-Calling.

Orthogonal noise-like signal symbols for broadband channel protection

The paper deals with development and analysis of particular case in a complex protection for a channel where radio messages are exchanged on the basis of mutually orthogonal signal broadband characters and alphabets based on them. The object of study is a method of secure broadband channel organization using orthogonal noise-like signal symbols. The signal broadband symbols have been synthesized in the frequency domain based on pseudo-random sequences with the subsequent orthogonalization by the Gram-Schmidt method of transformation into pre-defined spectral components of the signal symbols and subsequent transformation into the time domain with the aid of the inverse fast Fourier transform. We have proposed to deploy and explore the complex secrecy approach comprising information, structural and energy secrecies. Information secrecy is brought into action with a single use of symbols retrieved out of a certain set of alphabets. Structural secrecy is reached by deployment of signal messages filtering in the area of signal symbols merge that makes difficult to determine the duration of individual signal symbols and message separation in individual signal symbols. Therefore, the decoding of entire message becomes more difficult. Energy secrecy is ensured by hiding the radio signal in the radio noise. We have carried out modeling and analysis of information, structural and energy secrecy. Practical importance of the work lies in increasing the level of protection for broadband communication channels based of the method we proposed. The conclusions have been set up in final part of the paper.

BER Reduction Using Precoded OFDM in Power-line Channel

Power-line Communications (PLC) effectively uses the pervasive power grid as a high data rate communication medium. Despite its advantages, the presence of severe multipath fading and susceptibility to impulsive noise make reliable communication in a PLC system challenging. In PLC systems, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is an attractive choice mainly due to its resilience to multipath fading. However, OFDM signals suffers from large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) thus resulting in non-linear signal distortions at the transmitter. Therefore, for an OFDM-based PLC system, the combined effect of large PAPR and the presence of impulsive noise results in high bit error rate (BER). This paper proposes the use of precoding at the transmitter to reduce PAPR, and blanking non-linearity at the receiver to mitigate impulsive noise. Precoding is a data-independent and robust PAPR reduction scheme that essentially distributes the power of the individual OFDM symbols over the entire OFDM block. Blanking is an effective impulsive noise mitigation technique that results in better BER performance at the receiver. Simulation results show that, with the combination of precoding and blanking, significant gains in BER performance for an OFDM based PLC system can be obtained with minimal increase of transceiver complexity.

An (Un)Exceptional Case: Strasbourg’s Court Reserved Nod to Religious Symbols in the Courtroom

Given the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) placid attitude towards state limitations on individual religious symbols, its recent judgment in Hamidovic v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, holding that the respondent state exceeded the margin of appreciation once a witness, a member of a fundamentalist Islamic group, was imprisoned for contempt of court after refusing to remove his headgear in the courtroom, appears exceptional. The exceptional nature of this judgment lies not only in the fact that the ECtHR held that an otherwise wide margin of appreciation granted to Council of Europe (CoE) states in matters involving state-religion issues was overstepped, but also in the fact that it is one of rare cases where the ECtHR more directly addressed the right of private individuals to wear religious symbols in the courtroom. Nevertheless, the Hamidovic judgment is narrowly confined, meticulously distinguished from earlier similar cases, and understandably distinguished from other potential cases on religious symbols, i.e., those involving the facial veil in the courtroom. Further, the majority opinion in Hamidovic did not clarify whether absence of clear regulations on a particular issue across CoE states is an indicator of the absence or presence of European consensus in matters related to religion. For two reasons, however, the Hamidovic judgment may just act as a weak signal of change. First, it fits the ECtHR’s tactics of using cases involving members of controversial religious groups and states with weak human rights records as experimental grounds for adjustment of its jurisprudence and a means to improve its own image. Second, the ECtHR is now carefully signaling its willingness to consider a disparate impact of state limitations on different religions and increase its evidentiary requirements on the adverse impact of religious symbols as a justification for limitations. The ECtHR’s recent judgment in Lachiri v. Belgium, disagreeing that a Belgian court can prohibit a party wearing a headscarf from attending a hearing, gives limited evidence for these two claims.

Hierarchical Data Decision Aided 2-Source BPSK H-MAC Channel Phase Estimator with Feed-Back Gradient Solver for WPNC Networks and Its Equivalent Model

This paper focuses on the channel state estimation (CSE) problem in parametrized Hierarchical MAC (H-MAC) stage in Wireless Physical Layer Network Coding (WPNC) networks with Hierarchical Decode and Forward (HDF) relay strategy. We derive a non-pilot based H-MAC channel phase estimator for 2 BPSK alphabet sources. The CSE is aided only by the knowledge of H-data decisions. At HDF relay, there is no information on individual source symbols available. The estimator is obtained by a marginalization over the hierarchical dispersion. The estimator uses a gradient additive update solver and the indicator function (gradient) is derived in exact closed form and in approximations for low and high SNR. We analyze the properties of the equivalent solver model, particularly the equivalent gradient detector characteristics and its main stable domain properties, and also the detector gain and equivalent noise properties under a variety of channel parameterization scenarios.

The Image of the “Deer Goddess” in Geometric Ornaments of Women’s Podolian Shirts

The purpose of this article is to analyze the semantics of ‘deer goddess’ images in geometric ornaments (the ornaments of the female shirts of Podillya are taken as a sample). Methodology. Based on the proto-myth concept developed by the author, he distinguishes the structures of symbols in geometric ornaments identified as the image of the ‘deer goddess’. Results. The article distinguishes three subtypes of ‘deer goddess’ images based on which variants of ornaments were formed. These variants of ornaments were ‘constructed’ according to the same rules: ornaments with one goddess (fig. 2‒4, 13, 19), ornaments with two goddesses with joint thighs (fig. 6‒8, 13‒15, 20), ornaments with four goddesses (fig. 9, 10, 16, 17, 21), and ornaments formed from individual symbols of the goddess (fig. 11, 12, 18, 22). For comparison, some ornaments on the ‘theme’ of a deer in the embroidery of the Russian North were analyzed (fig. 23‒25). Novelty. For the first time in the practice of ornaments analyzing, the image of the ‘deer goddess’ was highlighted, the transformations of these images in the ornaments were traced, the relationship of these transformations with the structures formed by the goddesses on the Paleolithic and Neolithic artifacts was shown. The practical significance. The research showed that the geometric ornament has retained its semantics accessible to understanding. This allows us to more adequately assess the role of ornament in the spiritual culture of mankind.

Identifying Italian ciphers from continuous-figure ciphertexts (1593)

Italian ciphers of the 16th century often used Arabic figures written continuously without a break. The first step in reading such a ciphertext is to split the continuous sequence of figures into individual cipher symbols. However, this is not straightforward for codebreakers when the cipher symbols are not of fixed length. I succeeded in splitting the continuous sequence into individual symbols for three undeciphered ciphertexts from 1593, which all turned out to employ different schemes. Once the figures were broken into individual groups, the ciphers were simple enough to allow preliminary decipherment without knowledge of Italian.

Tom Brown’s Schooldays as a Supplement to The Citizen (Grazhdanin) and Dostoevsky’s Later Works of the 1870s

The aim of this article is to study some possible intertextual links between Tom Brown’s Schooldays (Shkol’naia zhizn’ Toma Brauna. Rasskaz byvshego uchenika) by Thomas Hughes (1822–1896) and the later works of Dostoevsky: The Adolescent (Podrostok), The Dream of a Ridiculous Man (Son smeshnogo cheloveka) and Brothers Karamazov (Brat’ia Karamazovy). Hughes’s novel of 1857 was translated into Russian as a special Supplement to The Citizen when Dostoevsky was its editor and intended for distribution “no later than May 1874” to all subscribers for 1873 and 1874 free of charge. We propose to consider constitutive intertextuality in relation to tbs and some discursive features in Dostoevsky’s later works, as well as inter-connections in specific cases on the plot-composition level, subject matter, characterisation, use of individual motifs and symbols, and various other literary devices.

Mathematics of a Sudo-Kurve

Abstract We investigate a type of a Sudoku variant called Sudo-Kurve, which allows bent rows and columns, and develop a new, yet equivalent, variant we call a Sudo-Cube. We examine the total number of distinct solution grids for this type with or without symmetry. We study other mathematical aspects of this puzzle along with the minimum number of clues needed and the number of ways to place individual symbols.

Acquisition and generative responding following print-to-braille construction response training with sighted learners.

Previous researchers have taught sighted adults to match braille sample stimuli to print comparisons in a matching-to-sample (MTS) format and assessed the emergence of other braille repertoires, such as transcribing and reading braille following this training. Although participants learned to match to sample with braille, they displayed limited emergence of other braille repertoires. Lack of generative responding may have resulted from participants' over-selective attending to components of compound braille characters during instruction. We taught undergraduates to construct braille characters given a print sample, which required attending to each individual braille symbol, and assessed generative braille responding. Participants met mastery of 378 braille construction responses and demonstrated modestly improved responding compared with previous research.

Searching with combination sets in CPC: An efficient way to retrieve relevant documents

Combination sets can be allocated in a limited number of technical areas within the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) scheme. They provide a means of accelerating searches for relevant documents. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the efficiency of using such combinations of individual symbols for classification as well as for search.

Covert verbal mediation in arbitrary matching to sample.

Covert verbal mediation was examined in an arbitrary matching-to-sample (MTS) preparation with a high-verbal group (college students) and a low-verbal group (adults with intellectual disabilities). Arbitrary relations were established between nonsense words, visual symbols, objects, and hand signs. Task difficulty was balanced for the groups based on errors during acquisition. All participants experienced a hand sign condition, and three MTS conditions each with a unique configuration of the comparison array: fixed location, random location, and all symbols the same. The same symbol condition was designed to impede a participant's ability to label individual symbols. The results showed that disrupting labeling adversely affected MTS performance for high-verbal participants, but not for low-verbal participants. The data suggest that high-verbal participants depended on mediating verbal behavior and joint control to assist them in finding the correct comparison stimulus. Low-verbal participants could not benefit from verbal mediating variables and likely relied on unmediated contingencies, or some form of nonverbal mediation. For the high-verbal group, 19 different putative emergent relations were identified as occurring at various stages of acquisition between the sample stimulus and the selection response. These emergent relations likely provided supplementary sources of stimulus control that participated in evoking MTS selection behavior.

THE OPTIMISTIC SYMBOLISMS IN ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA

This study aims at explaining the symbols used in the novel and describing the values of optimistic reflected in the symbols used in Hemingway’s The Old man and The Sea. This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative method. The primary data source of this study is the novel The Old Man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway. The collecting data process is note-taking technique. This study is also categorized as library research. Based on the findings and discussion, the researcher draws the conclusion such follow. First, it is found that there are eight symbols used in this novel. They are classified into Individual symbol and Universal symbol. In the novel the Old Man and the Sea the symbols which the researcher considers as individual symbols. Individual symbols are the old man as a symbol of someone who has optimistic, Manolin as a symbol of hope, Marlin as a symbol Struggle of life, Shark as a symbol of Destruction and problem, joe Di Maggio as a symbol Strong desire, bird as a symbol of help. The second category is Universal symbol. universal symbol are Sea as symbol of universe, Lion as symbol of strength. there are two elements or values which characterize someone as the one who has optimistic life which is reflected in the symbols used in this novel. They are the values of struggle and positive thinking, Second, Those symbols reflect the values of optimistic life which is to be the theme of the novel. Keywords: optimistic, symbol

THE OPTIMISTIC SYMBOLISMS IN ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA

This study aims at explaining the symbols used in the novel and describing the values of optimistic reflected in the symbols used in Hemingway’s The Old man and The Sea. This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative method. The primary data source of this study is the novel The Old Man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway. The collecting data process is note-taking technique. This study is also categorized as library research. Based on the findings and discussion, the researcher draws the conclusion such follow. First, it is found that there are eight symbols used in this novel. They are classified into Individual symbol and Universal symbol. In the novel the Old Man and the Sea the symbols which the researcher considers as individual symbols. Individual symbols are the old man as a symbol of someone who has optimistic, Manolin as a symbol of hope, Marlin as a symbol Struggle of life, Shark as a symbol of Destruction and problem, joe Di Maggio as a symbol Strong desire, bird as a symbol of help. The second category is Universal symbol. universal symbol are Sea as symbol of universe, Lion as symbol of strength. there are two elements or values which characterize someone as the one who has optimistic life which is reflected in the symbols used in this novel. They are the values of struggle and positive thinking, Second, Those symbols reflect the values of optimistic life which is to be the theme of the novel.

THE OPTIMISTIC SYMBOLISMS IN ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA

This study aims at explaining the symbols used in the novel and describing the values of optimistic reflected in the symbols used in Hemingway’s The Old man and The Sea. This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative method. The primary data source of this study is the novel The Old Man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway. The collecting data process is note-taking technique. This study is also categorized as library research. Based on the findings and discussion, the researcher draws the conclusion such follow. First, it is found that there are eight symbols used in this novel. They are classified into Individual symbol and Universal symbol. In the novel the Old Man and the Sea the symbols which the researcher considers as individual symbols. Individual symbols are the old man as a symbol of someone who has optimistic, Manolin as a symbol of hope, Marlin as a symbol Struggle of life, Shark as a symbol of Destruction and problem, joe Di Maggio as a symbol Strong desire, bird as a symbol of help. The second category is Universal symbol. universal symbol are Sea as symbol of universe, Lion as symbol of strength. there are two elements or values which characterize someone as the one who has optimistic life which is reflected in the symbols used in this novel. They are the values of struggle and positive thinking, Second, Those symbols reflect the values of optimistic life which is to be the theme of the novel.

保育者の男女児への個人マーク選択とジェンダー意識 : 隠れたカリキュラムと表明された意識( 心理学研究とジェンダー)

保育者の男女児への個人マーク選択とジェンダー意識 : 隠れたカリキュラムと表明された意識( 心理学研究とジェンダー)

Representations of individual number and letter symbols in ventral visual cortex

Representations of individual number and letter symbols in ventral visual cortex

A Comparative Study of Frequent and Maximal Periodic Pattern Mining Algorithms in Spatiotemporal Databases

Detecting regular and efficient cyclic models is the demanding activity for data analysts due to unstructured, vigorous and enormous raw information produced from web. Many existing approaches generate large candidate patterns in the occurrence of huge and complex databases. In this work, two novel algorithms are proposed and a comparative examination is performed by considering scalability and performance parameters. The first algorithm is, EFPMA (Extended Regular Model Detection Algorithm) used to find frequent sequential patterns from the spatiotemporal dataset and the second one is, ETMA (Enhanced Tree-based Mining Algorithm) for detecting effective cyclic models with symbolic database representation. EFPMA is an algorithm grows models from both ends (prefixes and suffixes) of detected patterns, which results in faster pattern growth because of less levels of database projection compared to existing approaches such as Prefixspan and SPADE. ETMA uses distinct notions to store and manage transactions data horizontally such as segment, sequence and individual symbols. ETMA exploits a partition-and-conquer method to find maximal patterns by using symbolic notations. Using this algorithm, we can mine cyclic models in full-series sequential patterns including subsection series also. ETMA reduces the memory consumption and makes use of the efficient symbolic operation. Furthermore, ETMA only records time-series instances dynamically, in terms of character, series and section approaches respectively. The extent of the pattern and proving efficiency of the reducing and retrieval techniques from synthetic and actual datasets is a really open & challenging mining problem. These techniques are useful in data streams, traffic risk analysis, medical diagnosis, DNA sequence Mining, Earthquake prediction applications. Extensive investigational outcomes illustrates that the algorithms outperforms well towards efficiency and scalability than ECLAT, STNR and MAFIA approaches.