Individual Symbols Research Articles

Postage Stamps Commemorating Afghanistan's Independence Day, 1920–2019: An Analysis and Interpretation

This article focuses on the description and analysis of postage stamps printed in Afghanistan to commemorate the anniversary of Independence Day. The study covers a period of one hundred years, from 1920 to 2019. Presented chronologically, the analysis identifies various symbols that are connected to the idea of independence and examines the relationships between these symbols and the dynamics of changes on the domestic political scene. The findings suggest a deliberate decision-making process in the selection of symbols, driven by specific ideological and political objectives, although the question regarding the factual influence of the stamp-oriented policy still needs to be researched. The article concludes with statistical data on the frequency of use of individual symbols and provides several examples of the postage stamps analyzed here.

Spectrum-based rule- and item-level localization of faults in context-free grammars

We describe and evaluate spectrum-based methods aimed at finding faults in context-free grammars. In their basic form, they take as input a test suite and a parser for the grammar that is modified to collect grammar spectra (i.e., the sets of grammar elements used in attempts to parse the individual test cases), and return as output a ranked list of suspicious elements. We define grammar spectra suitable for localizing faults on the level of the grammar rules (i.e., rule spectra) and the rules’ individual symbols (i.e., item spectra), respectively. We show how both types of grammar spectra can be collected by both LL and LR parsers, and how the JavaCC, ANTLR, and CUP parser generators can be modified and used to automate the collection of the grammar spectra. We also show how grammar spectra can be synthesized directly from test cases derived from a grammar, and how such synthetic spectra can be used to localize differences between a grammar and a black-box system under test.We first evaluate our approach over a large number of medium-sized single fault grammars, which we constructed by fault seeding from a common origin grammar. At the rule level, it ranks the rules containing the seeded faults within the top five rules in about 40%–70% of the cases, depending on the applied parsing technique, test suite, and ranking metric, and pinpoints them (i.e., correctly identifies them as unique most suspicious rule) in about 10%–30% of the cases, with significantly better results for the synthetic spectra. At the item level, our approach remains remarkably effective despite the larger number of possible locations, provided it is coupled with a simple tie-breaking strategy that prefers items with the right-most designated position over other items from the same rules in a tie. It typically ranks the seeded faults within the top five positions in about 30%–60% of the cases, and pinpoints them in about 15%–40% of the cases. This specialized item-level localization also significantly outperforms a simplistic extension of the rule-level localization, where all positions within a rule are given the same score.We further evaluate our approach over grammars that contain real faults. We show that an iterative method can be used to localize and manually remove one by one multiple faults in grammars submitted by students enrolled in various compiler engineering courses; in most iterations, the top-ranked rule already contains an error, and no error is ranked outside the top five ranked rules. We finally apply our approach to a large open-source SQLite grammar and show where this version deviates from the language accepted by the actual SQLite system.

흑백색의 의미상징

This paper is a study on the meaning symbols of black and white in Korean and Hungarian folk song texts. Starting from the original form of black and white with basic meaning in folksongs, I analyzed the symbolism that contains various expanded meanings. In other words, starting from the conceptual meaning of black and white, we looked for usage cases that spread to thematic, connotative, social, emotional, reflective, and collocational meanings, and classified the various semantic symbols expressed by color words. The classification method was divided into positive and negative meaning symbols depending on whether the color's meaning was positive or negative for the individual or society, and the expanded meaning belonging to each was presented and classified. I wanted to find out whether the black and white colors used in the folk songs of the two countries have common positive and negative meanings, and if specific meaning symbols appear for one people, what the reason is. The direct goal of the study was to understand the universal and general meaning symbols of color, but behind the scenes, it was expected that each nation would have individual and unique meaning symbols. As a result of the study, the original black and white colors were common to both ethnic groups, but the derived meanings had both similarities and differences. It can be inferred that cultural and environmental factors such as the religion, history, and living environment of the two peoples may have had an influence in the background.

Seven-membered structure of the moon cycle and the “running spiral” ornament on Trypillian ceramics

The examination of the semantics of ornaments of the Trypillian culture, in particular, the most common ornament, “running spiral”, is necessary for penetration into the spiritual world of the bearers of this culture. The purpose of the study is to show that the symbols of the “running spiral” ornament hide the seven-membered cycle of the moon. The following methodological approaches are used: a) deities are seen behind the symbols of the ornament, not things; b) the division of deities by gender is considered c) the structural method is used in the analysis of symbols. Eight- and seven-membered ornament structures that were identified as moon phases were reviewed. It was determined that the female and male deities are hidden behind the phases. It is shown that the ornament “running spiral” is a seven-membered structure, and the order of symbols (deities) coincides with structures in which there are no symbols of the “running spiral”. Individual symbols of the “running spiral” are considered, and it is determined that they denote certain phases (deities) of the moon’s cycle. It is concluded that the eight- and seven-membered structures of ornaments hide the Goddess who represented the moon. The conclusion and the methods by which it is obtained may be the key to further research of Trypillian ceramics ornaments. It opens the horizon for investigating the kinship of the Trypillian culture with other Eneolithic cultures and examining modern folk ornaments

The Development of State and National Symbols in Central Europe: Common Historical Experiences and Unique Characteristics in the History of Symbols of Five Countries

Summary State symbols can be considered an important element of the existence of every independent state. State symbols perform important functions both internally and externally (in relation to other countries and international communities). State symbols developed and changed along with the development of the given state and society. The article deals with the development of state symbols in five Central European countries, namely the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Slovenia. The authors analyze the individual state symbols of these states, their development and meaning, at the same time pointing out differences, but also similarities within these European states and their often common history.

The Relation of Community Values and Norms to the Practice of Pilgrimage in Mount Kawi, Indonesia

This study aims to see the relationship between community behaviour in practising at the tomb of religious figures in Mount Kawi, Malang Regency, Indonesia. The behaviour of pilgrims in visiting has a variety of motivations and interests. Mount Kawi is a pilgrimage tourism site with an exciting background. There are tombs of Islamic religious figures and places of worship of ethnic Chinese. The relationship between the two has an interesting relationship to know. Researchers use a qualitative approach by selecting several informants and processing the data qualitatively. The results showed that the relationship between people's behaviour in performing pilgrims leads to values, norms, and group identity. People's encouragement to visit tombs is more on the mundane aspect. Therefore, individual symbols appear that strengthen as a form of spirituality respectively. This research also impacts improving the quality of pilgrimage tourism, which has a pattern of making the tomb of religious figures its symbol.

Феномен релігійної ідентичності: філософсько-правове конструювання змісту

The article reveals the phenomenon of religious identity within the framework of the philosophical and legal discourse. The two most common approaches to understanding religious identity are defined: The first approach considers the definition of religious identity as a category of religious consciousness, the content of which is the understanding of the relationship with ideas and values, it actualizes the general religious self-characteristics of an individual, that is, an individual attitude to the sacred, which can be expressed in a personal the attitude of a person regarding the supernatural features of individual symbols. Therefore, this attitude can be actualized by the definition: "I am a believer"; the second approach considers religious identity as a form of belonging to a certain religion or a specific religious community, the individual's belonging to a religious organization is formed. Hence, religious identity defines a specific form of religiosity and is actualized as a confessional identity, which can be formulated in the definitions: "I am a Catholic Christian", "I am a Buddhist", "I am a Muslim", etc. It was found that religious identity is a socio-psychological construct that outlines the unity of a religious organization, which is achieved by the intersubjective orientation of community members to a common idealized set of symbols that actualize the essence of ontological, axiological and ethical regulations of a religious organization and are reproduced thanks to common sacred practices . Identity, as an attribute, is an individual's belonging to a certain social integrity - a religious community. From the standpoint of constructivism, religious identity is one of the social constructs that emerges in the process of subjective reflection and active construction of religious reality by an individual on the basis of social categorization. Hence, the cultural unity of religion as such (religious direction, confessional group, cult) is not its primary characteristic, but the result and meaning of existence.

Seven-membered structure of the moon cycle and the “running spiral” ornament on Trypillian ceramics

The examination of the semantics of ornaments of the Trypillian culture, in particular, the most common ornament, “running spiral”, is necessary for penetration into the spiritual world of the bearers of this culture. The purpose of the study is to show that the symbols of the “running spiral” ornament hide the seven-membered cycle of the moon. The following methodological approaches are used: a) deities are seen behind the symbols of the ornament, not things; b) the division of deities by gender is considered c) the structural method is used in the analysis of symbols. Eight- and seven-membered ornament structures that were identified as moon phases were reviewed. It was determined that the female and male deities are hidden behind the phases. It is shown that the ornament “running spiral” is a seven-membered structure, and the order of symbols (deities) coincides with structures in which there are no symbols of the “running spiral”. Individual symbols of the “running spiral” are considered, and it is determined that they denote certain phases (deities) of the moon’s cycle. It is concluded that the eight- and seven-membered structures of ornaments hide the Goddess who represented the moon. The conclusion and the methods by which it is obtained may be the key to further research of Trypillian ceramics ornaments. It opens the horizon for investigating the kinship of the Trypillian culture with other Eneolithic cultures and examining modern folk ornaments

Understanding individual symbols presented in Georgian folklore in the context of world symbols

Understanding individual symbols presented in Georgian folklore in the context of world symbols

New Families of MDS Symbol-Pair Codes From Matrix-Product Codes

In emerging storage technologies, the outputs of the channels consist of overlapping pairs of symbols. The errors are no longer individual symbols. Controlling them calls for a different approach. Symbol-pair codes have been proposed as a solution. The error-correcting capability of such a code depends on its minimum pair distance instead of the usual minimum Hamming distance. Longer codes can be conveniently constructed from known shorter ones by a matrix-product approach. The parameters of a matrix-product code can be determined from the parameters of the ingredient codes. We construct a new family of maximum distance separable (MDS) symbol-pair matrix-product codes. Codes which are permutation equivalent to matrix-product codes may have improved minimum pair distances. We present four new families of MDS symbol-pair codes and a new family of almost MDS symbol-pair codes. The codes in these five new families are permutation equivalent to matrix-product codes. Each of our five constructions identifies permutations that can increase the minimum pair distances. We situate the new families among previously known families of MDS symbol-pair codes to highlight the versatility of our matrix-product construction route.

Comparing compound pairs and single stimuli during match-to-sample to establish arbitrary stimulus classes with adults of typical development

ABSTRACT Equivalence classes are typically established by teaching arbitrary conditional discriminations with discrete single stimuli as samples and comparisons. The current study was the first to use compound stimuli as both samples and comparisons during training of conditional relations. We compared compound-to-compound stimuli MTS training with the more typical single-to-single stimuli training to establish two 4-member arbitrary stimulus classes with adults. A pretest-train-posttest between-groups experimental design was used. Compounds consisted of side-by-side pairs of individual (single) abstract symbols. A pretest and posttest consisting of MTS trials evaluating all single-to-single, single-to-compound, compound-to-single, and compound-to-compound relations were used to compare the effectiveness of the two training procedures. In addition, participants sorted cards depicting all single stimuli into piles both before and after MTS training. Results showed that stimulus classes were established with similar accuracy regardless of the training used. However, the compound-to-compound group participants required significantly fewer trials and training blocks to demonstrate class emergence than participants in the single-to-single group. In addition, the compound-to-compound group participants emitted significantly fewer errors during MTS training. We discuss how these results may inform use of stimulus equivalence procedures in mainstream settings (e.g., teaching academic content).

ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC EXPRESSION OF NATIONAL RESILIENCEIN UKRAINIAN FOLK DUMAS

The article examines the artistic and aesthetic image and expression of the national resilience of the Ukrainian people based on the material of the dumas epic. Attention is focused on the symbolism of national opinions as a concept that reflects the levelof national consciousness and resilience of Ukrainians. Symbolism, as an ethnogenetic phenomenon, in folklore works helps to understand the way of thinking of our ancestors, their moral, spiritual, ethical and aesthetic ideals. It is emphasized that the verbal symbolism of the people is an important factor in creating the national and cultural picture of the world of Ukrainians. Even individual symbols, characteristic of the artistic and creative understanding of reality, are conditioned by the peculiarities of the national worldview and worldview. The images of the Steppe, the Path, and the House are most distinctly presented in the artistic and figurative system of thoughts, which deepen the ideological content of the work and serve to develop a number ofmotives and the artistic and aesthetic expression of the national stability of the epic heroes of Ukrainian folk dumas. Their aesthetic sacralization is determined precisely by the heroic nature of the attitude of Ukrainians to the world around them. Thisissue has not yet been adequately explored in Ukrainian public opinion. Therefore, on the material of the dumas of the heroic cycle «Cossack Holota», «Ivan Konovchenko» and «Sirchikha and Sirchenko», we will try to find out the content of the artistic symbol, which expresses the idea of resistance and struggle, national resilience in general.The article also analyzes the «mine –stranger» disposition, which has such cultural projections as contact, common ideas, common reactions, and a complexof national hatred. It is through them that we will trace the development of such qualities of the national character as honor, nobility, courage, wisdom, freedom, will, sense of family, attitude to the land, which are the basis of establishing the national resilience of the Ukrainian people.

Mapping sounds in the commercial linguistic landscape of Kuwait: A workable solution

The field of linguistic landscape research has shown considerable interest in visual communication in the urban global landscape in recent years. This paper explores Kuwait's linguistic landscape through an examination of shop signs displayed in commercial streets. A total of five hundred and ninety-nine photographs of shop signs on three streets in three different areas were taken and categorized. The streets were selected based on traffic and diversity. The linguistic landscape framework facilitates an understanding of the progress of the urban space as well as the relevance and dominance of language(s). The present study considers not only the signs' content but also the language(s) covered and their hierarchy, location and function in the urban community and space. The findings indicate that the linguistic landscape formed by Kuwait's signs is influenced by the shops' geographical location, prestige, and ethnolinguistic composition. While the major focus of mainstream research is the collection and analysis of (shop) signs, the present project goes beyond that to offer a solution to the problem of proper sound production of Arabized English shop names that uses designated individual orthographic symbols in Arabic to represent both the consonants and vowels of English. The solution foregrounds and eases the process of pronouncing businesses' names as well as understanding their nature and the services they offer with minimal effort.

Advances in P300 brain-computer interface spellers: toward paradigm design and performance evaluation.

A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a non-muscular communication technology that provides an information exchange channel for our brains and external devices. During the decades, BCI has made noticeable progress and has been applied in many fields. One of the most traditional BCI applications is the BCI speller. This article primarily discusses the progress of research into P300 BCI spellers and reviews four types of P300 spellers: single-modal P300 spellers, P300 spellers based on multiple brain patterns, P300 spellers with multisensory stimuli, and P300 spellers with multiple intelligent techniques. For each type of P300 speller, we further review several representative P300 spellers, including their design principles, paradigms, algorithms, experimental performance, and corresponding advantages. We particularly emphasized the paradigm design ideas, including the overall layout, individual symbol shapes and stimulus forms. Furthermore, several important issues and research guidance for the P300 speller were identified. We hope that this review can assist researchers in learning the new ideas of these novel P300 spellers and enhance their practical application capability.

565. Pilot Study of Prolonged Post-Discontinuation Antibiotic Exposure (PDAE) to Ampicillin Among Low Birthweight Preterm Infants

Abstract Background In the United States, 75% of preterm infants receive ampicillin after birth for evaluation of early onset sepsis. Excess antibiotic exposure in preterm infants is associated with morbidity and mortality. Pharmacokinetic (PK) simulations suggest that very low birthweight (< 1500g) infants receiving ampicillin may experience excess and prolonged therapeutic exposures to ampicillin after drug discontinuation, called post-discontinuation antibiotic exposures (PDAE). It is unknown if low birthweight ( > 1500g to < 2500g) infants that receive ampicillin experience prolonged PDAE. Methods We conducted a pilot prospective PK clinical trial at a single tertiary care center. We enrolled infants with gestational age (GA) < 36 weeks and birthweight (BW) > 1500g and < 2500g who received ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day per standard of care. All infants received 6 ampicillin 66mg/kg doses administered Q8H within 24 hours following birth. Post-discontinuation PK samples were collected between 8-120 hours after the last dose of ampicillin. We performed descriptive statistics on patient characteristics, and graphically displayed ampicillin plasma concentrations following discontinuation. We defined therapeutic exposures as concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Group B Streptococcus (0.25mcg/mL). Results We analyzed 20 PK samples from 12 infants with median (IQR) GA of 32 weeks (31, 34) and BW of 1838g (1730, 2060). See Table 1 for clinical characteristics. All infants (N=8) with post-discontinuation samples collected within 48 hours of last dose had continued therapeutic ampicillin exposures, only 25% of infants had continued therapeutic exposures between 48 and 72 hours post last dose (N=4), and none had therapeutic ampicillin exposures beyond 72 hours post-dose (Figure 1). Samples (n=5) within 24 hours of last dose had median (IQR) ampicillin concentration of 13.2mcg/mL (9.2, 18.7); those within 25-48 hours (n=3) had median concentration of 0.9 mcg/mL (0.6, 2.2). TABLE 1.Enrolled Patient Characteristics and Plasma Ampicillin ConcentrationsFigure 1.Ampicillin Post-Discontinuation Antibiotic Exposures in Low Birthweight Infants (1500g-2500g)MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration. GBS = Group B Streptococcus. Each individual symbol represents one sample collected. MICs based on European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints (8 for E. coli, 0.25mcg/mL for Group B Streptococcus). Conclusion In this small cohort of premature infants, exposures of ampicillin remained therapeutic for at least 24 hours post drug discontinuation and suggests that shorter duration of empirical ampicillin treatments may be warranted in this population. Disclosures Daniel Benjamin, Jr., MD PhD MPH, Allergan: Advisor/Consultant|Melinta Therapuetics: Advisor/Consultant|Syneos Health: Advisor/Consultant Rachel Greenberg, MD, MB, MHS, Provepharm Inc: Advisor/Consultant|Tellus Therapeutics: Advisor/Consultant.

Алхимични символи и мотиви в новелата на Е. Т. А. Хофман Златната делва

The present observations are an attempt at the study of the novel “The Golden Pot” by E. T. A. Hoffmann. The purpose of the article is to propose a possible way of interpreting Hoffmann's work full of symbolism through the prism of alchemical art. Through the juxtaposition of the “Golden Pot” and alchemical symbolism, parallels are sought between the fusion of Anselmus and the Serpentine and the alchemical fusion of the White Queen and the Red King that creates the Philosopher's Stone. The observations are directed, on the one hand, to the overall structure of the novella, as a kind of alchemical opus. Individual elements and symbols that could also be interpreted as alchemical are also sought.

The Method of Probabilistic Nodes Combination in Biomechanics

Proposed method, called Probabilistic Nodes Combination (PNC), is the method of 2D curve modeling and handwriting identification by using the set of key points. Nodes are treated as characteristic points of signature or handwriting for modeling and writer recognition. Identification of handwritten letters or symbols need modeling and the model of each individual symbol or character is built by a choice of probability distribution function and nodes combination. PNC modeling via nodes combination and parameter γ as probability distribution function enables curve parameterization and interpolation for each specific letter or symbol. Two-dimensional curve is modeled and interpolated via nodes combination and different functions as continuous probability distribution functions: polynomial, sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, logarithm, exponent, arc sin, arc cos, arc tan, arc cot or power function.

Sign and Symbolic Systems as Cultural Codes: Recognition and Interaction of Symbols

The purpose of the study is to reveal the patterns of pictorial coding and the formation of symbolic images and visual systems based on them in propaganda graphics during the war between russia and Ukraine. Research methods. The methodology of the research is based on semantic and structural art analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is the reflecting of the spectrum of iconic and symbolic images, which represent the accuracy of coding socio-historical events and the clarity of their fixation in visual communications; and also – detection of differentiation of standard and innovative signs and symbols. Conclusions. In the considered poster projects, the most characteristic forms of image-visual coding of information are highlighted; there are established "traditional", "innovative" and "situational" symbolic forms, and the conditions of their interaction to ensure the quality of the communicative process are defined. Thus, the campaign graphics of KNUKiM students reveals appealing to the treasure trove of already established forms of conventional signs-indexes and conventional symbols, as well as its enrichment with new symbols. Violent and rapidly changing social events and the need for their wide discussion in society lead to the formation of both new visual word images and their "word combinations" and linguistic interpretations. Simultaneously, visual symbols are updated, containing layers of information that are much larger and more meaningful than the initial interpretation of each individual symbol. At the same time, the combined use of various symbols and the leveling of the unification of visual stylistics lead to unexpected and not always expected by the authors results of the "decoding" graphic appeals. In view of the mentioned problem, it is urgent and necessary to focus the attention of scientists on the in-depth and more detailed illumination of symbols and stylistic ways of their display, which are currently being formed and spread in the information environment.

The Method of Probabilistic Nodes Combination in Handwritten Character Reconstruction

Proposed method, called Probabilistic Nodes Combination (PNC), is the method of 2D curve modeling and handwriting identification by using the set of key points. Nodes are treated as characteristic points of signature or handwriting for modeling and writer recognition. Identification of handwritten letters or symbols need modeling and the model of each individual symbol or character is built by a choice of probability distribution function and nodes combination. PNC modeling via nodes combination and parameter γ as probability distribution function enables curve parameterization and interpolation for each specific letter or symbol. Two-dimensional curve is modeled and interpolated via nodes combination and different functions as continuous probability distribution functions: polynomial, sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, logarithm, exponent, arc sin, arc cos, arc tan, arc cot or power function.

Corrigendum for Skyschally et al., volume 315, 2018, p. H159–H172

CorrigendumCorrigendum for Skyschally et al., volume 315, 2018, p. H159–H172Published Online:24 May 2022https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00152.2018_COROriginal articleMoreSectionsPDF (179 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Skyschally A, Kleinbongard P, Lieder H, Gedik N, Stoian L, Amanakis G, Elbers E, Heusch G. Humoral transfer and intramyocardial signal transduction of protection by remote ischemic perconditioning in pigs, rats, and mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 315: H159–H172, 2018. First published March 23, 2018. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00152.2018.In the published article, there was an error in Fig. 5, A and B. Due to an internal calibration error and an improper focus of the fluorescence detector over the well plates containing the samples, the reported absolute numbers for mitochondrial ATP and ROS formation were incorrect by an order of magnitude. The authors were unable to reconstruct the true absolute numbers and have requested the removal of these data. The authors apologize for this error and state that it does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The corrected Fig. 5 with revised legend appears below.Figure 5.Mitochondrial calcium retention capacity in isolated rat hearts with infusion of pig plasma. A and B: original data removed. C and D: data without (C) and with (D) cyclosporin A. TC, time control; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; pPLA, plasma taken from pigs after placebo (PLA); pRPER, plasma taken from pigs after remote ischemic perconditioning (RPER); aliquots of pPLA and pRPER samples (individual open symbols with the same shape within pPLA or pRPER represent plasma samples from the same pig, respectively) were retested in rat hearts subjected to reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK; +RISK-BL) or survivor activating factor enhancement (SAFE; +SAFE-BL) blockade, respectively. Closed symbols: means ± SD; *P < 0.05 vs. TC, #P < 0.05 vs. pRPER and I/R (one-way ANOVA; Fisher’s LSD post hoc tests). LSD, least significant difference.Download figureDownload PowerPointThis article has no references to display. Download PDF Previous Back to Top FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationRelated articlesHumoral transfer and intramyocardial signal transduction of protection by remote ischemic perconditioning in pigs, rats, and mice 09 Jul 2018American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology More from this issue > Volume 322Issue 6June 2022Pages H1086-H1086 Crossmark Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2022 the American Physiological Society.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00152.2018_CORPubMed35608821History Published online 24 May 2022 Published in print 1 June 2022 Metrics Downloaded 103 times