Individual Student Characteristics Research Articles

Justice and care: decision making by medical school student promotions committees

The function of medical school entities that determine student advancement or dismissal has gone largely unexplored. The decision making of 'academic progress' or student promotions committees is examined using a theoretical framework contrasting ethics of justice and care, with roots in the moral development work of theorists Kohlberg and Gilligan. To ascertain promotions committee members' conceptualisation of the role of their committee, ethical orientations used in member decision making, and student characteristics most influential in that decision making. An electronic survey was distributed to voting members of promotions committees at 143 accredited allopathic medical schools in the USA. Descriptive statistics were calculated and data were analysed by gender, role, institution type and class size. Respondents included 241 voting members of promotions committees at 55 medical schools. Respondents endorsed various promotions committee roles, including acting in the best interest of learners' future patients and graduating highly qualified learners. Implementing policy was assigned lower importance. The overall pattern of responses did not indicate a predominant orientation toward an ethic of justice or care. Respondents indicated that committees have discretion to take individual student characteristics into consideration during deliberations, and that they do so in practice. Among the student characteristics with the greatest influence on decision making, professionalism and academic performance were paramount. Eighty-five per cent of participants indicated that they received no training. Promotions committee members do not regard orientations of justice and care as being mutually exclusive and endorse an array of statements regarding the committee's purpose that may conflict with one another. The considerable variance in the influence of student characteristics and the general absence of committee member training indicate a need for clear delineation of the medical profession's priorities in terms of justice and care, and of the specific student characteristics that should factor into deliberations.

Students' health: an integrative review on family and bullying.

Bullying is a public health problem and this integrative review's aim was to assess the relationship between family context and the occurrence of such a phenomenon. Its original contribution is to broadly address this type of violence. The SPIDER strategy was used to develop the study, which was guided by the question: what is the role of the family in the development, perpetuation and prevention of bullying? The following databases were searched: PsycInfo and Lilacs, and the SciELO Virtual Library using the descriptors 1. bullying and family; 2. bullying and parents, and their correlates in Portuguese and Spanish. The studies' methodological quality was assessed according to level of evidence. A total of 27 papers published between 2009 and 2013 and written either in English, Spanish or Portuguese were included; the evidence found in the papers mostly ranged from strong to moderate. The analysis revealed most studies had a cross-sectional design and did not report the theoretical framework used. Aspects of the family context, sociodemographic characteristics and domestic violence, were associated with the involvement of students with bullying. Bullying requires intersectorial interventions and further studies are recommended to focus not only on individual characteristics of students but also on their contexts.

Вплив освітньої системи на рівень особистісної тривожності учнів вальдорфської школи та учнів загальноосвітніх шкіл

У статті здійснено теоретичний аналіз проблеми впливу освітньої системи на рівень особистісної тривожності учнів. Виокремлено найістотніші причини виникнення тривожності школярів різних вікових груп. Розкрито основні відмінності рівнів особистісної тривожності учнів вальдорфської та загальноосвітніх шкіл. Надано рекомендації щодо корекціїосвітньої системи з метою зниження тривожності та стабілізації емоційного стану учнів.

Volunteer Work for Developing Skills in Prospective Specialists in Physical Culture and Sports

Professional training assumes the formation of the young generation of spiritual values and ideals, behavioral stereotypes and concrete actions. The purpose of the research was to analyze the directions of using volunteer activity in the formation of professional and social competencies of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. The realities of the training of specialists allowed us to single out professional and social competencies as a separate species. The graduate should have an understanding and perception of ethical norms of behavior, understand the need to observe the norms of a healthy lifestyle, be creative, sociable, tolerant. In his professional work should provide for the prospects of working with the formation of a system of goals, to design the content of educational and upbringing activities with self–monitoring and self–evaluation of the work performed. It is determined that the pedagogical functions of volunteer activity are the orientation of the individual in social relations; The creation of an educational space; Ensuring the possibility of acquiring the experience of social and communicative interaction. The experience of using volunteer activity testifies to the need to ensure the unity of theoretical knowledge and practical activity, which is represented by the «model of formation» using different forms of organization in the following areas: educational, sports and social component within the framework of the students' practical training of the faculty of physical education and sport. To assess the effectiveness of experimental work on the impact of volunteer work on the formation of professional and social competence, we used quantitative and qualitative assessments, which express the changes in the characteristics of individual students. In terms of readiness of the future teacher to education of students was recorded positive trend: students with low level of readiness was 36,4 % less; middle and high readiness – more by 26,4 and 11,1 % respectively, confirming the effectiveness of educational practice using components of volunteering and its impact on the formation of professional and social competencies. Analyzing the experience of using volunteering at the Faculty of Physical Education and SportsKherson state university note that it promotes the professional experience of moral consciousness; encourages the development of motivational sphere student, his personal qualities, aspiration to self development, to expand professional competence.

Peer discussions in lecture-based tutorials in introductory physics

Group characteristics may be better predictors of learning gains than individual student characteristics.

Развитие одаренности старшеклассников в условиях профильного филологического обучения

In the modern reform of education (образование) the question is crucial for one of the most important tasks of specialized education (обучение) is one of the main tasks of comprehensive schooling in Ukraine – that of personality formation and development based on individual characteristics of students, their educational needs, cognitive interests, abilities and aptitudes, in connection with future occupational directions. Senior students with philological specialisation are taught on the basis of a communicative-cognitive approach, which provides in-depth knowledge of language phenomena and develops communicative abilities and skills. The development of gifted students’ potential is the most important task of the current education system. However, the giftedness of a senior student should be considered as an inclination toward a certain occupation or to building healthy relationships in society, rather than only as a high level of particular knowledge or activities. The important components of such a system are: the particular orientation of the conception of giftedness and specialized education; the identification of the level of giftedness and aptitude for the philological sciences; the assessment of the framework for giftedness development, the design of techniques and methods for teaching and learning, as well as the nurturing of the creative potential of senior students with philological aptitudes for their further self-realization during their philology studies and their practical work as philologists.

Let’s Talk Politics

Deliberative democratic theory puts discussions at the centre of democracy. Schools are places where young people can practise such discussions. In this article, we argue that these perceptions of deliberation in class are differential for different young people. Individual student characteristics matter when making schools successful in creating an ‘open discussion climate’. Using the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) 2009, we find that gender, self-efficacy and socio-economic background have an impact on the perception of such a climate. If students evaluate discussion opportunities differently based on background characteristics, alternate strategies should be developed to get everyone to deliberate. Future research looking into the quality of discussions should take this into account, as boys or students with a lower SES (socio-economic status) might need extra stimulation to perceive the classroom as a place to discuss public matters. Also, schools and policymakers should be aware when deciding which civic education strategy should be followed to obtain the desired results.

Intelligent system for statistically significant expertise knowledge on the basis of the model of self-organizing nonequilibrium dissipative system

Development of the modern educational technologies caused by broad introduction of comput-er testing and development of distant forms of education does necessary revision of methods of an examination of pupils. In work it was shown, need transition to mathematical criteria, exami-nations of knowledge which are deprived of subjectivity. In article the review of the problems arising at realization of this task and are offered approaches for its decision. The greatest atten-tion is paid to discussion of a problem of objective transformation of rated estimates of the ex-pert on to the scale estimates of the student. In general, the discussion this question is was con-cluded that the solution to this problem lies in the creation of specialized intellectual systems. The basis for constructing intelligent system laid the mathematical model of self-organizing nonequilibrium dissipative system, which is a group of students. This article assumes that the dissipative system is provided by the constant influx of new test items of the expert and non-equilibrium – individual psychological characteristics of students in the group. As a result, the system must self-organize themselves into stable patterns. This patern will allow for, relying on large amounts of data, get a statistically significant assessment of student. To justify the pro-posed approach in the work presents the data of the statistical analysis of the results of testing a large sample of students (> 90). Conclusions from this statistical analysis allowed to develop intelligent system statistically significant examination of student performance. It is based on data clustering algorithm (k-mean) for the three key parameters. It is shown that this approach allows you to create of the dynamics and objective expertise evaluation.

Research on MOOC Domestic Learning User Groups

This paper mainly introduces the study of MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) domestic learning user groups. At first, by analyzing the status and development of mainstream MOOC platforms at home and abroad, comparing and analyzing their existing teaching modes, we found that the main drawback of MOOC teaching is the high drop-out rate. And Point out the main reason is that the current MOOC teaching models lack individualized research on learners. And then we analyze current learning users from both age and educational background. It is concluded that the main learning group of MOOC is the post-90s college students. Finally, we make a brief analysis of the characteristics of the 90 - year - old college students, and puts forward some suggestions to the MOOC teaching development according to the individual characteristics of the 90th college students.

Готовность к риску в нестандартных ситуациях взаимодействия у студентов педагогических и непедагогических специальностей

In the theoretical and empirical study it was shown that risk readiness is a personal quality of the optimal level of development that determines the effectiveness of pedagogical interaction, and is manifested in teachers (future teachers) whose activities correspond to the model of professional development. The optimal level of readiness for risk is associated with the individual psychological characteristics of students (future teachers): self-awareness, communicative competence, flexibility. The highest rates of risk readiness were found in first-year students, the lowest in graduate students. The level of readiness for risk among students (farmers of 1 to 4 year of study) has not changed. Specially developed training seminar is an effective tool for optimizing the level of risk preparedness.

Unfulfilled Potential: High-Achieving Minority Students and the High School Achievement Gap in Math

This study uses multilevel modeling to examine a subset of the highest performing 9th graders and explores the extent that achievement gaps in math widen for high performing African American and Latino students and their high performing White and Asian peers during high school. Using nationally representative data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09), this study aims to address three research questions: 1) To what degree does the achievement gap widen between different ethnic groups during high school; 2) To what extent can a widening achievement gap be explained by individual and school characteristics of students?; and 3) To what extent are the effects of various factors on achievement moderated by race/ethnicity? The study finds that factors such as advanced course placement and socio-economic status (both individual and school SES) explain away the gap for high achieving Latino 11th graders and some of the gap for African American 11th graders while student background explains away the large advantage for Asian 11th graders. Notably, the effect of math efficacy on math achievement is shown to vary by race/ethnicity. This study has important implications for post-secondary opportunities for high-achieving African American and Latino students.

МУЛЬТИМЕДІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ У МУЗИЧНО-ТЕОРЕТИЧНІЙ ПІДГОТОВЦІ МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ МУЗИЧНОГО МИСТЕЦТВА

The article presents one of the most current problems of modern music and theoretical education concerning the use of multimedia music and theoretical training of future music teachers. The author actualizes an issue of updating music and pedagogic education through the introduction of a system of advanced computer technology, including the use of modern multimedia facilities in the educational process along with the traditional technologies. In the author’s opinion, it will not only increase motivation, enhance cognitive and creative activities, realize the maximum potential future professionals, but will provide an opportunity to integrate a large amount of knowledge into almost single system. The author supposes an objective demand for the active introduction of multimedia technology in the educational process of art education for the transition to a new level of music and theoretical training of the future music teachers. The article presents the term “multimedia” and defines the concept of “multimedia technology”, which is the amount of technologies that allow the computer to enter, process, store, transmit and display data such as text, graphics, animation, images, video, sound, speech, etc. The article states that the use of multimedia technologies in this field has its limits, according to the nature of music education. However, the use of multimedia technologies during the music and theoretical cycle caused by a wide range of the following tasks: increasing information saturation of the lesson, visibility, savings organizational efforts of the teacher, optimization control skills of the student, taking into account the individual characteristics of students, improvement of learning and memorizing, etc. The author emphasizes that the multimedia product as one of the most modern ways of presenting information in music and theoretical subjects, which can be represented as presentations, video-anthologies, encyclopedic textbooks, reference books, electronic books and manuals, the simulator for practicing various skills tests, quizzes and highlights the most common applications used in modern practice of teaching music and theoretical subjects

Does Studying in a Strong School Guarantee Good College Performance?

The paper tests the hypothesis about better academic performance of graduates from stronger high schools and the nature of correlations between college students’ achievements and their high school performance (whether they performed on average better or worse than their peers) with due regard for school characteristics. Regression analysis is used to measure the relationship between college performance and USE (Unified State Exam) scores, the type of high school, and high school performance (while controlling for individual student characteristics), as well as the fact of receiving regional Governor’s scholarship in addition to student allowance. The sample includes 313 first-year Economics and Management students admitted to National Research University Higher School of Economics (Perm) in 2012 and 2013. Cumulative first-year GPA is used as an indicator of academic performance. As it turns out, graduating from an advanced high school or from a school with high average USE scores in mathematics provides no guarantee of better educational outcomes for firstyear students. High school performance correlates positively with academic achievements in college, the degree of relationship depending on school characteristics. Educational outcomes of students who performed better than average in low-performing schools can be explained by the high level of ntrinsic motivation typical of academically successful students. Therefore, ignoring the information on college performance of graduates from low-performing schools may lead to underestimating their academic achievement. The fact of receiving a Governor’s scholarship proves to be a significant performance factor for Management students only.

Motivational Factors for the Master's Degree: a Comparison between Students in Accounting And Economics in the Light of the Self-Determination Theory,

ABSTRACT The general aim of this study was identifying the motivational level of students in Accounting and Economics regarding the search for a stricto sensu graduate degree. Also, it sought to determine the variables that significantly influence the motivation of these individuals. Having the Self-Determination Theory as a basis, a questionnaire was prepared resorting to the Academic Motivation Scale developed by Vallerand, Pelletier, Blais, Brière, Senécal, and Vallières (1992), and translated into Portuguese by Sobral (2003). The database contains observations of 173 university students from public institutions in Minas Gerais, Brazil, which provided courses in Accounting and Economics. The methodological procedure consisted in conducting a non-parametric test of mean values for the Motivation Self-Determination Index (MSI) of students, in calculating the correlations between the MSI and individual characteristics of students, and finally in estimating multiple linear regressions. Research results indicated that students in Accounting showed no difference regarding the motivational level when compared to students in Economics. It was also possible to notice that women, older students, scientific initiation scholarship holders, those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and those whose mothers have higher educational level tend to have a rather self-determined motivation. Additionally, it was found that insertion into the labor market increases self-determined motivation to pursue a stricto sensu Master's degree only in the case of students in Accounting. The research was limited to the fact that the sample only included students of public education institutions from Minas Gerais. For future research, it is suggested that the procedures of this study be replicated in privet institution and in different states.

Estimating True Student Growth Percentile Distributions Using Latent Regression Multidimensional IRT Models.

Student Growth Percentiles (SGPs) increasingly are being used in the United States for inferences about student achievement growth and educator effectiveness. Emerging research has indicated that SGPs estimated from observed test scores have large measurement errors. As such, little is known about "true" SGPs, which are defined in terms of nonlinear functions of latent achievement attributes for individual students and their distributions across students. We develop a novel framework using latent regression multidimensional item response theory models to study distributional properties of true SGPs. We apply these methods to several cohorts of longitudinal item response data from more than 330,000 students in a large urban metropolitan area to provide new empirical information about true SGPs. We find that true SGPs are correlated 0.3 to 0.5 across mathematics and English language arts, and that they have nontrivial relationships with individual student characteristics, particularly student race/ethnicity and absenteeism. We evaluate the potential of using these relationships to improve the accuracy of SGPs estimated from observed test scores, finding that accuracy gains even under optimal circumstances are modest. We also consider the properties of SGPs averaged to the teacher level, widely used for teacher evaluations. We find that average true SGPs for individual teachers vary substantially as a function of the characteristics of the students they teach. We discuss implications of our findings for the estimation and interpretation of SGPs at both the individual and aggregate levels.

HISTORICAL-PEDAGOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPING RESEARCH SKILLS IN STUDENTS, AS A FACTOR IN EFFECTIVE LEARNING

Особая форма процесса познания это – исследование, то есть целенаправленное и систематическое изучение, в котором применяются средства науки, и, которое завершается формированием знаний об изучаемых объектах. В широком смысле исследование – это поиск новых знаний. С другой стороны (в узком смысле) исследование – научный метод изучения чего-либо. Познавательные способности обучающихся базируются на умении «исследовать». Цель нашего исследования – проблема формирования и развития исследовательских умений у студентов. Эти умения характеризуют многие виды деятельности, соответствующие различным уровням профессионализма. Развитие исследовательских умений определяет успех обучения. Методическое мастерство преподавателя проявляется, не только в решении определенных задач преподавания, сколько в том, как эти задачи решаются. Без знания историко-педагогического наследия невозможно решать проблему развития исследовательских умений у обучающихся. В статье проведен историко-педагогический анализ литературных источников по проблеме формирования исследовательских умений у обучающихся. Рассмотрены определенные периоды в становлении процесса формирования и развития исследовательских способностей у обучаемых в ходе их образования. Эта идея существовала не обособленно, а в общей системе других наук, особенно математики и философии и актуальна уже ни одно столетие. Меняются педагогические подходы к осуществлению этой идеи, так как меняются условия педагогической деятельности и индивидуальные особенности обучающихся. Но формировать и развивать у учеников умения самостоятельно мыслить, осуществлять исследование – один из методов успешного обучения.

THE HEALTH PROTECTION GUIDELINES OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE TO TEACH PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The article is considered of criteria focused on the basis preserving the health younger pupils on the grounds organizational culture of learning; it is given the experience of teachers and scientists are tested the results of psychological research. The conceptually defined a health supporting position of education for primary school teachers and students' family. It is grounded scientific and personality oriented approaches with their practical realization in teaching and organization of the educational activities, it’s aimed to support health of students and teachers. Teacher is recommended guided by the Constitution, rules of the health regulations and rules of the external and internal culture, that developed in partnership with the students' families to adhere to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The content of the material corresponds to individual psychological characteristics students that are considered specialized understanding of the values of health and its meaning in the learning process. Identification of natural and obtained abilities, habits of students with compliance methodological organizational culture. The content of the material corresponds to individual psychological characteristics of students considered specialized understanding of the values of health and its meaning in the classroom. Identification of natural and acquired abilities, habits of students in compliance with organizational culture methodologies. Scientific research approaches and providing the action information content culture is defined conditions for the implementation of the curriculum that integrate with the search for information about health innovation students. In the implementation of an integrated educational content is supported constant communication with parents who undergo medical examination every year, research and analytical overview of their research results in the study of the health of the students.

Standards of students' achievements functioning in efficient differentiated mathematics teaching

Contemporary Teaching Mathematics Methodology means considering different characteristics of students, who do not require the same treatment proposed by the classical way of teaching. Introducing innovations into Mathematics teaching should represent a reaction to disadvantages of traditional Mathematics teaching. They must be created in the way to contribute to the efficiency of teaching. Standard innovations of students as educational innovation, has the aim to help teachers prepare classes, which will meet the requirements of individual characteristics of students. There are standards in initial Mathematics teaching which consider intellectual-mathematical abilities of students. Connection of the three-level aspect of teaching differentiation and three levels of standard of students' achievements can contribute to improvement of work in teaching. The significance of preparation o differentiated Mathematics teaching according to the achievement standards is seen in the level of erasing knowledge of students, as well as development of potential abilities of each student. This paper is devoted to aspects of functional using of standards of students' achievements in organising efficient differentiated Mathematics teaching. For the purpose of clearer observation of the mentioned topic and its significance in teaching, we are first to analyse the term of differentiated teaching, standards of students' achievements and its three-degree interconnectivity. Special attention is going to be given to potential significance of standards in differentiated teaching as aspect of contemporary approach to teaching Mathematics. In this way, we would like to provoke our professional audience to discuss the influence of standards on the success of students in initial Mathematics teaching.

Relationship of Ethical Knowledge to Action in Senior Baccalaureate Nursing Students.

It is not known if nursing graduates have skills to manage ethical clinical situations. This study examined the relationship between knowledge of ethics to choices of action in baccalaureate nursing students. It explored individual student characteristics to determine what impact these have on the relationship between knowledge and action. A significant correlation between knowledge of ethics and action was found. College courses on ethics, previous experience in making health care decisions, or general health care experience did not significantly impact this relationship, but the data trended toward significance with previous experience in making decisions and supported a need for further research.

Представление знаний учащихся в виде фреймов на основе метода интеллект-карт

The article considers the problem of diagnosing individual characteristics of students’ knowledge. It is shown that an adequate model for knowledge
 representation is the model of frames. The article describes the psychological processes underlying the formation of frames, and the role of implicit
 processes in the development of cognitive representation of the world in the mind of the student. Frames of diff erent are classifi ed, its brief descriptions
 are provided, essential features are highlighted, the role of frames as a way of presenting various components of training content is described. It is shown
 that adequate means of diagnostics of basic frames formation is the method of mind mapping. A specifi c example describes all the stages of building
 mind maps. The paper analyzes the features of mind maps, which allow interpreting them as a visual image of individual frames. Examples of students’
 mind maps, confi rming the validity of this conclusion, are provided.