Individual Stages Research Articles

Exploring the Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pediatric Diabetes: Current Practices, Innovative Metrics, and Future Implications.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, including real-time CGM and intermittently scanned CGM, have revolutionized diabetes management, particularly in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). These systems provide detailed insights into glucose variability and detect asymptomatic and nocturnal hypoglycemia, addressing limitations of traditional self-monitoring blood glucose methods. CGM devices measure interstitial glucose concentrations constantly, enabling proactive therapeutic decisions and optimization of glycemic control through stored data analysis. CGM metrics such as time in range, time below range, and coefficient of variation are crucial for managing T1D, with emerging metrics like time in tight range and glycemia risk index showing potential for enhanced glycemic assessment. Recent advancements suggest the utility of CGM systems in monitoring the early stages of T1D and individuals with obesity complicated by pre-diabetes, highlighting its therapeutic versatility. This review discusses the current CGM systems for T1D during the pediatric age, established and emerging metrics, and future applications, emphasizing the critical role of CGM devices in improving glycemic control and clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with diabetes.

The Polish Society of Gynecological Oncology Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Cancer (v2024.0).

Background: Recent publications underscore the need for updated recommendations addressing less radical surgery for <2 cm tumors, induction chemotherapy, or immunotherapy for locally advanced stages of cervical cancer, as well as for the systemic therapy for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer. Aim: To summarize the current evidence for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cervical cancer and provide evidence-based clinical practice recommendations. Methods: Developed according to AGREE II standards, the guidelines classify scientific evidence based on the Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System criteria. Recommendations are graded by evidence strength and consensus level from the development group. Key Results: (1) Early-Stage Cancer: Stromal invasion and lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI) from pretreatment biopsy identify candidates for surgery, particularly for simple hysterectomy. (2) Surgical Approach: Minimally invasive surgery is not recommended, except for T1A, LVSI-negative tumors, due to a reduction in life expectancy. (3) Locally Advanced Cancer: concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) followed by brachytherapy (BRT) is the cornerstone treatment. Low-risk patients (fewer than two metastatic nodes or FIGO IB2-II) may consider induction chemotherapy (ICT) followed by CCRT and BRT after 7 days. High-risk patients (two or more metastatic nodes or FIGO IIIA, IIIB, and IVA) benefit from pembrolizumab with CCRT and maintenance therapy. (4) Metastatic, Persistent, and Recurrent Cancer: A PD-L1 status from pretreatment biopsy identifies candidates for Pembrolizumab with available systemic treatment, while triplet therapy (Atezolizumab/Bevacizumab/chemotherapy) becomes a PD-L1-independent option. Conclusions: These evidence-based guidelines aim to improve clinical outcomes through precise treatment strategies based on individual risk factors, predictors, and disease stages.

Distribution and habitat database of fluvial Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera from Sierra Nevada, Spain

Sierra Nevada (southern Iberian Peninsula) harbours a great biodiversity and the studies on some aquatic insect groups have been and continue to be numerous there. This database brings together information on Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera inhabiting running waters of this mountain system above 800 m of altitude. It includes data on the number, life stage and sex of individuals as well as the available information on abiotic characteristics of their habitats. The dataset is composed of 1,718 sampling events carried out between 1901 and 2022 in approximately 60 different water bodies, 15,347 occurrences pertaining to more than 203,000 individuals, and 10,173 records of associated measurements (23 physico-chemical parameters). The dataset is the result of a comprehensive review of scientific literature and of integrating data from recent research projects and the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory’s long-term monitoring data. This information is valuable for those studying past distributions and abundances of the species in the dataset, for building predictive models or just studying temporal trends in the current context of climate change.

Genetic neural network based background calibration method for pipeline ADC

This article presents a pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) background calibration method that combines genetic algorithm (GA) and neural network (NN) algorithm. The proposed method uses ADC outputs or individual stage sub-ADC outputs for NN training, employs GA for global optimization of the NN's initial setup to avoid local optima traps, and utilizes a parallel pipeline architecture to create a high-throughput calibration circuit with optimized multiply-accumulator (MAC) to minimize resource consumption. Through simulation on a 6-stage 14-bit pipelined ADC model, the proposed method demonstrated superiority over traditional calibration techniques and other NN-based calibration strategies. Specifically, after calibration, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNDR), spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), and effective number of bits (ENOB) are significantly improved from 57.72 dB, 59.77 dB, and 8.79 bits to 104.61 dB, 152.64 dB, and 17.08 bits, respectively.

Adaptation process of parents experiencing the coming out of their child

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the study was to analyze the process of adaptation in parents residing in Poland whose child has revealed their gay/lesbian sexual orientation or gender identity and determine the stages and conditions of this process.BackgroundWhen a young person discloses their gay/lesbian sexual orientation or transgender identity, their parents' reaction has a significant impact on their psychological well‐being and on whether their family system can survive.MethodThis study, carried out from July to November 2022, involved conducting 21 interviews with parents residing in Poland whose child (whether a younger child, an adolescent, or an emerging adult) had come out about their gay/lesbian sexual orientation or transgender identity.ResultsAnalysis of interviews conducted during the research revealed the main stages of the process of parents' adaptation to their child coming out: initial attribution, coming out, secondary attribution, confrontation, and acceptance. For individual stages, we categorized reactions, which complement the description of an individual trajectory of adaptation.ConclusionIt is our opinion that for parents experiencing their child's coming out, the concept of their adaptation should be expanded to include a theory of grief and psychological crisis, highlighting the parents' need for cognitive‐functional validation of the situation.ImplicationsFuture research should seek to individualize the adaptation trajectories of parents whose child has come out about their sexual orientation or gender identity and relate these analyses to both mothers' and fathers' parental roles.

The impact of urbanization on health depends on the health metric, life stage and level of urbanization: a global meta-analysis on avian species.

Stressors associated with urban habitats have been linked to poor wildlife health but whether a general negative relationship between urbanization and animal health can be affirmed is unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of avian literature to test whether health biomarkers differed on average between urban and non-urban environments, and whether there are systematic differences across species, biomarkers, life stages and species traits. Our dataset included 644 effect sizes derived from 112 articles published between 1989 and 2022, on 51 bird species. First, we showed that there was no clear impact of urbanization on health when we categorized the sampling locations as urban or non-urban. However, we did find a small negative effect of urbanization on health when this dichotomous variable was replaced by a quantitative variable representing the degree of urbanization at each location. Second, we showed that the effect of urbanization on avian health was dependent on the type of health biomarker measured as well as the individual life stage, with young individuals being more negatively affected. Our comprehensive analysis calls for future studies to disentangle specific urban-related drivers of health that might be obscured in categorical urban versus non-urban comparisons.

The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Antioxidant Therapies.

This review article delves into the intricate roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It presents a detailed analysis of the oxidative stress mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of these diseases. The review systematically explores the dual nature of ROS in ocular physiology and pathology, underscoring their essential roles in cellular signaling and detrimental effects when in excess. In the context of AMD, the focus is on the oxidative impairment in the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane, culminating in the deterioration of macular health. Central to this review is the evaluation of various antioxidant strategies in the prevention and management of AMD. It encompasses a wide spectrum of antioxidants, ranging from dietary nutrients like vitamins C and E, lutein, and zeaxanthin to pharmacological agents with antioxidative properties. The review also addresses novel therapeutic approaches, including gene therapy and nanotechnology-based delivery systems, aiming to enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms in ocular tissues. The article concludes by synthesizing current research findings, clinical trial data, and meta-analyses to provide evidence-based recommendations. It underscores the need for further research to optimize antioxidant therapies, considering individual patient factors and disease stages. This comprehensive review thus serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals in ophthalmology, offering insights into the potential of antioxidants in mitigating the burden of AMD.

Calorimetric and Volumetric Studies of Dislocations During Martensitic Transformations in Shape Memory TiNi Alloy

Based on the use of appropriate approaches, methods and results of the analysis of a number of topical problems of physical materials science, an in-depth analysis has been done of calorimetric and volumetric data for direct, reverse and deformation martensitic transformations in a nanostructured Ti49.3Ni50.7 shape memory alloy obtained by cold rolling with simultaneous action of pulsed high-density current. For the first time, by applying a new technique for processing calorimetric spectra (peaks), the staging and “kinetics” of changes in heat content, as well as thermal effects (enthalpies of individual stages) during direct and reverse martensitic transformations during cooling or heating of samples at a constant rate (3 × K/ min) in the range 170–370 K has been done. It is shown, by processing volumetric data, using theoretical values of the dislocation density and elements of the classical theory of dislocations, that in the Ti49.3Ni50.7 shape memory alloy subjected to cold deformation accompanied by the action of a pulsed current, a deformation martensitic transformation occurs, leading to a positive volume effect (∆V/V) ≈ 3 × 10–3), which can be largely due to dislocations. It is shown, by applying the theoretical values of the dislocation density and elements of the classical theory of dislocations, that the possible contributions of dislocations to the enthalpies of direct and reverse martensitic transformations (in the Ti49.3Ni50.7 alloy) can and should be significantly lower in absolute value, but opposite in sign to the observed enthalpies of direct and reverse martensitic transformation in a given alloy. It is shown that the physics of the processes under consideration is contained to a certain extent in scientific discoveries No. 239 “The phenomenon of thermoelastic equilibrium during phase transformations of the martensitic type – the Kurdyumov effect” and No. 339 “The phenomenon of the formation of non-equilibrium grain boundaries in polycrystals when they absorb lattice dislocations”.

Assessing the Efficacy of Various Differentiated Service Delivery (DSD) Models in Chosen Healthcare Centers within Masaiti District.

Purpose: This study delves into the assessment of Differentiated Service Delivery (DSD) models within the healthcare framework of Masaiti District, focusing on their effectiveness, components, and implementation challenges. Methodology: Using a mixed method approach with explanatory embedded design, the study objectives encompass a multi-faceted exploration. These include an analysis of the specific components integrated into each DSD model adopted in Masaiti, an investigation into the interplay between facility level and individual stage participation in differentiated care, and an identification of the implementation difficulties faced in public health facilities. Findings: The study reveals a statistically significant connection (p &lt; 0.05) between facility stage participation and individual stage engagement in differentiated care, with a Cramer's V coefficient of 0.131 indicating a small effect size. This suggests a feasible relationship between the degree of individual participation in differentiated care and the facility's capacity to encourage and facilitate such participation. Unique contribution to theory, practice, and policy (recommendations):This research provides valuable insights for healthcare policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in the design, implementation, and improvement of DSD models. It highlights the distinctive features and methodologies of each DSD model in Masaiti District, the influence of healthcare facility hierarchies on DSD model effectiveness, and the challenges encountered during implementation. By addressing these aspects, the study offers recommendations to enhance the efficacy and sustainability of DSD initiatives within the Masaiti healthcare context.

Overcoming Data Gaps in Life Course Epidemiology by Matching Across Cohorts.

Life course epidemiology is hampered by the absence of large studies with exposures and outcomes measured at different life stages in the same individuals. We describe when the effect of an exposure ( A ) on an outcome ( Y ) in a target population is identifiable in a combined ("synthetic") cohort created by pooling an early-life cohort including measures of A with a late-life cohort including measures of Y . We enumerate causal assumptions needed for unbiased effect estimation in the synthetic cohort and illustrate by simulating target populations under four causal models. From each target population, we randomly sampled early- and late-life cohorts and created a synthetic cohort by matching individuals from the two cohorts based on mediators and confounders. We estimated the effect of A on Y in the synthetic cohort, varying matching variables, the match ratio, and the strength of association between matching variables and A . Finally, we compared bias in the synthetic cohort estimates when matching variables did not d-separate A and Y to the bias expected in the original cohort. When the set of matching variables includes all variables d-connecting exposure and outcome (i.e., variables blocking all backdoor and front-door pathways), the synthetic cohort yields unbiased effect estimates. Even when matching variables did not fully account for confounders, the synthetic cohort estimate was sometimes less biased than comparable estimates in the original cohort. Methods based on merging cohorts may hasten the evaluation of early- and mid-life determinants of late-life health but rely on available measures of both confounders and mediators.

Algorithm for Evaluating the Difficulty of Land Consolidation Using Cadastral Data

Optimum planning and effective land consolidation, widely discussed by contemporary authors, is a response to the perceivable need to modernise global agriculture to ensure the community’s food security and create steady, sustainable development in rural areas. Adequate leveraging of agricultural policy instruments requires setting a correct strategic direction, including allocating available funds and considering the technical feasibility of the adopted assumptions. The selection of relevant methods to ensure the efficient and complete accomplishment of the anticipated results should follow a rational analysis of the actual work complexity. This paper presents an innovative, proprietary method for evaluating the difficulty of potential land consolidation using a standardised cadastral data set. The designed tool, which relies on automated algorithms applied in a GIS environment, provides accurate data describing the expected land consolidation complexity at individual stages of the procedure. Detailed and current information on land ownership, use, and farm geometry processed using efficient spatial and statistical analysis methods provides transparent and unambiguous results. The proposed solution was used in developing the difficulty assessment of land consolidation in 58 villages of the Strzyżów district in southeastern Poland.

Evaluating ChatGPT's moral competence in health care-related ethical problems.

Artificial intelligence tools such as Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) have been used for many health care-related applications; however, there is a lack of research on their capabilities for evaluating morally and/or ethically complex medical decisions. The objective of this study was to assess the moral competence of ChatGPT. This cross-sectional study was performed between May 2023 and July 2023 using scenarios from the Moral Competence Test (MCT). Numerical responses were collected from ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 to assess individual and overall stage scores, including C-index and overall moral stage preference. Descriptive analysis and 2-sided Student's t-test were used for all continuous data. A total of 100 iterations of the MCT were performed and moral preference was found to be higher in the latter Kohlberg-derived arguments. ChatGPT 4.0 was found to have a higher overall moral stage preference (2.325 versus 1.755) when compared to ChatGPT 3.5. ChatGPT 4.0 was also found to have a statistically higher C-index score in comparison to ChatGPT 3.5 (29.03 ± 11.10 versus 19.32 ± 10.95, P =.0000275). ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 trended towards higher moral preference for the latter stages of Kohlberg's theory for both dilemmas with C-indices suggesting medium moral competence. However, both models showed moderate variation in C-index scores indicating inconsistency and further training is recommended. ChatGPT demonstrates medium moral competence and can evaluate arguments based on Kohlberg's theory of moral development. These findings suggest that future revisions of ChatGPT and other large language models could assist physicians in the decision-making process when encountering complex ethical scenarios.

Detection of earnings manipulations during the corporate life cycle in Central European countries

Research background: The growing trend of financial distress risk worldwide increases the need for effective tools to detect accounting manipulation by stakeholders (debt holders, shareholders, suppliers, and customers). However, the well-known models of accrual earnings management do not reflect the financial specificity of individual life cycle stages and their cash flow patterns. Purpose of the article: The study examines the impact of the corporate life cycle on the reliability of accrual earnings management models and identifies appropriate models for detecting accounting manipulation in Central European countries. Methods: Seven accrual earnings management models were used. They were evaluated based on five criteria: explanatory power (adjusted coefficient of determination), overall significance of the regression model, significance of the regression coefficients, predicted sign of the regression coefficients, and standard errors of the estimated regression coefficients. Finally, a comprehensive scoring model was used to determine the overall quality of the models examined. The study was conducted on a sample of more than 30,000 enterprises from four Central European countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia), with data covering the period 2017–2021. The Dickinson non-sequential life cycle model was used to distinguish life cycle stages according to cash flow patterns. Findings &amp; value added: The results of the study suggest that, firstly, discretionary accruals vary across countries as well as over the firm's life cycle; earnings manipulations have an inverted U-shape with mature firms tending to reduce their accounting profit. The reliability of the models examined was poor in the case of start-ups. This reflects the need to distinguish between life cycle stages in the detection of earnings manipulation.

Evaluation of the frequency, damping, and vulnerability variations of masonry structures during the construction process using seismic response acquisition

The present paper focuses on the acquisition of the seismic responses of the masonry structures for evaluating the variations of the predominant frequency, damping ratio, and vulnerability index during their construction process. For this purpose, the seismic responses of three confined masonry structures against the ambient vibrations were acquired during their construction process in three sequential stages: (I) once their bearing walls in connection with the confined structural members and ceiling diaphragms were constructed; (II) once their partition walls in conjunction with plaster and mechanical equipment were performed; (III) once their facade and parapet elements in interaction with flooring and whitewashing were accomplished. Subsequently, the measured signals in accordance with the seismic responses of the masonry structures were processed through floor spectral ratio (FSR) and random decrement method (RDM) to exploit their predominant frequency, damping ratio, and vulnerability index in each individual stage. The measured seismic responses of three confined masonry structures demonstrated that the variations of the modal properties have substantially amplified throughout the construction process. Recursively, the vulnerability index has remarkably attenuated over entire stages. Ergo, it can be evolved that all aforementioned intrinsic characteristics of the studied masonry structures have significantly augmented during the construction process.

THE EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SELF-EFFICACY ON LEARNING INDEPENDENCE IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of emotional intelligence on learning independence in class XI students of SMA Negeri 20 Surabaya, examine the effect of self-efficacy on learning independence in class XI students of SMA Negeri 20 Surabaya, and examine the effect of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on learning independence in class XI students. SMA Negeri 20 Surabaya, and examine the effect of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on learning independence in class XI SMA Negeri 20 Surabaya. on learning independence in class XI students of SMA Negeri 20 Surabaya. All students of class XI group C SMA Negeri 20 as many as 72 students were determined as the population in this study. The technique sampling technique used is a simple random sampling technique and a sample of 33 students is determined. determined a sample of 33 students. The approach in this study is a quantitative approach. Method collection method used is a questionnaire method with a data measurement scale in the form of a Likert scale. Likert scale. The hypothesis test used is an analytical test conducted with two stages of testing, namely the individual (partial) stage using the simple linear regression test and the joint (simultaneous) stage using the simple linear regression test. simple linear regression and the joint stage (simultaneous) using multiple linear regression tests. multiple linear regression tests. The result of this study is that there is no effect of emotional intelligence on learning independence in class XI high school students. State 20 Surabaya. There is a very significant influence of self-efficacy on learning independence in class XI students of SMA Negeri 20 Surabaya. There is a very significant effect of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on learning independence in class XI SMA Negeri 20 Surabaya. learning independence in class XI students of SMA Negeri 20 Surabaya.

THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ACTORS AND LISTENERS/SPECTATORS IN THE PROCESS OF THEATRICAL PRODUCTION ACTIVITY

In the article, the author examines the role of actors' communication with listeners/spectators in the process of theatrical production activities. The study is based on the analysis of various methodological approaches to the investigation of the determined process. It has been found that theater acts as a powerful tool for catharsis, allowing listeners/spectators to "release" from "negative" emotions and feel a kind of purification. The essence of the concept of "theatrical performance" is justified as a fully completed artistic work, which is created by the joint efforts of the director, actors, listeners/spectators, artist and other creative workers. It has been established that the main direct participants in the process of theater and stage activity are: actors — creators of stage images, who use various means to express the author's idea and influence the emotional state of listeners/spectators; listeners/spectators who not only perceive the information "presented" by the actors, but also interpret it in their own minds. It has been proven that the communication of actors with listeners/spectators in the process of theatrical and stage activity plays a decisive role in the realization of the artistic intention of the author's work, because it is not one-sided and has a dynamic dialogic interaction, the direction of which affects the thoughts, emotions and behavior of both actors and consumers of their creativity. The communication of actors with listeners/spectators in the process of theatrical and stage activities is described from the standpoint of using verbal and non-verbal means of conveying "true" information to them. The means of communication between actors and listeners/spectators in the process of the specified activity are divided into two types: verbal (language, intonation, tone of voice, pauses, logical accents, etc.) and non-verbal (mimicry, gestures, plastic, costumes, scenery, light, etc.). It has been established that non-verbal means of communication between actors and listeners/spectators, as a rule, complement and strengthen the "truthfulness" of information conveyed to them by verbal means. The dependence of the effectiveness of the actors' communication with listeners/spectators in the process of theatrical and stage activities on such main factors as: the author's desire to maximally adhere to his own "vision" of the creative idea of the artistic work during its implementation; the director's interpretation of the work of art, taking into account the individual staging style; acting skills, which is determined by their ability to create convincing stage images and easily convey the necessary information to listeners/spectators; artistic and aesthetic tastes and level of general and artistic culture of listeners/spectators, etc. It has been proven that increasing the effectiveness of actors' communication with listeners/spectators is a common task of all participants in the process of theatrical and stage activities.

Multimodal subtypes identified in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants by missing-data-enabled subtype and stage inference.

Alzheimer's disease is a highly heterogeneous disease in which different biomarkers are dynamic over different windows of the decades-long pathophysiological processes, and potentially have distinct involvement in different subgroups. Subtype and Stage Inference is an unsupervised learning algorithm that disentangles the phenotypic heterogeneity and temporal progression of disease biomarkers, providing disease insight and quantitative estimates of individual subtype and stage. However, a key limitation of Subtype and Stage Inference is that it requires a complete set of biomarkers for each subject, reducing the number of datapoints available for model fitting and limiting applications of Subtype and Stage Inference to modalities that are widely collected, e.g. volumetric biomarkers derived from structural MRI. In this study, we adapted the Subtype and Stage Inference algorithm to handle missing data, enabling the application of Subtype and Stage Inference to multimodal data (magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, cerebrospinal fluid and cognitive tests) from 789 participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Missing-data Subtype and Stage Inference identified five subtypes having distinct progression patterns, which we describe by the earliest unique abnormality as 'Typical AD with Early Tau', 'Typical AD with Late Tau', 'Cortical', 'Cognitive' and 'Subcortical'. These new multimodal subtypes were differentially associated with age, years of education, Apolipoprotein E (APOE4) status, white matter hyperintensity burden and the rate of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease, with the 'Cognitive' subtype showing the fastest clinical progression, and the 'Subcortical' subtype the slowest. Overall, we demonstrate that missing-data Subtype and Stage Inference reveals a finer landscape of Alzheimer's disease subtypes, each of which are associated with different risk factors. Missing-data Subtype and Stage Inference has broad utility, enabling the prediction of progression in a much wider set of individuals, rather than being restricted to those with complete data.

Investigating the Impact of Information Distortions on the Resilience of Land-sea Transport Chains Under Business-environment Instability Conditions

Possessing reliable information is the basis for making accurate decisions when planning land-sea transport chains. Modern transport chains create increasingly complicated networks, which affect the decisions made when planning these chains. It should be noted, however, that information distortions may arise at individual stages of the transport process within complex transport chains. The article aims to examine the sources of hazards and risks occurring in land-sea transport chains, to determine the information distortion indicators that may be processed by transport and logistics industry enterprises under conditions of business environment instability, as well as to determine the levels of these chains' resilience to possible information distortions. The article presents the selected types of managerial decision errors. An approach to assessing the impact of distorted information on the decision-making process has been proposed. Information distortion indicators processed by transport and logistics industry enterprises in conditions of business-environment instability were also identified. An attempt was made to determine the possible levels of resilience of these chains to the symptoms of business-environment instability. It was found that, depending on the degree of distortion of the information used by the manager, their decision may be erroneous to a varying degree, while the degree of managerial decisions' incorrectness can be assessed by the number of decision-making cycles required to make and implement an effective decision.

Ice-marginal ridge relief complex in northern Kola Peninsula (NW Russia): morphology, structure, and genetic interpretation

A widely spread ridge relief complex was formed by the last ice cover in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula. The complex belongs to the ice-marginal formations of the ice streams of the north-eastern Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. The applied morphometric research technique (including the analysis of the digital elevation model) has allowed identifying the ridge relief complex to make a sub-longitudinal belt. The belt comprises frontal and radial ridges, ridges and hills of the distal part of the belt, and complex-shaped ridges. These landforms were studied in eight outcrops and trenches. The frontal and some complex-shaped ridges consist of basal and ablation tills and glaciofluvial deposits deformed by the east- and north-eastward advancing glacier. The radial ridges composed of glaciofluvial sediments are the eskers. Glaciofluvial deposits with a thin cover of ablation and flow tills form the ridges on the distal part of the belt. They mark the limits of glacier expansion at an individual glacial stage. Some complex-shaped ridges are composed only of the ablation melt-out till and formed in crevasses of dead ice massifs. The ridge relief complex shows morphological similarities with the Veiki moraine in North Sweden, Pulju moraine in Finland, and ridges of the “ice-walled-lake plains” in North America. The location of the moraine ridge landforms is controlled by the topography of crystalline bedrock. During the last glaciation, the glacier retreated in several stages marked by belts of the ridge landforms. Each stage was followed by a series of oscillations corresponding to chains of frontal moraine ridges. The correlation of the ice-marginal forms in other parts of the Kola and Karelia regions allows the authors to refer them to the Neva Stage (other names are Keiva I, Syamozero), which took place in the Older Dryas Stadial.

Hyperarousal features in the sleep architecture of individuals with and without insomnia

SummarySleep architecture encodes relevant information on the structure of sleep and has been used to assess hyperarousal in insomnia. This study investigated whether polysomnography‐derived sleep architecture displays signs of hyperarousal in individuals with insomnia compared with individuals without insomnia. Data from Phase 3 clinical trials, private clinics and a cohort study were analysed. A comprehensive set of sleep architecture features previously associated with hyperarousal were retrospectively analysed focusing on sleep–wake transition probabilities, electroencephalographic spectra and sleep spindles, and enriched with a novel machine learning algorithm called the Wake Electroencephalographic Similarity Index. This analysis included 1710 individuals with insomnia and 1455 individuals without insomnia. Results indicate that individuals with insomnia had a higher likelihood of waking from all sleep stages, and showed increased relative alpha during Wake and N1 sleep and increased theta power during Wake when compared with individuals without insomnia. Relative delta power was decreased and Wake Electroencephalographic Similarity Index scores were elevated across all sleep stages except N3, suggesting more wake‐like activity during these stages in individuals with insomnia. Additionally, sleep spindle density was decreased, and spindle dispersion was increased in individuals with insomnia. These findings suggest that insomnia is characterized by a dysfunction in sleep quality with a continuous hyperarousal, evidenced by changes in sleep–wake architecture.