Individual Occupations Research Articles

Screening of musculoskeletal disorders and levels of depression in transgender people of Multan

Objective: To perceive transgender health issues by evaluating their susceptibility to musculoskeletal problems and depression. Method: The cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted from January to April 2023at the Government Girls Comprehensive Higher Secondary School, Multan, Pakistan, a school for transgenders, and comprised subjects aged 18-40 years. Body mass index was calculated for each subject, and further data was collected using the Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Results: Of the 44 subjects, 26(59%) were transgender females and 18(41%) were transgender males. The overall mean age was 25.06±1.53. There were 17(39%) subjects who had received education, and 27(61%) were illiterate. Mean depression score was 24.7±11.5, and mean body mass index was 22.9±3.16. Mean pain intensity was 5.81±2.04. Correlation analysis revealed a complex relationship among age, gender, education, occupation and health variables (p<0.01). Conclusion: Musculoskeletal disorders and the level of depression were high and correlated with the occupation of transgender individuals. Key Words: Transgender persons, Musculoskeletal disorders, Social isolation, Depression.

Granular insights into occupant behaviours and CO2 emissions in the UK

Addressing global climate change necessitates a deep understanding of the sources of CO2 emissions, particularly at the individual level. While existing research has explored in depth the behavioural awareness of individual/household carbon emissions and its overall impacts, there remain significant research gaps in the understanding of how behavioural adjustments, influenced by individual factors, can be made to achieve carbon emission reductions under the current market mechanisms. This study aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed analysis of the carbon emissions associated with various activities of residents. Utilising the UK Time Use Survey, we applied path analysis and t-statistics to dissect how distinct occupant behaviours and their characteristics impact CO2 emissions. Our findings reveal age is a predominant driving factor in employment, studying, and media consumption, while gender significantly impacts household and care-related activities, and income levels influence emissions from hobbies and transportation. These insights highlight the importance of developing carbon reduction strategies that are developed on an individual behavioural basis to reach behavioural adjustments. Our analysis provides quartile results for different behaviours, aiding policymakers in devising carbon reduction strategies tailored to occupants' emissions profiles. Meanwhile, using scenario analysis, the policy has a carbon reduction potential ranging from 29.59% to 75.36%. Overall, our study offers empirical data and granular insights that can inform targeted interventions and policy formulations aimed at promoting carbon neutrality by focusing on the specific behaviours of individual occupants.

Wildlife resilience in an urban landscape: understanding land-use impacts in Cape Town

AbstractUrbanisation is rapidly transforming and fragmenting natural habitats, disrupting ecosystems and negatively impacting biodiversity. The City of Cape Town (CoCT) is situated in a global biodiversity hotspot, but sustained anthropogenic activities have resulted in the local extirpation of most medium and large mammals. A recent survey of mammals within urban protected areas of CoCT revealed that a few, mostly medium-sized generalist species, persist. It is uncertain which native mammal species, if any, inhabit the unprotected green belts and parks in suburban and urban areas of the city. A total of 37 camera trap sites were established along four transects for a period of four months between 31 January and 31 May 2022. A total of 12 terrestrial mammal species were detected, nine of which were wild native mammals and three domestic species. Most detections were in natural habitat followed by suburban, with urban areas having the lowest detection rate of wildlife. Single season hierarchical multi-species occupancy models revealed that tree cover had a significant positive effect on both community and individual species occupancy. Contrary to our predictions, neither human population density nor the extent of the impervious surface at sites significantly affected occupancy. Cape grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis) were significantly more likely to occur at sites with a higher proportion of impervious surfaces supporting other recent research, which showed this species together with water mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) and Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis) are one of only a few native mammals that appear to persist and may even thrive in human-modified landscapes. Our findings underscore the complexity of urban biodiversity conservation and the species-specific responses to environmental factors, emphasising the importance of tree cover in urban wildlife management.

Influence of uncomfortable environmental conditions on odor detection thresholds for n-butanol determined with a dynamic dilution olfactometer and in room air

Odor guide values (OGV) are used when a person is exposed to an odor in a room and complains about odor annoyance. OGV are derived from odor detection thresholds (ODT) measured under standard environmental conditions. The study question was whether uncomfortable environmental conditions alter odor perception and should therefore be considered when applying OGV. ODT for n-butanol were determined with an olfactometer and in room air. Twenty healthy, non-smoking volunteers (10 women/10 men, 19–50 years) were selected and trained compliant with the European Standard for Olfactometry EN 13725:2022. Standard conditions were an average temperature between 22 °C and 23 °C, warm light (2800 Kelvin), quiet fan noise (45 dB), 415 ppm carbon dioxide (CO2), and relative humidity between 34 % and 42 %. On each test day, one of five conditions was examined: high temperature (26°C), cold light (6500 Kelvin), traffic noise (70 dB with peaks up to 85 dB), 1000 ppm CO2 and 4000 ppm CO2. Comparability of log-transformed ODT values was assessed by Bland-Altman plot analysis. None of the five conditions systematically affected ODT, either when measured with an olfactometer or in room air. Compared to standard conditions (Limits of Agreement (± LoA) 1.03), the variability of ODT was higher at high temperature (± LoA 1.70) and traffic noise (± LoA 1.45), but not at cold light (± LoA 1.02), 1000 ppm CO2 (± LoA 0.87) or 4000 ppm CO2 (± LoA 0.93). The results show that OGV can be used in uncomfortable environmental conditions. However, because ODT were lower or higher in a few subjects at high temperatures and traffic noise, individual occupant’s perception of temperature and noise should always be considered when applying the OGV concept. Furthermore, the results confirm that the experimental determination of ODT should be performed under controlled and standardized environmental conditions.

Subjective experiences of occupational participation in autistic adolescents in the US: A multiple-case study using experience sampling methodology

ABSTRACT Very little is known about the subjective experiences of the occupations of autistic individuals and how these subjective experiences relate to their time use. The purpose of this paper is to explore self-reports of how autistic individuals living in the USA spend their time including subjective experiences and affective dimensions associated with their participation in occupations. We were guided by two aims: (1) to understand how autistic individuals report spending their time during the summer months, and (2) to understand to what degree affective experiences (e.g., bodily feelings and emotions) are reported during occupational participation. In this study, autistic adolescents aged 11-17 years (n = 17) completed an initial battery of assessments. Afterwards, they completed an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of their subjective experiences and occupational participation. We used thematic cross-case analysis to explore their responses to the qualitative question about their current occupational participation. In-depth analysis revealed a multitude of relationships between subjective occupational experiences and the occupation itself. Four themes emerged in the data analysis: (1) autistic adolescents participate in a range of occupations, most commonly screen-time occupations; (2) autistic adolescents spend significant time in enjoyable occupations with others; (3) autistic adolescents report more positive affect than negative affect; and (4) autistic adolescents report high variability in their subjective experiences. This study suggests that employing EMA may offer valuable insights into understanding the diverse subjective experiences arising from occupational engagement, shedding light on how different aspects of occupation affect the lived experiences of both autistic and non-autistic individuals.

Global need of Assistive Product and Assistive Technology for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities: A Review

The concept of Assistive Technology (AT) has become increasingly widespread in education. Assistive technology play an instrumental role in setting the global roadmap for improving access to assistive technology for everyone, everywhere. We present a framework for understanding the complex interaction between intellectual disability, health and wellbeing, and assistive technology. The main objective of this paper focuses on conducting a systematic review of studies regarding the impact of global need of assistive product and assistive technology for individuals with intellectual disabilities. AT is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to enhance functioning, independence, and autonomy and ultimately promote well-being for people living with disabilities. With the digitalisation of societies, the everyday lives and occupations of individuals are changing, becoming more reliant on digital solutions. The development of digital assistive technology (DAT) also offers opportunities for people with disabilities to access, interact, and pilot the digital world. In order to achieve the above, a review of relevant empirical studies published WHO & UNICEF- Global Report on Assistive Technology, WHO- Assistive Product list, WHO- Priority Assistive Product and Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) in India - A Statistical Profile : 2021, NATIONAL LIST OF ESSENTIAL ASSISTIVE PRODUCTS (NLEAP), 2023 was carried out. Findings of this study include that the use of Assistive Technologies is successful in increasing the inclusion and accessibility of students with disabilities, although barriers such as teacher education, lack of information or accessibility are found.

Mothers’ Experiences of Factors Affecting Their Sleep in the NICU: A Phenomenological Study

Background: The admission of an infant to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) has the potential to increase the mother’s anxiety and stress. Mothers spend long hours and sometimes days nonstop at their infant’s bedside. The present study aimed to explore the lived experiences of mothers about the factors affecting their sleep in the NICU. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using directed content analysis on 16 mothers in the NICU at Fatemieh Hospital affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2023. The participants were selected using purposive sampling. The data in this study were collected through semi-structured interviews. The content of the interviews was recorded, transcribed, codified, and analyzed using Colaizzi’s method of data analysis. Results: The analysis of the data revealed 168 primary codes, 19 subcategories, and 8 main categories. The main themes extracted from the mothers’ sleep experiences were individual factors (physical and psychological factors and adaptation to the conditions), environmental factors (physical, social, and economic factors), and occupation (daily activities and duties). Conclusion: Individual and environmental factors and employment are effective in the sleep of mothers in the NICU. These findings enhance our understanding of mothers’ sleep experiences and highlight the importance of addressing these factors in preventing and treating sleep disorders in mothers of newborns in research and clinical practice.

Predicting individual thermal preferences in an office: Assessing the performance of mixed-effects models

Multiple studies suggested that existing thermal comfort models inadequately predict occupants' individual thermal preferences. Personalised comfort models offer an alternative to conventional comfort models aiming to forecast individual's thermal preference. Implementation of these personalised models in occupant-centric control of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems can enhance their performance.A promising technique for personalised comfort modelling is mixed-effects (ME) modelling. A ME model accounts for fixed effects, representing the trends in the general sample, and for random effects, representing variations of specific clusters in the data. In contrast to fixed-effects (FE) models, ME models can capture individual differences. However, its effectiveness in predicting occupants' thermal preferences based on field measurement data, as well as the influence of variations in ME models on prediction accuracy, remains to be thoroughly investigated.This study aims to assess the prediction accuracy of ME models in contrast to FE models using field measurement data, including thermal preference votes from 30 unique occupants. The prediction performance was evaluated across three testing scenarios, each representing a different application of the models. Furthermore, two random effect structures were tested for the ME model: an intercept-only model and an intercept and slope model. The results show that ME models, in comparison to FE models, achieve an improved prediction performance of 8.0 % on average and up to 28.4 % for individual occupants. Moreover, the addition of a random slope to the ME resulted in deteriorated predictions. Finally, occupants’ individual variations were determined with an uncertainty of 6 % after 20 observations.

A Tri-party Collaboration Empowering Tenants and Employees to Strive Towards Sustainability Goals – The Industry-first ESG Partnership Programme

Abstract With the global aspiration for net zero carbon emissions by 2050, it has become common practice in building design to strive for the implementation of smart and innovative technologies in development projects. This is done to achieve excellent energy and environmental performance while minimizing carbon emissions. However, despite the adoption of various sustainable strategies during the design and construction phases, it should be acknowledged that operational carbon can still contribute significantly to the total carbon emissions over the building’s lifecycle. To effectively work towards the carbon net zero target in building development, a suggested approach is the implementation of a Landlord-Individual-Tenant (LIT) ESG Partnership Programme. This program aims to realize the potential for carbon reduction during the operational phase. In the case study of The Henderson, which is Henderson Land Development Company Limited’s upcoming flagship commercial development in Central Hong Kong, an industry-first Landlord-Individual-Tenant (LIT) ESG Partnership Programme is set to be launched. The LIT ESG Partnership Programme involves a three-way collaboration that includes not only corporate tenants of the commercial development but also their individual employees, all working together to pursue ambitious, data-driven sustainability goals. The ultimate goal of the program is to reshape the current ESG landscape in the property sector by showcasing that an effective ESG partnership program can create synergy between the developer, tenants, and individual occupants to achieve carbon reduction targets.

Analysis of total lip score system and total groove score for gender identification: A cross-sectional study.

Endless ink and pixel space have been spent to validate the use of cheiloscopy classification systems in the field of identification. It is becoming evident that lip-print patterns may provide indications about an individual's gender, race, occupation, habits, blood type, and paternity. Over the course of time, much data have been collected on a substantial population in this field. In the present study, we strive to see how well a noble total lip scoring (TLS) system works in identifying a person's gender among the College of Dentistry students. We also quantified the total groove score (TGS) and compared it with each quadrant for better authentication of the set study design. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 60 dental students (30 males and 30 females), with an age range of 18-30 years. Lip prints were recorded using the writing pad method and subsequently digitalized by capturing the images using Adobe Photoshop CS 6 Extended Version, counted and summed up, quadrant-wise, in both upper and lower lips. The TLS and TGS between males and females were statistically calculated using the Jamovi project. The mean value for TLS for males (n = 402; SD ± 92.1) is higher than that for females (n = 348; SD ± 86.1). The correlation matrix applying a non-parametric test for non-continuous data using Spearman's ratio inferred a statistically significant correlation (-0.354) with a P-value of 0.005 for TLS, whereas a correlation (-0.162) of TGS with gender was not so significant with a P-value of 0.217. Our study proved the uniqueness of applying TLS as a novel approach to gender identification. The study revealed that males had a statistically higher lip score than females. Being unique, our study inferred the importance of TLS, which needs to be explored in detail for applying, evaluating, and validating its accuracy in forensic research that can help for errorless investigations as full-proof evidence in court.

Sociobiome - Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status influence the gut microbiome in a multi-ethnic population in the US

Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is related to increased incidence and mortality due to chronic diseases in adults. Association between SES variables and gut microbiome variation has been observed in adults at the population level, suggesting that biological mechanisms may underlie the SES associations; however, there is a need for larger studies that consider individual- and neighborhood-level measures of SES in racially diverse populations. In 825 participants from a multi-ethnic cohort, we investigated how SES shapes the gut microbiome. We determined the relationship of a range of individual- and neighborhood-level SES indicators with the gut microbiome. Individual education level and occupation were self-reported by questionnaire. Geocoding was applied to link participants’ addresses with neighborhood census tract socioeconomic indicators, including average income and social deprivation in the census tract. Gut microbiome was measured using 16SV4 region rRNA gene sequencing of stool samples. We compared α-diversity, β-diversity, and taxonomic and functional pathway abundance by SES. Lower SES was significantly associated with greater α-diversity and compositional differences among groups, as measured by β-diversity. Several taxa related to low SES were identified, especially an increasing abundance of Prevotella copri and Catenibacterium sp000437715, and decreasing abundance of Dysosmobacter welbionis in terms of their high log-fold change differences. In addition, nativity and race/ethnicity have emerged as ecosocial factors that also influence the gut microbiota. Together, these results showed that lower SES was strongly associated with compositional and taxonomic measures of the gut microbiome, and may contribute to shaping the gut microbiota.

Worldwide Survey on Digital Assistive Technology (DAT) Provision.

Occupational therapists have long been involved in assistive technology (AT) provision worldwide. AT is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to enhance functioning, independence, and autonomy and ultimately promote well-being for people living with disabilities. With the digitalisation of societies, the everyday lives and occupations of individuals are changing, becoming more reliant on digital solutions. The development of digital assistive technology (DAT) also offers opportunities for people with disabilities to access, interact, and pilot the digital world. However, we do not know how occupational therapists are involved in DAT provision worldwide. A survey was conducted in the global occupational therapist's community in June 2022 to describe DAT provision and the factors influencing it. Occupational therapy practitioners were included (n = 660) in the analysis. In DAT provision, occupational therapists mostly provide advice to people, assess their needs, provide instruction or training, prescribe DAT, and fit DAT to people and their environment. The clients served through DAT provision are most frequently people with neurological impairments, chronic illnesses, sensory impairments, and older people. The reasons for providing DAT focus on education, work, school, and leisure. It is expected that DAT provision will enhance independence, self-esteem, occupational participation, and social relationships. Issues faced by occupational therapists when providing DAT are costs of product and funding schemes, sufficient knowledge, and access to knowledge sources. Survey respondents are mostly from Western countries with access to the Internet and the digital world, including having digital literacy, highlighting the digital divide that exists between world regions and countries, but also within countries worldwide. There is a need to continue research to better understand the issues related to digitalisation and the digital participation of people living with disabilities.

GP perceptions of informal peer support in primary care: a qualitative study.

Burnout is on the rise among GPs in the UK. One approach to mitigating burnout in GPs is through informal peer support (IPS). This refers to GPs informally supporting each other on an informational (advice) and emotional (venting and reflection) basis. To explore GPs' perceptions of how IPS manifests in the primary care setting and what factors influence effective GP engagement with IPS. A qualitative study utilising semi-structured interviews to develop an in-depth understanding of GPs' perceptions of IPS, based on their experiences in practices across England. Fifteen GPs were purposively sampled to include the views of locum, salaried, and trainee GPs and GP partners. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Four types of IPS were identified relating to emotional support, professional advice, sharing of workload, and mentorship, which reflect existing literature. The frequency and efficacy of IPS was found to be influenced by several factors categorised into individual traits, practice culture, and occupation. The results highlight where efforts should be directed to improve GP engagement with IPS. Specifically, GP leaders have an important role in shaping practice culture and fostering an environment for IPS to occur. Practices may also benefit from introducing professional development measures targeted at training GPs to better support each other based on their individual traits.

Stress and retirement

This paper examines the bidirectional causal relationship between retirement and stress. We use data from the PSID for the period 2007–2015. By employing a simultaneous equations approach, we find that experiencing stress increases the likelihood of retirement by approximately 34.8 percentage points, whereas retirement lowers the probability of feeling stress by 19.6 percentage points. We obtain consistent results when we disaggregate data according to various individual characteristics, including gender, occupation, wealth, and ethnicity. To determine actual retirement age, we use official retirement ages and a proxy of health stock as instruments, while lagged physical activity levels serve as a non-linear instrument for perceived stress. Our findings are particularly relevant in terms of policy, and further research is needed to assess the impact of physical activity on economic and well-being outcomes for older individuals.

The Indefectibility of the Apostolic See: Was the Idea of a Heretical Pope Formally Excluded at the First Vatican Council?

During the prelude to the First Vatican Council, the idea of a heretical pope was used as the primary argument against the solemn definition of papal infallibility. The medieval canonists and conciliarists had allowed for the notion of papal heresy by making a strict distinction between the apostolic seat itself and the individual occupants of the throne of Peter. However, when we examine the text of Pastor Aeternus in light of the contents of the official Relatio, which was drawn up at the council to explain the meaning of this document, we find that the above distinction used by the conciliarists was formally proscribed with an anathema. This article will argue that in doing so, the Council Fathers definitively excluded the possibility of a heretical pope.

NOMINA AGENTIS AND NOMINA ACTORIS IN THE ODESSA COPY OF THE “SMALL CATECHISM” BY THEODOR THE STUDITE FROM THE XVIII CENTURY

The purpose of this article is to determine the word-formation and lexico-semantic features of the designations nomina agentis and nomina actoris registered in Theodore Studite’s «Small Catechism» and to consider these linguistic units as a means of archaization or modernization (approximation to colloquial language) of the text. The subject of the study is the word-formation and lexico-semantic features of the nouns nomina agentis and nomina actoris. The Odesa copy of the «Small Catechism» is included in collection No. 1/154, kept in the Odesa National Scientific Library. All recorded nouns of nomina agentis and nomina actoris divide by origin into two groups: native Slavic language units and borrowed ones; indigenous Slavic lexemes in each nominative series distribute into groups according to word-formation types. Within word-formation types, lexico-semantic groups are distinguished. The separation of two lexico-semantic groups — names of individuals by type of activity, nature of occupation, profession, and names of individuals by their characteristic principles of behavior — is possible for each word-formation type. The separation of other lexico-semantic groups is optional. It has been established that for Slavic designations of nomina agentis, the most productive wordformation formants are -тел, -ник, -ец, unproductive ones are -ица, *-jь, and singular -ач; for the formation of designations of nomina actoris the affix -ник is most often used, very rarely -ар. The known stylistic differentiation between the literary affix -тел and the affixes -ник, -ец, which could participate in the creation of both literary and colloquial elements, does not implement in the «Small Catechism». The results of the study allow us to conclude about a number of factors that could cause this phenomenon. The main of them are features of the content of sermons, individual perception of the language norm by the scribe working on the text, his approach to the selection of vocabulary, and orientation to the specificity of the audience — well-prepared and educated church ministers, monks. Borrowings are represented only by Hellenisms, most of which were assimilated in ancient times. Prospects for further research we see in specifying the role of the Church Slavonic language of the Eastern edition in the productivity of these word-formation types.

Occupational origin effects on wage and market income (inequality): The cases of Spain and Germany

Most of the economic and sociological literature focuses on the role of social origin background on class, or wage outcomes. Yet, two individuals may have similar wages, but very different market incomes, so that the role of social origin may differ between these two individuals. This paper aims to explore the social origin associations – net of individual occupation – on two types of monetary outcomes: standard annual salaries and market income. The study compares Spain and Germany to analyse variations in social origin associations within their distinct labour market structures and institutional frameworks. Using unconditional quantile regressions, the findings reveal that Spain exhibits a significant “residual effect of social origins” on both wage and market income. Spain also demonstrates significant class-ceiling effects, signalling barriers to upward mobility. Conversely, Germany shows a limited residual origin correlation and no significant class barriers, aligning well with the human capital theory. Additionally, Spain experiences a significant increase in inequality between 2002 and 2017, primarily attributed to changes in the characteristics of the labour market structure. On the other hand, Germany is again found to be a more mobile country with no significant dynamic changes in inequalities.

A cohort study of retinal detachment among Swedish construction workers.

Retinal detachment (RD) has been associated with exposure to heavy lifting. Many occupations within the construction industry are likely to involve lifting tasks. We investigated the association between occupational heavy lifting and rhegmatogenous RD in a retrospective cohort study of Swedish construction workers. We studied Swedish construction workers who participated in an industry-wide health and safety program from 1971 to 1993. Individual occupation codes were linked to a job exposure matrix, assigning intensity of exposure to heavy lifting to each worker. The Swedish National Patient Register was used to identify cases of RD that occurred during follow-up through the end of 2012. We used Poisson regression modeling to calculate incidence rates of RD associated with heavy lifting, age and other covariates. A subcohort of those age ≤25 years at enrollment was studied to reduce bias from missing exposure information from work prior to enrollment. Of 256 241 construction workers, 17% were classified with high exposure to heavy lifting in their occupation. Within the cohort, 1588 cases of RD were identified. Average exposure intensity of heavy lifting was not associated with risk of RD. However, RD risk increased with increasing cumulative exposure to heavy lifting, both in the full cohort and subcohort of those who were ≤25 years old at entry into the construction-worker cohort. Construction workers' risk of RD appeared to increase with time spent exposed to heavy lifting.

Fall and collision related injuries among pedestrians, sickness absence and associations with accident type and occupation

Objectives: This study explores pedestrian fall accidents and collisions with other road users in the Swedish road transport system, and sickness absence (SA) in relation to accident type, injury, and occupation. Further, it studies the associations between accident type, occupation, and duration of SA. Methods: Data from several national registers were used that included 15,359 working age pedestrians (20–64 years) receiving healthcare after a fall or collision throughout 2014–2016. Individual characteristics, accident type, injury, and occupation were presented and related to SA. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals, for associations between accident type, occupation, and SA duration. Results: About 11,000 pedestrians (72%) were involved in fall accidents in the road traffic environment and well over 4,000 in collisions with another road user; 22% of all injured pedestrians had a new SA. The population had a higher proportion of women and individuals in older age groups (≥45). Of the falls, 31% were due to snow or ice, and these were associated with a higher OR for both short SA (<90 days) 1.76 (95% CI 1.56–1.98) and long SA (≥90 days) 1.81 (95% CI 1.51–2.18), compared to the group slipping, tripping, and stumbling. The working sectors health & social care, and construction had the highest ORs for SA. A higher OR was found for health & social care, short SA 1.58 (95% CI 1.38–1.81), long SA 1.79 (95% CI 1.45–2.20) and for construction, short SA 1.56 (95% CI 1.24–1.96), long SA 1.75 (95% CI 1.26–2.44), compared to the sector finance, communication, & cultural service. Conclusions: The OR for having short and long SA was higher in falls due to snow or ice and differed between occupational sectors. Practical implications: This information contributes to the knowledge base for planning a safe road transport system for pedestrians.

Cracking buildings, cracking capitalism: antagonism, affect, and the importance of squatting for housing justice

In this paper I argue that squatting provides a concrete and theoretical location for dismantling binaries between successful and failed resistance. Focusing on the development of a political and affective consciousness and the inherent antagonism within squatting above the temporality of an individual squat or occupation helps to recentre the ‘urban political’ and understand the value and power of the urban commons. I combine radical democracy and affect theory to argue for the centrality of squatting in challenging urban capitalist hegemony. Not only does squatting transform consciousness, but the physically and emotionally supportive practices that it engenders helps to return the emotive as well as the political to the urban environment. I support this claim with reference to the successful 2015 Aylesbury occupation in London, which the occupiers approached with affective solidarity and a desire to reclaim space through antagonistic urban insurrection.