Individual Landowners Research Articles

Effects of land consolidation on moisture and surface temperature regime of agricultural soil blocks using remote sensing data in the Czech Republic

Abstract The Czech Republic has experienced collectivization, transforming individual land ownership into state ownership through agricultural land consolidation after World War II. Land consolidation has led to the expansion of agricultural soil blocks as well as the disappearance of vital landscape features such as shrubs, hedges, lone trees, and wetlands, all of which serve a variety of ecological functions. The disappearance of the landscape elements causes some important problems, such as soil degradation and erosion. The Czech Ministry of Agriculture has enforced a regulation that was developed by the European Union to improve agriculture by enforcing cross-compliance requirements, which encompass the observance of Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) standards. The regulation disincentivizes single-crop cultivation on areas larger than 30 hectares since 2020 to reduce the negative effects of land consolidations on agriculture and soil quality. In this context, the study examines the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and moisture of agricultural plants and soil blocks in the South Bohemia, Czech Republic, using Landsat-8 remote sensing data from 2018 to 2021. The mono-window algorithm (MWA) was used to obtain LST, and the precision of Landsat LST data was evaluated using MODIS daily LST data. The NRMSE ≤ 0.15 and RMSE ≤ 3.5 C were found with a strong positive relationship r ≥ 0.65 between datasets. Additionally, the density of vegetation and the moisture index of soil and plants were calculated using spectral remote sensing indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), and soil moisture index (SMI). The statistical relationships among those spectral indices with LST were examined. The analyzes showed that the implementation of GAEC 7d improved the relationship between NDVI and NDMI, with the correlation increasing from r = 0.80 in 2019 to 0.92 in 2021. Meanwhile, the inverse relationship between NDMI and LST changed from − 0.71 to -0.67. These changes in correlation suggest that plant water retention in the region increased following the regulation, and the soil structure may have also improved.

Environmental implications of residential to commercial land use succession on formal housing stock: A conceptual analysis

This study investigates the environmental implications of land use succession on formal housing stock. It is pursues to provide information that will assist in reducing or total elimination of the negative environmental impacts of land use succession on formal housing stock with the aim of enhancing housing and property investment decisions. The study methodology relied primarily on past issues relating to the environmental implications of residential to commercial land use succession on formal housing stock. The study looked at the concepts and theories related to the study. The study also examined Nigerian organizations and legal frameworks in charge of environmental activities. The study observed that the environmental implications resulting from residential succession by commercial land use among others includes; population displacement, traffic congestion, air pollution, noise pollution, water erosion, waste management issues, and climatic changes. The study suggests that the city’s relevant government entities should regulate, monitor, and control land use succession. Commercial and residential zones should be clearly defined in land use policies. There should be a sound legal framework for urban cities and more effective and efficient land use monitoring and management methods. In addition, individual land owners and investors/developers should be informed about the negative environmental impacts of land use succession on formal housing stock, thus preserving formal housing by reducing or eliminating population displacement and other negative environmental impacts.

The Existence of Tu’a Golo in the Distribution of Customary Land in Golo Mori Village, Komodo District, West Manggarai Regency

Objectives: This study aims to explore the existence of Tanah Ulayat (customary land) in Golo Mori Village and to examine the role of Tu'a Golo (traditional leader) in the distribution of Tanah Ulayat in Golo Mori Village, Komodo Subdistrict, West Manggarai Regency. Theoretical Framework: The concept of hak ulayat (communal land rights) in customary law incorporates communalistic, religious-magical values, allowing for individual land ownership and personal rights. However, hak ulayat is not an individual right; it is inherently communal. Method: This study employs an empirical legal research approach, utilizing primary data collected through interviews. Results and Discussion: The existence of Tu’a Golo in the distribution of Tanah Ulayat (customary land) in Golo Mori Village, known as tanah linko, reflects a system where the land is cultivated by groups within the Indigenous community based on mutual agreements. This customary land management supports their livelihoods and is divided into five customary territories (kampung), each led by a Tu’a Golo (traditional leader). Research Implications: The existence of Tanah Ulayat (lingko) in Golo Mori Village faces challenges from the economic transformation in West Manggarai Regency, which has positioned Labuan Bajo as a super-premium tourist destination. This shift impacts the Indigenous community, particularly their customary rights. Originality/Value: This study is highly relevant in understanding the existence of Tu’a Golo in the distribution of Tanah Ulayat in Golo Mori Village. The findings are expected to contribute valuable insights for stakeholders, including the community and the government, particularly concerning the existence and distribution of communal land by Tu’a Golo in Golo Mori Village.

New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 01: Introduction.

New York State's climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, precipitation is increasing, sea levels are rising, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and severe. Over time, these changes are projected to worsen. The New York State Climate Impacts Assessment provides a science-based analysis of what to expect from climate change in New York. Working with partners across the state, the team assembled to produce this assessment reviewed the latest science and modeling to project and characterize what New York State's climate is likely to look like in the future and how this will affect natural systems, society, and various sectors of the economy. The assessment will enable decision-makers at all levels-from individual residents, businesses, and landowners to municipal and state government agencies-to better understand and make informed choices about how to plan and prepare for climate change.

Land cadastral surveying for real estate in Madona municipality in the Republic of Latvia

Land cadastral surveying is of fundamental importance in the land management of the State territory. This applies both to land properties within the country and to the external borders of countries – including the demarcation of the national border. When transitioning from the common ownership system of land use in the USSR to the earlier, independent system of ownership of land properties that existed in the country of Latvia, the state administration system faced the need to implement land reform, moving from ownerless (the entire nation) land ownership to individual and collective land ownership in the country. It was important to have a political stance, to restore the properties to their former owners or heirs as far as possible. More than 50 years had passed after the liquidation of private property rights to land, many land ownership documents had been lost. There were cases of loss or even intentional destruction of boundaries or boundary marks of former land properties. Therefore, correct and fast land property rights restoration procedures looked complicated, expensive and finally time-consuming. The purpose of research: Compare the activities of the oldest cadastral surveying processes with existing - instrumental and better technology-based methods. This is especially applicable to the processes and possibilities of surveying land property boundaries, recognizing that instrumental (geodetic) surveying of land properties in the area was and is the best way to do it, but it should have been implemented in unusually large quantities, and as quickly as possible, without blocking legal economic activity with land properties in the country. The abilities of available, prepared specialists (surveyors) and surveying entrepreneurs for survey work were also negligible. Therefore, a decision was made, within the framework of the land reform, to implement a simplified determination of the boundaries of land units with a marking methodology, which was developed and approved for use as a cadastral survey-marking methodology. On its basis, the documents provided for in the regulatory enactments were prepared, which served to make legally binding decisions on the ownership and use rights of land properties. At the same time, the simplified property registration provided a basis for territorial planning measures of local municipalities and the organization of economic activity. The variety of data registered in the cadastral survey system does not create a sense of security and reliability for clients and specialists who work with this information, therefore the cadastral survey process in Latvia must be improved both technologically, and we must not forget how to combine historical data with modern ones. Geodetic grounding plays a very important role in the process. For geodetic works and accuracy, in order to be able to legally justify discrepancies in cadastral boundaries. The changes did not create unacceptable consequences for property users and accounting systems. As an example, the study examines the comparison of the results of one land property, initially registered and later cadastral measured, which confirms the validity of the decision taken in the interests of the reform. In the beginning, it is intended to perform simplified property determination-marking works, leaving the labour-intensive surveying technologies for further clarification of the registered property over a longer period - according to the need for use.

Landowner economy in the Kazan province in the first half of the 19th century

The article is devoted to the economic development of landowners in the Kazan province during the era of serfdom. The source base of the study contains published memoirs of representatives of the nobility, statistical publications, pre-revolutionary studies of the state of agriculture in private farms, as well as archival material containing economic descriptions of 12 districts of the province, compiled by local leaders of the nobility and individual landowners based on the questions of the questionnaire of the Free Economic Society in 1802. The author analyzed the natural and geographical factors that influenced economic life on the estates; characterized the working inventory and showed attempts to modernize it; studied the specialization of estates and identified the economy-forming industries; considered the features of the corvee and quitrent systems of peasant exploitation. In addition, the article shows examples of organizing market-oriented agricultural production. A conclusion is made about the subsistence nature of the landowner economy in the Kazan province in the pre-reform period, in which the sale of surplus did not mean the commercial nature of production. The availability of free labor deprived the incentive to introduce improved methods of land cultivation – use modern equipment, improved varieties of crops, as well as develop industries such as livestock and crop production. For citation: Mironova E.V. Landowner economy in the Kazan province in the first half of the 19th century. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.118–136. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.118-136 (In Russian)

(De facto) historical ethnic borders and land tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa

We study the role of proximity to historical ethnic borders in determining individual land ownership in Sub-Saharan Africa. Following an instrumental variable strategy, we document that individuals have a lower likelihood of owning land near historical ethnic borders. In particular, the likelihood of owning land decreases by 15 percentage points, i.e., about 1/3 of the mean rate of landownership, for rural migrants who move from 57 km (90th percentile) to 2 km (10th percentile) from the border. This result aligns with the view that competition for land is stronger and property rights are weaker close to historical ethnic borders in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Factors Influencing the Use of Property Titles as Security for Lending in Rural Kenya: A Case Study of Kivani Location, Machakos County

The development of the world's economies, especially in emerging countries, depends significantly on land. Despite being a crucial tool for obtaining loans, the use of land as collateral is relatively low in rural Kenya. This has largely been attributed to lack of formal ownership documents attributable to poor titling, which has subsequently hindered investments and development in these areas. The research gap, therefore, lies in the need to understand and address the reasons behind the low uptake of land as collateral in rural Kenya, despite its potential as a valuable asset and its significant role in rural livelihoods and development. This study set out to establish factors influencing the use of property titles as loan security in a rural setting using Machakos County as a case study. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 724 households in Kivani and 30 financial institution officers. Data was collected using questionnaires and topical discussions, achieving response rates of 96% and 100%, respectively. Findings reveal that 67 percent of respondents have never used land titles as collateral. Several factors were identified: social relations, lending conditions, and loan pricing. Social relations factors included communal land ownership, land succession problems, cultural norms, and sentimental attachment to land. Lending conditions encompassed land valuation processes, borrower creditworthiness requirements, collateral quality, and the need for family consent. Loan pricing factors involve the costs and fees associated with credit financing. The study recommends increasing awareness of individual land ownership, exploring alternative collateral options, establishing insurance markets for collateral assets, and improving loan evaluation processes to better support rural residents. These measures aim to enhance access to financing, thereby promoting rural development

Citizen perceptions of Great Lakes coastline change and management efforts

Fluctuating water levels, nearshore flooding and associated coastal erosion present management challenges for coastal communities around the world. Along the Great Lakes, integrated coastal zone management efforts involve a complex array of people and institutions, which include citizens of coastal communities. At this point in time, there are few studies focused on community members' perceptions of and views on current management efforts on the Great Lakes. To address this need, the present study analyzes survey data from the public and six Great Lake communities with three objectives in mind. One, to understand perceptions of the causes of coastline change and the hazards associated with these changes. Two, to understand the consequences of coastline change for people and the greater community. Three, to understand citizens’ viewpoints about different strategies for managing coastline changes and the parties responsible for managing the coastline. Study results indicate conflicting perceptions between community members about common coastline management efforts (e.g. armoring, beach nourishment, and setbacks). They also indicate a general lack of knowledge about the complexities and responsible parties for coastline management, which in some cases, may be individual property owners themselves. The results of this study suggest efforts to educate citizens may be critical for future stewardship of the Great Lakes, which requires community partnerships and buy in to be successful.

Comments: Pore Space Leasing: Insights From a Bakken Surface Owner’s Perspective

During a trip to western North Dakota last month to visit my family, I met with a long-time friend, Dick, who holds subsurface mineral rights and surface rights in the Bakken area. Over coffee, German sausage, and kuchen, our conversation naturally turned to the leasing of pore space. Dick has lately been approached by landmen with what they describe as “great deals” for purchasing the underlying pore space associated with his surface rights. They hesitate to provide specific offers. Instead, he described the initial interactions as “like making a deal for a new car or tractor.” The landmen reply, “I’ll need to go back to the client [my boss or manager] with your questions.” Sound familiar? Like most US states, pore space ownership correlates with surface ownership in North Dakota. In August 2022, the North Dakota Supreme Court clarified the rights of surface owners and the need for compensation for pore space use. It also created uncertainty for oil and gas operators who previously had more latitude in using pore space without compensation. Dick knows his way around the dealmaking involved in oil and gas rights leasing, having been involved in many landmen inquiries in the days of the Bakken boom and subsequent wheeling and dealing. However, pore space leasing is relatively nascent and faces similar unknowns like the early days of Bakken pitches. During his research, he came up against the same walls I have over the years while writing about pore space leasing for carbon sequestration. Becoming more apparent as deals gain momentum is the lack of specifics for comparable deals. As when purchasing a home, identifying “comps” for similar properties is a necessary part of the process. But the amounts paid for pore space are closely held, generally not publicly available. It’s impossible to determine if a deal is good or bad. Is the compensation fair? And individual surface owners and landowners rights associations (and/or their attorneys) are aware of the 45Q tax credit of $85/tonne of CO2 captured and stored available to the project developer/operator under the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act. How should this be factored into the determination of fair compensation? For example, the Ohio River Valley Institute (ORVI), a think tank focused on the Appalachian region, in March described a proposal by Tenaska Inc. to lease underground pore space across seven counties (approximately 80,000 acres) in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia for the sequestering of 150 million tons of CO2. In a document proposing terms for the acquisition of nearly 1,400 acres of pore space in county parklands in Washington County, Pennsylvania, Tenaska offered about $4 million for the county’s 2.6-million-metric-ton share of the CO2 between 2027 and 2056, or about $1.50 per metric ton. The ORVI called the deal “ridiculous and borderline insulting.” It supports this declaration by highlighting a comp available from August 2023. Mountaineer GigaSystem LLC offered the state of West Virginia a royalty of $3.35 per metric ton to sequester CO2 on public land in Mason County—more than two times what Tenaska is offering Washington County. It also made the point that the ultimate cost of capturing and sequestering the CO2 will not be borne by Tenaska or its customers. The 45Q tax credit will provide Tenaska $423 million annually for sequestering 5 million tons of CO2 annually. The region’s lease revenue will be $7.5 million. To align with the available comp, ORVI said Tenaska’s offer should at least match Mountaineer’s $3.35 instead of the proposed $1.50 per metric ton. In the western US, ExxonMobil is seeking to pay the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to inject 150 million tons of CO2 over the course of 20 years into 100,000 subsurface acres of pore space on federal lands. The proposed Snowy River CO2 project in Carter County, Montana, is still in the environmental assessment and public comment phase, and the BLM’s compensation for the use of the land is not yet publicly disclosed or finalized. Our takeaway after finishing the sausage and kuchen? As pore space leasing evolves, landowners like Dick face a complex landscape of uncertain deals and opaque compensation. With legal clarifications and potential tax credits in play, navigating these new frontiers requires keen insight and vigilance to ensure fair and beneficial agreements for all involved.

Perceptions of Wild Pig Impact, Management, and Policy in Alabama

Successful management of invasive species often requires working across public and private landownerships. A prime example of an invasive species that commonly occurs on privately and publicly owned and managed lands is the wild pig (Sus scrofa). Because of the multitude of negative impacts associated with wild pigs, management must occur across both private and public lands to achieve widespread control and sustained success. However, managing wild pigs across property boundaries is challenging as we know very little about differing management practices and landowner perspectives. To address this knowledge gap, we sought to understand wild pig management efforts on privately owned lands, the perceived economic, ecological, and human health impact of wild pigs, and beliefs related to policy. Generally, stakeholders believe wild pigs have negative impacts on wildlife, the economy, and ecological and public health, however less than half of landowners participate in wild pig control. Furthermore, stakeholders believe that the responsibility of managing and paying for damages associated with wild pigs lies with individual landowners. Our findings suggest that increased efficacy of wild pig control and collaboration between private and public landowners is not only possible but also necessary if wild pig population control is to be regionally successful.

Landscape‐level determinants of the performance of an agglomeration bonus in conservation auctions

AbstractThe agglomeration bonus (AB) has been advocated as an incentive mechanism to boost spatially coordinated conservation efforts, where such coordination is thought to be beneficial to achieving biodiversity or other ecological outcomes. Specifically, an AB is paid to individual landholders if their conserved habitats are spatially connected to the conserved habitats of adjacent neighbours. This paper employs a series of controlled lab experiments with agriculture students to investigate the performance of AB in budget‐constrained discriminatory‐price auctions across different landscape types. We focus on the spatial correlation of opportunity costs and environmental benefits as one potentially important aspect of the landscape. We set up a stylised agricultural landscape where the conservation agency aims to connect fragmented wildlife habitats by incentivising farmers to enrol land in a conservation programme. We investigate the effects of an AB in landscapes where opportunity costs and environmental benefits are uncorrelated, negatively correlated or positively correlated over space. We found that the benefits of an AB in improving landscape‐scale environmental outcomes were significant in the positive correlation landscape. However, the AB resulted in worse outcomes in the uncorrelated and negative landscapes.

PROCEDURE FOR ACQUISITION OF LAND IN INDIA

The land is so essential to the existence of all human beings, that every system of law recognizes and protects a formidable list of rights connected with it. For every country, the land is important and people use the land as a source for food, a place to live, a place to work, etc. India is an agrarian country, wherein land has always been an important source of income and authority but ownership rights of land have remained very complex and ambiguous. During the ancient and medieval periods, we find individual, community and State ownership of land. However, during British rule, this was changed.

Access for sale? Overlying rights, land transactions, and groundwater in California

Climate change intensifies longstanding tensions over groundwater sustainability and equity of access among users. Though private land ownership is a primary mechanism for accessing groundwater in many regions, few studies have systematically examined the extent to which farmland markets transform groundwater access patterns over time. This study begins to fill this gap by examining farmland transactions overlying groundwater from 2003–17 in California. We construct a novel dataset that downscales well construction behavior to the parcel level, and we use it to characterize changes in groundwater access patterns by buyer type on newly transacted parcels in the San Joaquin Valley groundwater basin during the 2011–17 drought. Our results demonstrate large-scale transitions in farmland ownership, with 21.1% of overlying agricultural acreage statewide sold at least once during the study period and with the highest rates of turnover occurring in critically overdrafted basins. By 2017, annual individual farmland acquisitions had halved, while acquisitions by limited liability companies increased to one-third of all overlying acres purchased. Together, these trends signal increasing corporate farmland acquisitions; new corporate farmland owners are associated with the construction, on comparable parcels, of agricultural wells 77–81 feet deeper than those drilled by new individual landowners. We discuss the implications of our findings for near-term governance of groundwater, and their relevance for understanding structural inequities in exposure to future groundwater level declines.

Optimizing Land Acquisition Services Based on Involvement and Collaboration Between Group Governments and Communities in Telaga Bertong Subdistrict, West Sumbawa Regency

The provided text discusses the complex and often controversial issue of land acquisition in Indonesia, particularly the challenges associated with land clearance for public purposes. It highlights the tension between the state's guarantee of individual land ownership and the government's responsibility to pursue infrastructure development, which may sometimes require sacrificing individual interests. The importance of public interest, as defined by the social function of land, is emphasized alongside individual economic interests. The role of the Telaga Bertong Village government in addressing land acquisition issues is described, specifically mentioning the provision of 24-hour services through social media. The research methodology used is qualitative descriptive, employing data collection techniques such as depth interviews and observations, as well as snowball sampling design. Data analysis follows Miles and Huberman's model, involving data reduction, presentation, and interpretation. The research findings indicate the involvement of community groups (Kaling, RT) in land clearance, with supporting factors including cooperative actions between the community and the government. However, challenges include the absence of compensation and reluctance from some individuals to contribute their land. The government's role in addressing these obstacles involves socialization, inventorying, and negotiations. The researcher suggests increasing the number of research subjects and ensuring the involvement of non-formal community groups in land clearance, backed by legally binding Land Clearance Team decrees. Additionally, the public service innovation in land clearance at Telaga Bertong Village should be up-to-date, digitally based, and integrated with existing systems in the National Land Agency of West Sumbawa and the local government.

Reform, redevelopment and rent: Dilemmas of the social function of property in the private domain of the Brazilian metropolis

This paper discusses the disappointing outreach of Brazilian urban reform by analyzing the underlying tensions and contradictions of its key principle, that is, the social, function of property (SFP), from a perspective of contemporary theoretical debates on the double nature of rent (i.e., related to monopoly positions and emerging from market, circulation). The SFP principle is grounded in anti-rentier, agrarian reform thinking, which stressed that individual monopoly landowners should not be allowed to retain their property for speculative purposes and use it productively to increase food supplies. In contemporary dense cities, however, using property “productively” implies redevelopment, that is, transformation of existing structures of the built environment, into alternative ones. This has two implications, one related to the essence of the SFP, (its being), the other regarding what it means having a SFP in an urban setting. In relation to the former, despite its anti-rentier stance, in cities the SFP triggers a redevelopment-rent nexus due to the circulation of rents in non-competitive markets. Regarding the latter implication, having a SFP in cities requires complex, open-ended and utilitarian negotiations between state and non-state actors aimed at the appropriation of rents to articulate the conflicting interests of individual property owners with the collective good. The theoretical argument of the paper is illustrated with a short, heuristic case on redevelopment in the city of São Paulo, while its conclusion provides elements for a research agenda on the limits of market-based, reformist versus right- based planning beyond this specific context.

The factors determining uptake of energy crop cultivation and woodland creation in England: Insights from farmers and landowners

Perennial energy crops (PECs) and trees have key roles to play in delivering the negative emissions needed for the UK to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. Significant changes to land use are needed and the decision to make changes will lie with individual landowners. Using in-depth, semi-structured interviews, this research explores the attitudes of farmers and landowners in England to replacing traditional arable and livestock farming with growing annual or perennial energy crops or planting trees. It was concluded that considerable government policy intervention will be needed to overcome the many economic and social barriers in place including lack of markets and attractive contracts for growers, high establishment costs, loss of annual income, high prices available for cereal crops and the cultural division between farming and forestry. Although energy crops and woodland creation are generally researched and regulated separately, this research suggests that annual energy crops, PECs and woodland creation form a spectrum of land use options for a landowner, with the propensity to adopt these crops being determined predominantly by crop attributes including the risk of planting and the term of commitment.

Coverage and beyond: how can private governance support key elements of the Global Biodiversity Framework’s Target 3?

A vast cross-societal effort will be needed to achieve the ambition of protecting and conserving 30% of the earth’s lands and oceans by 2030, as called for in Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. While focus is often given to the 30% coverage aspect of this target, other elements – on the location and effectiveness of protected and conserved areas – are equally important. As the implementation of Target 3 progresses, it is increasingly acknowledged that non-profit organisations, for-profit organisations, and individual landowners play a key role by choosing to manage their lands and waters to deliver conservation outcomes. However, privately protected and conserved areas lack recognition by many governments charged with reporting progress on the target. For countries and territories where these areas have been reported, we use the World Database on Protected Areas to explore their contribution towards elements of Target 3, particularly coverage, connectivity and ecological representation. In addition, we explore how privately governed ‘other effective area-based conservation measures’ contribute to Target 3 in countries and territories where they have been identified. Our results demonstrate that privately protected and conserved areas play a significant role in some countries’ efforts to meet Target 3. Since these areas are known to be under-reported, we stress the need for scaled up efforts for their recognition and documentation. This is vital not only for Target 3 tracking and implementation, but to ensure private actors receive appropriate recognition and support for their role in tackling the biodiversity and climate crises.

토지이용규제 관리강화를 위한 입법적 검토

Land is a representative property right guaranteed by the Constitution as well as its ownership is understood as a basic right supporting human life. Land is one of the limited natural resources and base of human survival such as water and air and its external effectiveness is quiet big. In addition, due to its original characteristics such as locational immobility, fixed enlargement, permanency and use diversity the value of the land is changed according to its uses and its usage. Therefore, although the individual land ownership is allowed by the society it should use properly in terms of following its public characteristics. For this reason land use regulation which limit the individual land ownership should have an obvious reason for justifying such a regulation. Considering these circumstances, it is an acceptable assumption that the current land use regulation has an obvious reason for regulating land uses. Thus, even though it take quiet some time to use the land because of the overlapped land use regulations we need to have a clear understanding about the reason of the implementation of the overlapped land use regulations to minimize unwanted problems generated from the overlapped land use regulations. From these perspetives we propose that the current efforts to solve the problems generated from the overlapped land use regulations need to restart to make it clear what is the public interest from implementation of the the land use regulations.

Timber Production Opportunities from Private Native Forests in Southern Queensland

Historically, Queensland’s private native forests have supplied between 40 and 70% of the hardwood resource to the state’s primary processors. Hardwood timber production from state-owned native forests and plantations in Queensland has decreased substantially in recent decades, increasing the hardwood timber industry’s reliance on private native forests. However, timber production opportunities from these forests are poorly understood. This study assessed the future wood supply capacity from private native forests in southern Queensland assuming alternative levels of landowner interest in management for timber production and willingness to invest in silvicultural treatment. Commercial and harvestable private native forests in southern Queensland were classified into six forest types and their spatial distributions were assessed. Potential growth rates for each forest type were estimated based on available literature and expert opinion, and their ability to supply logs to industry with and without silvicultural treatments was projected. Commercial and harvestable private native forests were found to cover an area of approximately 1.9 M ha in southern Queensland, of which spotted gum (693,000 ha) and ironbark (641,500 ha) forest types are most common. The private native forest estate is distributed over 17,665 landholdings (LotPlans), with 17% of these accounting for 66% of the commercial and harvestable resource. Most private native forests have not been actively managed for timber production and are in poor condition. Nevertheless, they presently have the potential to supply between about 150,000 and 250,000 m3 of logs to industry per annum. Silvicultural treatments were found to have the potential to increase the mean annual increment of these forests by a factor of between two and four, indicating substantial opportunities to increase harvestable log volumes in the medium and long-term. Private native forests in southern Queensland could potentially more than compensate for the supply gap left by the declining area of state-owned native forests that are available for timber harvesting. Actual forest management performed and log volumes supplied to market will depend on the forest management decisions of thousands of individual landholders, which are influenced by their heterogeneous management objectives, the policy environment, perceptions of sovereign risk, timber markets and the long payback periods in forestry. An accommodating forest policy environment and landholder willingness to invest in forest management could maintain and potentially increase private hardwood log supply to industry, which would support farm income diversification and regional employment opportunities.