Individual Judgments Research Articles

The right to protection in the practice of national courts and international judicial institutions whose jurisdiction is recognized by Ukraine

It is noted that in order to establish the content of the right to defense, it is necessary to study the interpretation of the right to defense in the practice of national courts. The list of the main circumstances that were considered by the European Court of Human Rights in the decisions against Ukraine in the context of the violation of the right to defense was determined. The inexhaustibility of the circumstances that may constitute a violation of the right to defense, which are the result of judicial discretion, is emphasized; judicial discretion refers to the judge's power to make decisions based on his individual judgment, guided by principles of justice and law. It was determined that the consequences of judicial discretion are determined by its compliance with the requirements of the law, motivation, justice and objectivity. According to the results of the study of the decisions of national courts - resolutions of the CCS of the Supreme Court, it was established that the CCS of the Supreme Court gave an assessment as a violation of the right to defense in the following cases: conducting an investigative action; consideration of the case in the appellate procedure in the absence of the convicted person, who was a minor at the time of the crime, and his lawyer; failure to ensure the participation of a defense attorney at all stages of court proceedings against a person convicted of committing particularly serious crimes, including during the review of court decisions based on newly discovered circumstances; consideration in the court of appeals of the prosecutor's appeal, in which the question is raised about the deterioration of the condition of the convicted person, in the absence of the latter, or in the absence of the defendant who is in custody, as well as his defender, who had not previously participated in this criminal proceeding; the trial in the appeals court was started without finding out whether the convicted person and his defense attorney were properly notified of the date and time of the hearing, holding a hearing in the appeals court without the participation of the defense attorney who was not properly notified of the hearing, including in those cases when the court unreasonably ignores the request of the defense party to postpone the court session; holding a trial in a court of first instance or appellate instance with the participation of a person who, due to mental disabilities, is unable to fully exercise his rights, in the absence of a defense attorney, or the absence of verification of the need to ensure the mandatory participation of a defense attorney in criminal proceedings against persons who, due to mental or physical disabilities defects are not able to fully realize their rights.

Applying for remote jobs? You'd better be competent! Teleworking turns recruiters attention to candidate competence over warmth-related skills

Person Perception Theory suggests that two traits, warmth and competence, govern social judgments of individuals and that warmth has a primacy effect over competence because of its capability to predict people's intentions. Drawing on economic (i.e., rational) decision-making theories, we hypothesized that in organizations, which are by definition concerned with instrumental goals (i.e., maximization of profits and minimization of costs), worker competence is more important than worker warmth and influences hiring decisions about candidates. Moreover, we hypothesized that teleworking turns recruiters' attention to candidate competence (over warmth) to a greater extent than onsite work. Supporting our hypothesis, Study 1, a vignette experiment, showed that people manifest a stronger intention to recruit a candidate who is highly competent (although less warm), while this effect was stronger when the work-setting favored teleworking. Study 2 (preregistered), a field experiment with recruiter participants, further showed that recruiters are more inclined to hire highly competent (although less warm) candidates when the work-setting favors teleworking through the perception of competent candidates as more appropriate for a job. These results provide evidence for a reversal of the primacy effect of warmth at work and illuminate the important role of work-setting (online vs. onsite) in recruiters' hiring decisions.

Requirement-driven sustainable supplier selection: Creating an integrated perspective with stakeholders' interests and the wisdom of expert crowds

Driven by the pressure from various stakeholders to embrace sustainability and from the market to enhance competitiveness, more and more companies have been committed to conducting sustainable supplier selection (SSS). SSS is a requirement-driven multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem and the existing literatures have attempted to integrate quality function deployment (QFD) with various MCDM methods to model the problem. However, these models have not conducted SSS based on stakeholders’ satisfaction from alternatives, and used the weights of criteria obtained from stakeholders’ preferences for requirements, which is used to model the compensation among satisfaction levels of different requirements, to guide the compensation among alternatives’ performances on different criteria. In order to address these deficiencies, this paper develops a novel generalized (QFD)-based MCDM structure for SSS, based on which we further design a QFD-based multi-stakeholders and multi-experts MCDM model considering stakeholders’ consensus of interest and wisdom of expert crowds. Firstly, multiple stakeholder groups with multiple participants in each one are asked to output their expectations and preferences for their own requirements; within each group, the algorithm for consensus reaching process (CRP) is designed to formulate the acceptable collective expectations, and the best worst method (BWM) method integrated with an algorithm for consistency improving process (CIP) and an algorithm for CRP is developed to weight requirements. Secondly, multiple experts use basic uncertain linguistic information (BULI) to characterize performances of alternatives on criteria and relationship between requirements and criteria, and a method of weighting individual judgements with the capability of drawing on wisdom of crowds (WOC) while accommodating organizers’ trust level in reliability given by experts is used to facilitate formulating collective judgements. Thirdly, for each alternative and each requirement of each stakeholder group, we can quantify the comprehensive performance of the alternative on the requirement with the help of QFD, based on which and the group’s expectation we can use the value function of prospect theory to quantify the group’s satisfaction of the requirement from the alternative; aggregating the weighted satisfaction levels of requirements gives rise to the comprehensive satisfaction level of each group from each alternative; and then the Maximin decision rule is introduced to rank alternatives because of its ability of accommodating the non-compensation among different stakeholder groups. Finally, a case study is conducted to investigate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Medical Ethics: A Very Short Introduction

Medical Ethics: A Very Short IntroductionMichael Dunn and Tony HopeOxford University Press, 2018Let me begin by saying as a long-term advocate of more conscientious, deliberate, and compelling education in the ethical aspects of medical practice, this book is a most welcome contribution.Medical Ethics, a volume in the Oxford University Press series of Very Short Introductions is compact (fits in a jacket pocket), brief (10 chapters, 122 pages), brilliant (passim), and affordable ($11.95). Hence, efficacy in several dimensions.This book, now in its second edition, is the best elementary introduction to medical ethics we have. By “best” I mean the most successful combination of clear writing, accessible analytic acuity of central concepts and issues, pedagogical design, useful guidance to more advanced material, and brevity.Other introductory works in this area are sometimes better in one or more of these categories. One that comes to mind (also recommended for more depth) is Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine by Albert R. Johnson, Mark Siegler, and William J. Linslade. However, none is as successful as a combination of all these criteria.If I were still teaching medical ethics to residents, when time efficiency is essential, I would certainly use Medical Ethics as a principal resource.The authors present a mix of philosophical insight, grounded in close study of foundational texts, and clinical observation, grounded in reflection on years of experience. The mix is at once intellectually elevating and clinically useful.The book opens with an explication of eight “tools of ethical reasoning” used by philosophers, which are then on display in consideration of a range of topics that challenge medical practitioners.These tools are: 1) Distinguishing facts from values; 2) Reasoning from principles; 3) Defining terms; 4) Elucidating concepts; 5) Case comparison; 6) Thought experiments; 7) Logic; 8) Spotting and avoiding fallacies in reasoning.While using these tools as guidelines, the authors advise it is important to remember: Ethical reasoning cannot be reduced to algorithms. Situations are complex and doing the right thing will often require flexibility. Rationality, if practiced in isolation from other virtues, can, like bureaucracy, become rigid and inhuman. Humane medicine will require in addition to rationality: wisdom, imagination, and creativity.This statement reflects the authors’ general and long-term approach to ethical problems, an approach that is a disciplined attempt to achieve clarity, rather than an opportunity to invoke a commitment to any sort of abstraction (theory, law, ideology, secular or religious tradition, and so on). Readers are encouraged to get rid of the fuzz and goo of careless thought, to achieve clarity about the issue or case at hand, before committing to a treatment plan. (As an aside—in many years of consulting with patients, their families, and attending caregivers, I found that most disagreements could be resolved simply by clarifying the language each party was using. Clarity alone often generated agreement; when it did not, at least differences were better defined and more amenable to resolution.)A variety of cases, laws concerning medical decisions, and “customs of practice,” are presented then followed by an evaluation employing all or some of the tools mentioned above, which discussion is in turn followed by an inquiry of the reader: “Would you use the explicated techniques differently, and perhaps reach a different judgment?” The approach, throughout the presentation of issues, is, again: What is the best way, all things considered, to reach a good judgment about the right thing to do? Reaching such judgment on solid, defensible grounds, all things considered, in a shared language, is the essence of applied medical ethics.The range of cases, laws, and customs considered includes, but is not limited to: assisted dying, people who don’t exist yet, inconsistencies about responses to mental illness, fair procedures for allocating medical resources, the myth of evidence-based value-free policy-making, the role of rescue according to statistics versus to known individuals, modern genetics testing and traditional confidentiality, cultural mores and consent, and the various support roles of medical ethics.The best summary of the book’s message I can offer is this: Attending to the particulars of individuals-in-context is always appropriate, if not mandatory while evaluating ethical aspects of clinical practice. After rational consideration of the kind outlined by the authors, forming different judgments in similar (but not identical) cases ought to be considered an achievement rather than an inconsistency to be avoided. The consistency to be most valued in clinical decision-making is not found in identical results, but rather in the application of rational processes, tempered with empathy and imagination. The particular elements of individual contexts matter and rational judgments will be, and ought to be affected by them.The Further Reading addendum is excellent, offering books, articles, journals, and institutions that have contributed to our—so far—only moderately successful effort in providing essential and continuing medical ethics education.

SKARGA NADZWYCZAJNA – DOPEŁNIENIE SYSTEMU OCHRONY PORZĄDKU KONSTYTUCYJNEGO

The article discusses the deficit of legal remedies allowing for the judicial review of the constitutionality of final court’s judgments. The deficit resulting from the narrow scope of the constitutional complaint as administered by the Constitutional Tribunal under the Art. 79 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, has been considerably reduced since 2018. The constitutional complaint allows only challenging unconstitutional statutory provisions upon which a challenged judgment was issued. This does not allow challenging a judgment that was issued in breach of the Constitution itself, if it was based on statutory provisions, which are perfectly conformant to the Constitution. This narrow scope of the constitutional complaint provoked much of criticism and the call for broadening it, so as to it encompassed a judgment itself and not only its statutory base. The paper argues that such an amendment has been already implemented in substantial dimension, without modification of the scope of the constitutional complaint. The said substantial supplementation took place through the introduction of the new extraordinary review, which started to be administered by the Supreme Court in 2018. The paper argues that extraordinary review is a form of a specific constitutional review applicable to judicial decisions. Together with the constitutional complaint, the extraordinary complaint makes the system of protection of constitution and the constitutional rights substantially much more comprehensible. While the constitutional complaint provides review of the general and abstract statutory provisions, the extraordinary complaint provides the same for specific and individual judgments.

Does mental well-being predict being perceived as a happy peer? A longitudinal social network study

Social processes depend on individual features that make possible the development of social relationships and strong ties. Mental well-being (i.e., emotional, social, and psychological) in particular plays a key role in these processes influencing the formation of social ties. However, little is known about the potential of perceiving individuals as happy because of their levels of mental well-being. The aim of the study is to perform a longitudinal social network analysis to explore how mental well-being predicts being perceived as a happy individual. The study sample comprised 240 first-year university students and data were gathered through self-reported measures and peer reports, asking the students to select happy peers according to their perceptions. Results confirmed that mental well-being influenced the judgments of individuals regarding being perceived as a happy peer at zero-acquaintance level. These findings support mental well-being as an important resource to facilitate the development of social relationships.

An integrated decision-making approach to evaluating design schemes under heterogeneous fuzzy environment

A few design schemes can be derived using the modularisation strategy, which can effectively reduce the assembling cost and delivery time to the development of product design. Therefore, it is important to select modular architecture design schemes (MADSs) according to evaluation information (fuzzy and uncertain) provided by design experts. As a classic multiple attributes group decision-making problem, the fuzzy theory exhibits a distinct advantage in dealing with the heterogeneous fuzzy information. In this study, an integrated VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) approach was proposed to evaluate MADSs based on a similarity degree model and modified convergent iterative algorithm (MCIA). First, the evaluation measures of MADSs were provided using various types of fuzzy (interval and real) numbers according to the characteristics of the evaluation attributes. Then, the similarity degree between the heterogeneous fuzzy data of individual judgements was used to construct a collective decision matrix, which was obtained by the MCIA. Finally, the weighted VIKOR approach integrated with the Euclidean distance of heterogeneous fuzzy data was presented to derive the compromise solutions of MADSs. A real-world case study on liquid crystal display, method comparisons, and sensitivity analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach for evaluating MADSs under heterogeneous fuzzy environment.

From the material to the emotional?

The paper interrogates the recent intensification of state intervention in parenting by examining current tendencies in child-welfare caseworkers’ practices in Hungary. In this country different institutions and welfare workers have existed for many decades who have sought to influence childrearing practices. The paper argues that in order to unravel the specific character and importance of current instances of state intervention we need to examine the everyday practices of caseworkers, which are guided not only by relevant policies, but also by dominant norms of ideal parenting. Based on year-long ethnographic research the paper shows how a shift in our approach to parenting have been transforming caseworkers’ assessments of parental competence and explanations for initiating child removals during the past decade. While earlier neglect was assessed mostly in material terms, we can currently witness a shift towards the assessment of emotional ties between mothers and their children. However, these are extremely subjective and fluid notions that allow for the individual judgments and dominant values of social differentiation to play an ever more influential part in caseworkers’ decisions.

Worth doing but not worth having? The influence of personal aspirations and career expectations on the value of a doctorate

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to understand the interaction between the component domains of doctoral value to identify those which have a greater influence on overall perceptions of the value of a doctorate. This study also investigates what may lead an individual to say the doctorate was not worth doing.Design/methodology/approachUsing Bryan and Guccione’s (2018) conceptual model of “doctoral value”, this study used a qualitative survey, to examine 261 perceptions of the value of the doctorate in a range of employment contexts.FindingsIndividual perceptions of value are dynamically influenced by the fulfilment of expectations, career achievements and the employer’s perception of the doctorate’s value. The authors found that the circumstances of respondents’ current employment are the most common predictor of overall perceived value and that those who reported that their doctorates were “not worth doing” attributed this to lack of a positive career outcome.Originality/valueA recurring concept was that respondents considered that their doctorate had been “worth doing” for the value it conveyed to them personally, but not “worth having” because of its low value to employers. This new understanding illustrates the complexity of decision-making and the individual career timelines that influence value. This study positions the “career value” and “personal value” domains as determinant in informing individual value judgements. The findings of this study lend weight to calls for doctoral education to focus on non-academic careers and also inspire further investigation into how non-academic employers recruit, motivate and value doctoral graduates.

Development and Implementation of an Evidence-Based Pregnancy Screening Protocol in an Academic Radiation Oncology Department

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> National guidelines give broad recommendations for which patients should be screened and timing of screening. Previous survey of ASTRO member institutions indicated that approximately 30% of centers did not have a clear pregnancy screening protocol. In this department, screening was done on the basis of individual physician clinical judgement. The purpose of this project is to develop an institutional protocol that defined patient criteria and timing for pre-radiation pregnancy screening in patients and to compare rates of screening before and after policy implementation. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> A review of both radiation oncology and OB/GYN literature was performed with attention to risks of radiation to the fetus, current pregnancy screening protocols, and women at risk for pregnancy. Our institutional protocol defined the "at risk" population as female patients age 12-50 with intact reproductive organs. Contraceptive use was not considered an exclusion from screening. Screening would not be required for boost simulations or replans. Screening had to be performed within 30 days of CT simulation. Our policy was implemented 10/1/21. All CT simulations from 1/1/18-9/30/21 were reviewed. The medical record of patients meeting screening criteria was reviewed in further detail to establish the baseline screening rate. The medical records of patients meeting screening criteria from 10/1/21-1/31/22 was reviewed to establish an adherence rate after implementation. <h3>Results</h3> From 1/1/18-9/30/21, a total of 5,107 CT simulations were performed. Of these, 414 were performed on women age 12-50. 49 had prior removal of reproductive organs. This left 365 women as the baseline population. Screening occurred per the newly developed protocol in 189 of these women (51.8%.) There was one positive test. Retesting was negative, and the patient proceeded with treatment. An additional 64 patients underwent screening deviating from our current protocol. This included testing within 3 months but greater than 1 month from the date of CT simulation as well as screening after the date of simulation but prior treatment initiation. 112 of 365 women did not have documented pregnancy screening prior to CT and treatment initiation (30.6%). After the implementation of the screening protocol on 10/1/21, a total of 403 patients underwent CT simulation through 1/31/21. Of these, 34 were women age 12-50. 7 had prior removal of reproductive organs. Of the remaining 27 patients, 25 underwent screening per protocol (92.5%). One patient was 49 years old and refused testing. The other was tested before the initiation of therapy. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our conclusion is implementation of a pregnancy screening protocol in an academic medical center radiation oncology department improved the screening rate for women at risk for pregnancy prior to radiation treatment planning. The use of a standardized policy eliminates inter-provider variation and improves patient safety.

Time-varying external archive differential evolution algorithm with applications to parallel mechanisms

In this work, a time-varying external archive differential evolution algorithm is proposed, which can obtain the multiple roots for system of nonlinear equations for the forward displacement of parallel mechanisms. In time-varying external archive differential evolution three improvements are presented. At first, a time-varying subpopulation strategy is proposed to consider both global and local searching capabilities. Then, an individual judgment criterion is proposed, which employs the weighted basis vector mutation strategy for ordinary individuals and a hybrid mutation operator for locally optimal individuals. Finally, the external archive strategy of neighborhood-based crowding differential evolution is improved to enhance the domain searching ability of the algorithm. To evaluate the performance of time-varying external archive differential evolution, twenty benchmark functions are selected as the test suite. Moreover, the solutions for forward displacements of four strongly coupled parallel mechanisms with different degrees of freedom are derived to test the generality of this method. From the acquired experimental results, it is demonstrated that fairly-competitive results can be provided compared to other methods, in both benchmark functions and forward displacement solutions of parallel mechanisms.

Uncertainty in individual risk judgments associates with vulnerability and curtailed climate adaptation

Risk assessments are key for the effective management of potential environmental threats. Across probabilistic phenomena, climate change is an exemplar of paramount uncertainties. These uncertainties have been embraced in supporting governments’ decisions; yet receive scarce attention when studying individual behavior. Analyzing a survey conducted in the USA, China, Indonesia, and the Netherlands (N=6242), we explore socio-economic, psychological, and behavioral differences between individuals who can subjectively assess risks, and those who are risk-uncertain. We find that risk-uncertain individuals are more likely to belong to societal subgroups classically considered as vulnerable, and have reduced capacities and intentions to adapt to hazards—specifically floods. The distinctions between risk-aware and risk-uncertain individuals indicate that ignoring differences in individuals’ capacity to assess risks could amount to persistent vulnerability and undermine climate-resilience efforts. While we use floods emblematically, these finding have consequences for the standard practice of dropping or bootstrapping uncertain responses, irrespective of the hazard, with implications for environmental management.

The Impact of Cultural Embeddedness on the Implementation of an Artificial Intelligence Program at Triage: A Qualitative Study.

Triage requires rapid determination of acuity and resources. Current modalities allow for individual judgment, with varied application of algorithmic rules. Although artificial intelligence can improve triage accuracy, gaps remain in understanding implementation facilitators and barriers, especially those related to the cultural understandings by nurses of emergency department presentations. The purpose of this study was to explore the cultural and technological elements of the implementation of an artificial intelligence clinical decision support aid (i.e., KATE) in an emergency nursing triage process in an urban community hospital on the West Coast of the United States. An exploratory qualitative study using semi-structured small group and individual interviews and constant comparison analysis strategies. The sample comprised 13 emergency department triage nurses at one site. Campinha-Bacote's theory of cultural competence framed the study. Responses yielded the overall theme of We know these people and we know these things. Supporting categories included the problem of aire; just another checkbox; gut trumps data; higher acuity with no resources; and technology as a safety net. Participants reported reliance on clinical experience and cultural knowledge to assign acuity. The implementation of an artificial intelligence program was initially received skeptically due to the acontextual nature of AI, but grew to be perceived as a safety net for triage decision making among emergency nurses.

“Personal Opinion” in Qurʾānic Exegesis: Medieval Debates and Interpretations of al-Tafsīr bi-l-Raʾy

Abstract This article explores the long-contested question about the role of individual judgement vis-à-vis the authority of tradition in the interpretation of the Qurʾān. It focuses on the notion of al-tafsīr bi-l-raʾy – interpretation of the Qurʾān by “personal opinion” – and offers an insight into medieval Muslim debates over the legitimacy of this type of exegesis, its alleged prophetic disapproval, and the scope and conditions of its use. Based on the Sunnī tafsīr works from the 3rd/9th to the 6th/12th centuries, the article examines how in the course of these debates Muslim authors negotiated the meaning of al-tafsīr bi-l-raʾy. Against the view that it encompassed any interpretation beyond tradition-based tafsīr, their reinterpretations of the term implied that philological, juridical, and Ṣūfī tafsīr could not be categorized as al-tafsīr bi-l-raʾy, thereby narrowing the meaning of this concept and broadening the scope of legitimate exegesis and interpretative authorities in Sunnī tafsīr tradition.

Twilight of Human Judgment

Twilight of Human Judgment

Approaching History through the Future: Some Thoughts from a Feminist Pragmatist

Approaching History through the Future: Some Thoughts from a Feminist Pragmatist

Earmarking space: relationality, economic judgments and housing wealth

Abstract Housing wealth is the single largest portion of household wealth in most Western societies today, yet little research has examined how individuals make decisions regarding the use of the housing wealth that they possess. In this article, we leverage insights from relational economic sociology to understand how individuals’ subjective valuations and other economic judgments are influenced when space in a home is relationally earmarked. Using a series of original vignette experiments and survey tasks in conjunction with qualitative responses, we find that earmarking a room for a close social tie does indeed matter for valuation. Furthermore, we reveal that individual economic judgments are strongly influenced by different relational content associated with relational earmarks compared to a control. Put differently, we systematically show how modifying the constitution of an earmark strengthens or lessens the appropriateness of its match and prompts distinct patterns of economic decision-making. Our analyses extend relational economic sociology to studies of housing while also building intellectual bridges with research on judgment and decision-making (JDM).

Evolving the Assessment of Clinical Judgment: An Individual or Collective Competency?

Nurses make decisions about care individually and as part of a team. Collective competence, the effective team management of patient care situations, is partially dependent on nurses' individual confidence and clinical judgment competence. To describe individual and team-based facilitators and barriers to collective competence in teams of senior baccalaureate-level prelicensure nursing students during a team-based simulation. With a cross-sectional design, the study used a 26-item survey based on the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN)-Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (CJMM) (α= .86) to assess individual student confidence and perceptions of clinical judgment competence while observation of team dynamics and task completion assessed collective competence. Closed-loop communication and role assignment were facilitators of collective competence when present and barriers when absent. Additional barriers were lack of student confidence and perceived competence with Layers 3 and 4 of the NCSBN-CJMM. Team-based simulation strategies can be effectively used to assess collective clinical judgment competence.

Personalized decision-making for acute cholecystitis: Understanding surgeon judgment.

There is sparse high-level evidence to guide treatment decisions for severe, acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). Therefore, treatment decisions depend heavily on individual surgeon judgment, which is highly variable and potentially amenable to personalized, data-driven decision support. We test the hypothesis that surgeons' treatment recommendations misalign with perceived risks and benefits for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (surgical removal) vs. percutaneous cholecystostomy (image-guided drainage). Surgery attendings, fellows, and residents applied individual judgement to standardized case scenarios in a live, web-based survey in estimating the quantitative risks and benefits of laparoscopic cholecystectomy vs. percutaneous cholecystostomy for both moderate and severe acute cholecystitis, as well as the likelihood that they would recommend cholecystectomy. Surgeons predicted similar 30-day morbidity rates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and percutaneous cholecystostomy. However, a greater proportion of surgeons predicted low (<50%) likelihood of full recovery following percutaneous cholecystostomy compared with cholecystectomy for both moderate (30% vs. 2%, p < 0.001) and severe (62% vs. 38%, p < 0.001) cholecystitis. Ninety-eight percent of all surgeons were likely or very likely to recommend cholecystectomy for moderate cholecystitis; only 32% recommended cholecystectomy for severe cholecystitis (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in predicted postoperative morbidity when respondents were stratified by academic rank or self-reported ability to predict complications or make treatment recommendations. Surgeon recommendations for severe cholecystitis were discordant with perceived risks and benefits of treatment options. Surgeons predicted greater functional recovery after cholecystectomy but less than one-third recommended cholecystectomy. These findings suggest opportunities to augment surgical decision-making with personalized, data-driven decision support.

Appearing competent or moral? The role of organizational goals in the evaluation of candidates.

The Big Two theoretical framework suggests that two traits, namely morality and competence, govern social judgments of individuals and that morality shows a primacy effect over competence because it has more diagnostic value. In this study we tested the primacy effect of morality in the workplace by examining how instrumental or relational goals of organizations might influence the importance of morality or competence of candidates during the hiring process. We hypothesized that the primacy effect of morality might hold when organizational goals are relational, but it might get reversed when organizational goals are instrumental. Supporting our hypothesis, in a field study and two experiments (both preregistered) we found that people perceive moral candidates as more appropriate for recruitment when an organization prioritizes relational goals (Studies 1, 2, and 3). In contrast, people perceive competent candidates as more appropriate for recruitment when an organization prioritizes instrumental goals (Studies 1 and 2). Perceived appropriateness of a candidate, in turn, predicts a stronger intention to recruit a candidate (Studies 2 and 3). These results provide evidence for a reversal of the primacy effect of morality in a work setting, and illuminate the important role of organizational goals in social judgments.