Immigration Of Individuals Research Articles

“Aguantamos”: Limits to Latino Migrant Farmworker Agency in North Carolina Labor Camps

Each year, tens of thousands of Latino migrant farmworkers return to the hills and fields of North Carolina to live in employer-provided labor camps that often fail to meet regulatory and ethical standards. Little attention has been paid to how these workers and their families perceive and respond to substandard housing conditions. This paper analyzes how far and in what ways Latino migrant farmworkers living in eastern North Carolina labor camps feel their agency extends in responding to substandard housing and work conditions, while also considering who among them has the power to exercise this agency. Based on qualitative analysis of interviews with twenty-three migrant farmworkers or partners of farmworkers, our findings indicate that the limits of migrant farmworker agency are strongly dictated by the close relationship between migrant farmworker employment and housing; by the importance of remittance wages for dependents; and by individual immigration, gender, and education characteristics. In the current context, the informal and reparative nature of agentive acts in substandard labor camps creates real but minor improvements while also co-constructing the very structural neglect to which it responds. We conclude that current housing and labor policy frameworks do little to amplify and support differentially distributed migrant farmworker agency and its individualized successes.

Threshold dynamical analysis on a class of age-structured tuberculosis model with immigration of population

Some studies show that latency and relapse, especially the age-dependent latency and relapse, may affect the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis model. Meanwhile, the immigration of infected individuals induces the loss of disease-free steady state and hence no basic reproduction number. In our work, a class of age-structured tuberculosis model with immigration is proposed, where the new individuals can immigrate into the susceptible, latent, infectious and removed compartments. We show that the endemic steady state is unique and globally asymptotically stable by using the Lyapunov functional. Numerical simulations are given to support our theoretical results.

“I do not mind immigrants; it is immigration that bothers me.” The inconsistency of immigration attitudes in Europe

Using the European Social Survey data we studied migration attitudes in 19 European countries, including Czechia. We introduced and tested the assumption about the bi-dimensional nature of migration attitudes, where personalized attitudes towards immigrants as individuals might differ from the generalised attitudes toward immigration as a phenomenon. The results of our analysis have provided arguments to suggest that one person may in fact has rather positive attitudes towards individual immigrants (in term of willingness to accept them in closer contacts in everyday life) and at the same time express reservations about immigration as a phenomenon (be more sceptical about the positive outcomes of international migration). The article also contributes to the discussion about the country context, which seems to have an important effect on migration attitudes. People in CEE countries tend to express considerably greater social distancing from individual immigrants than people in those European countries with relatively longer immigration experience. But when it comes to attitudes towards immigration as a phenomenon, here the feelings are rather reserved all across Europe.

Control Strategies for TB Epidemics

A model for tuberculosis (TB) that includes immigration of susceptible and infected individuals is presented and analyzed. Infected individuals are structured by time since infection to include a long and variable latency period, and individuals with active TB have an increased mortality rate. Two control problems are formulated and analyzed, minimizing the impact of infection by controlling infected immigrants and/or screening for detection and treatment of infected individuals before they develop active TB.

Actor diversity and viewpoint diversity: Two of a kind?

AbstractNews content diversity is generally considered to be an essential precondition for the promotion of social pluralism. However, how diversity of news content should be conceptualized and measured is less clear. We use a content analysis of newspaper articles about immigration (2013−14) in Belgium (Flanders) to measure the diversity of actors and viewpoints in the news, and to study the link between those two subdimensions of content diversity. We find that the representation of a plurality of active actors in a news article seems to go hand in hand with a more diverse range of viewpoints. The findings show that there are no significant differences in the level of actor and viewpoint diversity between quality and popular newspapers. However, the length of the article has a positive effect on providing more diversity. Moreover, our results indicate that allowing for individual immigrants to talk in the reporting is fundamental to promoting a more positive representation of immigration in the news.

Fearing what? Vignette experiments on anti-immigrant sentiments

ABSTRACTThis study examines the impact of economic and safety threat perceptions on anti-immigrant sentiments. We investigate the extent to which public support for individual immigrants is affected by considerations about economic prospects and criminality of potential immigrants. We utilise survey vignette experiments conducted as part of the Panel Component of the European Social Survey in the Netherlands with a representative sample of the Dutch population. In the vignette experiments, we manipulated economic prospects and criminal background characteristics of immigrants, making them appear more or less likely to be an economic burden for and to pose a safety threat to the host society. Our findings demonstrate that both economic and safety considerations highly influence the public support for individual immigrants. We find that citizens’ views on admissibility of individual immigrants are predominantly shaped by considerations about social welfare costs and criminality of potential immigrants. Our findings further illustrate that safety concerns are yielding to more exclusionist immigration policy preferences than economic threat considerations, especially when those safety threats are measured at the individual level rather than at the collective level.

Dynamics and population structure of native Echinogammarus stammeri (Karaman, 1931) (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and non-native Gammarus roeselii Gervais, 1835 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) occurring in sympatry in Northern Italy

Gammarids are one of the most successful invaders in freshwater ecosystems due to both their diet plasticity and high reproductive capability. The Balkanic amphipod, Gammarus roeselii Gervais, 1835, has colonised a small canal in the southern part of the sub-lacustrine Ticino River basin (Northern Italy), where it lives in sympatry and shares the same habitat with the native species Echinogammarus stammeri (Karaman, 1931). We surveyed the populations of the two species over 12 months (from July 2014 to June 2015) to investigate their structure and dynamics. The overall densities of the two populations were similar in the study area, but we observed marked differences in the population structure: G. roeselii was in fact more successful than the native gammarid in achieving the adult stage, and E. stammeri exhibited a rather limited reproductive period, which does not justify the stable occurrence of juvenile individuals. We hypothesise that the population of the native gammarid in this small habitat is supported by a continuous upstream immigration of individuals from the Ticino River, while G. roeselii exhibits a well-structured and self-reproducing population.

Why do majority members prefer immigrants who adopt the host culture? The role of perceived identification with the host nation

Research has shown that members of the national majority group generally consider host culture adoption by immigrants as desirable. However, so far, this positive effect of perceived host culture adoption on attitudes toward immigrants has not been explained. We argue that majority members infer national identification of immigrants from their cultural adoption. Moreover, we predict that this inference should decrease majority members’ feeling of ingroup threat, therefore also improving their attitudes toward immigrants. We conducted two experimental studies. In Study 1, majority members who were presented an immigrant group that adopted the host culture held more positive attitudes than those who were presented one that disregarded it. In line with our hypothesis, this effect was fully mediated by perceived identification of the immigrants with the host nation, itself decreasing perception of ingroup threat. Study 2 reproduced the same experimental design, but used descriptions of individual immigrants’ acculturation strategies, and the immigrant group’s status – valued vs. devalued origin – was also manipulated. In addition, Study 2 focused on dimensions of the “Big Two” of social perception. Results replicated the mediational effect of perceived identification on attribution of both warmth and competence traits. The status manipulation had no significant effect and did not interact with cultural adoption. These two studies provide robust evidence that perception of host nation identification explains the effects of perceived cultural adoption on attitudes towards immigrants.

Determinants of immigration strategies in male crested macaques (Macaca nigra).

Immigration into a new group can produce substantial costs due to resistance from residents, but also reproductive benefits. Whether or not individuals base their immigration strategy on prospective cost-benefit ratios remains unknown. We investigated individual immigration decisions in crested macaques, a primate species with a high reproductive skew in favour of high-ranking males. We found two different strategies. Males who achieved low rank in the new group usually immigrated after another male had immigrated within the previous 25 days and achieved high rank. They never got injured but also had low prospective reproductive success. We assume that these males benefitted from immigrating into a destabilized male hierarchy. Males who achieved high rank in the new group usually immigrated independent of previous immigrations. They recieved injuries more frequently and therefore bore immigration costs. They, however, also had higher reproductive success prospects. We conclude that male crested macaques base their immigration strategy on relative fighting ability and thus potential rank in the new group i.e. potential reproductive benefits, as well as potential costs of injury.

Beyond Ethnic Stereotypes – Identities and Outdoor Recreation Among Immigrants and Nonimmigrants in the Netherlands

ABSTRACTStudies on immigrants' recreational use of greenspace have tended to focus on ethnic groups as homogeneous entities. In a qualitative study based on group interviews, this article focuses on the cultural diversity among and within ethnic groups. We used an identity perspective to study outdoor recreation of young Dutch adults with Chinese, Turkish, or nonimmigrant backgrounds. Results show that primarily personal identities, age, and ethnicity inform recreational behavior. The multiplicity of peoples' identities results in more heterogeneity between and within ethnic groups, as well as more homogeneity between immigrants and nonimmigrants, than commonly described. When immigrants are considered as a homogeneous group that underparticipates in outdoor recreation, individual immigrants who frequently participate in outdoor recreation are overlooked. Furthermore, we show that acculturation does not progress at the same rate among all ethnic groups, and that ethnic identity may be sustained among second and subsequent generations through certain recreational activities.

‘Are you being served?’ The Jewish Agency and the absorption of Ethiopian immigration

This article addresses the question of how the Israeli government and the Jewish Agency for Israel (JAFI) handled the absorption of Ethiopian immigrants in the early 1990s. It shows that, reflecting the historic rivalry between the two organizations, their interaction lacked a clear division of roles and was mired by rivalry and conflicting interests. As a result, the individual immigrant, besides dealing with predictable absorption difficulties, had to cope with bureaucratic failures.

Compensatory response of invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio to harvest

Invasive species are often mechanically removed to reduce or eliminate their populations. However, removal may release survivors from density-dependent mechanisms resulting in stable or increasing population abundance through compensatory processes. Additionally, immigration of new individuals into systems where removal is occurring may negate efforts to control population abundance. Thus, understanding population-level responses to removal and immigration rates are essential aspects of invasive species management. We evaluated how common carp Cyprinus carpio populations respond to removal through commercial harvest in three interconnected lakes over five years. Nearly 230,000 common carp (up to 55 fish/ha/year) were removed and exploitation rates ranged from <1 to 43% across three lakes over four years. Despite high removal rates in some years, carp population abundance, recruitment, and growth remained stable. Carp survival ranged between 54–79% and was inversely related to removal rate. However, survival only decreased by 25% at 43% exploitation, suggesting a partial compensatory rather than additive response. Emigration among lakes was low (<1%; >2000 carp), but varied among years in response to water level fluctuations. Our results indicate that carp control is difficult in large interconnected systems due to compensatory mortality and interbasin movement patterns, limiting the ability of removal-based management practices alone to control these invasive populations.

GENETICS AND DEMOGRAPHY OF KELP GULLS IN PATAGONIA

The Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus), a common seabird in coastal Patagonia, has recently increased in overall abundance and distribution, creating some concerns for the protection and conservation of other native, threatened species. We combined genetic and demographic data of four large Kelp Gull colonies distributed along 1800 km of the northern Patagonian coast of Argentina to further understand patterns of population growth and migration of the species. DNA analysis of variable intron sequences of two separate genes (myelin proteolipid protein, β-fibrinogen) revealed similar intra-colony levels of DNA sequence diversity. Pairwise FST comparisons revealed significant differentiation of the northernmost colony, Islote La Pastosa, from the two southern colonies, Punta Tombo and Isla Vernaci Sudoeste (p &lt; 0.05). Indirect estimates of gene flow suggest significant mixing among colonies (Nm &gt; 6). Demographic estimates revealed that Islote La Pastosa showed an increase in the number of breeding individuals over time (λ = 1.075), representing an area of potential population expansion. This is consistent with previous studies that have suggested that the demographic connectivity among Kelp Gull colonies in Patagonia may follow a source-sink dynamics, where growth rates of growing colonies are fuelled by the immigration of individuals from nearby colonies. The observed pattern also reflects the overall expansion of the species in the Patagonian region. This study suggests that proper management strategies for the Kelp Gull should take into account the genetic and demographic dynamics of this species.

Global stability for an SEI model of infectious disease with age structure and immigration of infecteds.

We study a model of disease transmission with continuous age-structure for latently infected individuals and for infectious individuals and with immigration of new individuals into the susceptible, latent and infectious classes. The model is very appropriate for tuberculosis. A Lyapunov functional is used to show that the unique endemic equilibrium is globally stable for all parameter values.

Compensatory life‐history responses of a mesopredator may undermine carnivore management efforts

Summary Lethal carnivore management, aimed at reducing carnivore impacts, is a global phenomenon threatening the persistence of many carnivores. Black‐backed jackals Canis mesomelas, the dominant cause of livestock predation in southern Africa, are widely hunted to reduce livestock predation. Despite centuries of lethal management, jackals persist. Smaller canids, like jackals, are highly adaptable and display variable responses to mortality sources, which may affect management outcomes. The effects of killing carnivores will depend on their behaviour, social organization, reproduction and dispersal patterns. We predicted that hunted jackals will alter demographic and reproductive patterns to compensate for increased mortality. Here, we collected demographic and reproductive information from harvested jackals and compared it between continually hunted (farms) and unmanaged populations (reserves). The removal of jackals from farms results in a decrease in median age from 5–6 years (reserves) to 2–3 years (farms). Hunting also changed the age structure of jackal populations from a stable population to an expanding population. This may be ascribed to the compensatory immigration of individuals from neighbouring unmanaged areas, suggesting the formation of a source–sink system. Unmanaged areas may act as source populations exporting young, dispersing individuals to hunted areas which may act as sinks. This is likely driven by disruptions in the normal, mutually exclusive territorial system resulting in low densities of conspecifics on farms. The low density of conspecifics allows younger individuals that would be socially precluded from reproducing to reproduce. Jackals on farms compensated for increased mortality by increasing the pregnancy rate of young individuals and increasing the litter size at younger ages, thereby increasing reproductive output. Synthesis and applications. The lethal management of predators is the prevailing strategy to reduce livestock predation. However, the highly adaptable nature of jackals and the combination of compensatory mechanisms such as increased reproduction and potential for immigration allow these predators to persist in the face of severe anthropogenic mortality, possibly through the formation of a source–sink system. These compensatory processes will continue to counter population management actions as long as recruitment from unmanaged areas persists.

Mitochondrial DNA variants help monitor the dynamics of Wolbachia invasion into host populations.

Wolbachia is the most widespread endosymbiotic bacterium of insects and other arthropods that can rapidly invade host populations. Deliberate releases of Wolbachia into natural populations of the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, are used as a novel biocontrol strategy for dengue suppression. Invasion of Wolbachia through the host population relies on factors such as high fidelity of the endosymbiont transmission and limited immigration of uninfected individuals, but these factors can be difficult to measure. One way of acquiring relevant information is to consider mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation alongside Wolbachia in field-caught mosquitoes. Here we used diagnostic mtDNA markers to differentiate infection-associated mtDNA haplotypes from those of the uninfected mosquitoes at release sites. Unique haplotypes associated with Wolbachia were found at locations outside Australia. We also performed mathematical and qualitative analyses including modelling the expected dynamics of the Wolbachia and mtDNA variants during and after a release. Our analyses identified key features in haplotype frequency patterns to infer the presence of imperfect maternal transmission of Wolbachia, presence of immigration and possibly incomplete cytoplasmic incompatibility. We demonstrate that ongoing screening of the mtDNA variants should provide information on maternal leakage and immigration, particularly in releases outside Australia. As we demonstrate in a case study, our models to track the Wolbachia dynamics can be successfully applied to temporal studies in natural populations or Wolbachia release programs, as long as there is co-occurring mtDNA variation that differentiates infected and uninfected populations.

“You Will See My Family Became So American”: Toward a Minor Comparativism

How does the appearance of racial difference shape our view of citizenship and national identity? This Article seeks to address that question by examining two early twentieth-century cases involving the naturalization of Indian immigrants to the United States. In United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923), the Supreme Court determined that “Hindus” were not eligible for citizenship within the terms of the Naturalization Act because they were not “white persons.” The Court recognized that, although individual immigrants from India had proven themselves capable of cultural assimilation, as a group, they were disqualified because they would remain visually inassimilable. Through a close reading of the Court's analysis, this Article examines the ways in which law participates in the visual construction of both racial difference and national identity. Dinshah P. Ghadiali was one of several Indian immigrants whom the United States sought to denaturalize in the wake of Thind. Since the Supreme Court announced that visual assimilability was the relevant test for naturalization, in 1932, Ghadiali found himself in the peculiar position of having to defend his citizenship by demonstrating to a judge that he looked white. At his denaturalization trial, he submitted into evidence several photographs of himself, his children, and his properties, assuring the judge, “You will see my family became so American.” Through these photographs, I explore the demands of visual conformity that the law imposes on racialized minorities. Finally, this Article seeks to introduce to comparative legal scholarship a method of engaging the reflections of minority subjects to challenge the authority of legal texts, a method of analysis I call “minor comparativism.”

Estatus del chorlo nevado (Charadrius nivosus) en San Quintín y su disminución poblacional en la península de Baja California

The snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus) is a shorebird that is threatened in Mexico and US. The breeding population of the Pacific coast is a distinct population segment (DPS) whose distribution goes from Washington, USA, to Baja California Sur, Mexico. San Quintin hosts 50% of the DPS of the Baja California peninsula and, therefore, is a priority site for the species. Historical (1991) and current surveys (2007-2014), plus information on marked and recaptured birds, were used to assess population changes in the DPS nesting in the Baja California peninsula. It was estimated that between 1991 and 2008 the peninsular population declined by 33%. However the population of San Quintin did not follow this trend and it was considered stable. In Winter the resident population of plovers of San Quintin doubled by the immigration of individuals from the north. Density of plovers in the breeding season, although variable, was higher in salt works and sandy beaches. In the last 2 winters there was a shift in the plover distribution between sandy beaches and salt flats. Conservation of the Mexican DPS depends 50% on habitat protection and conservation in San Quintin.

Diasporas in the GCC states: fertile grounds for research

“Immigrant” or “diasporic” communities have been, and continue to be, a source of interest and sometimes concern on the social, academic, and political levels. When talking about immigration, relocation, or movement of individuals from one country to another, one automatically thinks of individuals moving from poor, underdeveloped countries, such as some of those found in the Middle East and North Africa, to the developed industrialized nations of the West. In today's globalized world, relocation has become the dominant trend and the developed western countries are no longer the only major destinations to immigrate to. We now see a trend of relocation of individuals, even from the West, moving to the Middle East, particularly to the oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries that are gaining a foothold in the world arena. Many individuals from around the globe are making this part of the world a second home. In these countries the expatriates, many of whom have been living here for decades, make up the majority of the population. They are a dynamic force whose experiences, perceptions, and voices, are to a great extent, missing in today's academic scholarship. This paper looks at the changing concept of what is known as diaspora, the presence of diasporas in the GCC states, and calls for research that examines the wealth of experiences and insights of the members of these diasporic communities.

Dispersal and selection mediate hybridization between a native and invasive species.

Hybridization between native and non-native species has serious biological consequences, but our understanding of how dispersal and selection interact to influence invasive hybridization is limited. Here, we document the spread of genetic introgression between a native (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and invasive (Oncorhynchus mykiss) trout, and identify the mechanisms influencing genetic admixture. In two populations inhabiting contrasting environments, non-native admixture increased rapidly from 1984 to 2007 and was driven by surprisingly consistent processes. Individual admixture was related to two phenotypic traits associated with fitness: size at spawning and age of juvenile emigration. Fish with higher non-native admixture were larger and tended to emigrate at a younger age--relationships that are expected to confer fitness advantages to hybrid individuals. However, strong selection against non-native admixture was evident across streams and cohorts (mean selection coefficient against genotypes with non-native alleles (s) = 0.60; s.e. = 0.10). Nevertheless, hybridization was promoted in both streams by the continuous immigration of individuals with high levels of non-native admixture from other hybrid source populations. Thus, antagonistic relationships between dispersal and selection are mediating invasive hybridization between these fish, emphasizing that data on dispersal and natural selection are needed to fully understand the dynamics of introgression between native and non-native species.