Individual Housing Construction Research Articles

An Assessment of the Impact of the Protection Zone Regime for Cultural Heritage Sites on the Value of Land for Individual Housing Construction in the Context of a Low-Activity Market

An Assessment of the Impact of the Protection Zone Regime for Cultural Heritage Sites on the Value of Land for Individual Housing Construction in the Context of a Low-Activity Market

ECONOMIC CONSTANT OF INTRODUCING RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES AT A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY IN AN UNSTABLE MARKET ENVIRONMENT WITH LIMITED RESOURCES

Theoretical concepts and applied possibilities concerning the feasibility of introducing resource-saving technologies in a construction company under the influence of an unstable market environment and limited resources are determined. The article considers the dependence of construction production on many factors of the external and internal environment: natural and climatic, engineering and geological, economic, suppliers, sub-suppliers. This leads to the existence of a variety of projected cost and time indicators for a given construction project. This is due to the impossibility of obtaining accurate information on the conditions of project implementation. In the authors’ opinion, the limited availability of raw materials and the threat of their depletion are the reason for the constant rational use of raw materials and the search for new energy sources. The authors argue that in an unstable market environment and with limited resources, introducing resource-saving technologies can have a significant economic impact. Economic benefits, reduction of negative impact on the environment, improvement of the company’s image and status are the main advantages of introducing such technologies. It is necessary to compare the economic benefits of implementing resource-saving technologies with the costs of their installation and operation in order to determine the economic feasibility constant. Economic benefits include increased productivity, reduced costs due to resource savings and improved product quality. Costs are related to the installation of new technology, replacement of equipment, staff training and other factors. Economic feasibility is an economic assessment that helps determine whether introducing resource-saving technologies is economically viable. It can help construction companies make decisions about investing in new technologies in the context of an unstable market environment and limited resources. The article gives examples of the use of cost-effective resource-saving technologies: the reconstruction of Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) – the use of inventory shuttering in the complex use of softeners and chemical additives to concrete; the rationale for types of individual housing construction using recycled materials and the introduction of energy-saving technologies; the concept of “smart building”; the use of recycled materials such as bottles, paper, plastic and other materials in the construction of buildings. The article concludes that the use of resource-saving technologies can be an effective tool for ensuring the competitiveness and sustainable development of a construction company in an unstable market environment and with limited resources.

Increasing the energy efficiency of wooden house construction

Individual housing construction in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is actively developing. Rising housing prices in multi-storey buildings, increasing building density, and socio-demographic factors are increasing the popularity of individual construction. Technologies for such construction imply the widespread use of available local building materials, in particular wood. During the study, the designs of private houses in the settlement - the regional center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - were analyzed. It was found that 90% of the sample examined were houses built from timber. Using simulation modeling methods, the actual thermal resistance of the enclosing structure made of timber with a cross-section of 0.15×0.15 m was determined. The calculated value was compared with the standard resistance indicator of the enclosing structure, taking into account energy saving standards. The Elcut solid modeling system was used in the work. The required heat flow power to maintain stationary heat transfer conditions was determined. It has been established that the design enclosing structure does not provide the required thermal resistance taking into account energy saving standards. It is necessary to consider a multilayer enclosing structure and increase the design resistance by insulating the outer surface of the wall with heat-insulating materials.

ЦИФРОВАЯ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The article considers modern trends in the development of the market of individual housing construction in Russia and foreign countries. It is shown that the development of private homeownership is based on the tendency to individualization of personal space, which is a bright attribute of the national mentality of the inhabitants of countries with the lowest density of settlement. Besides, having one's own house will stimulate people to create a family and increase the number of children. The features of the Soviet period in the sphere of construction and spatial development are analyzed. The then existing emphasis on the development of mass apartment construction and high degree of urbanization led to the degradation of rural areas due to the mass outflow of population to the cities. Today it is necessary to change the existing model of spatial development, using foreign experience of suburbanization as a progressive direction of low-rise housing development. The authors emphasize that government support and IT technologies can act as drivers in the development of the Russian housing market.

Thermal efficiency of the enclosing structures of an individual residential house in conditions of interconstant thermal energy generation

The involvement of recycled wood resources and low-quality wood in the processing provides an active source of raw materials for the construction industry. Environmentally friendly building materials in the form of wood-mineral composites (WMC) help recycle this waste and help conserve natural resources. The study examined the thermal performance of enclosing structures in the form of a frame wall filled with mineral wool, walls made of aerated concrete blocks and stands made of WMC. The purpose of the work was to determine the thermal regime of enclosing structures under stationary and non-stationary thermal conditions. The unsteady mode was created by simulating the generation of thermal energy for 10 hours a day. The mode corresponds as closely as possible to the actual operating conditions of an individual housing construction project, provided that it is heated by a solid fuel boiler or stove with periodic generation of thermal energy. The total simulation time is 5 days. It has been established that in a stationary thermal mode, all considered structures comply with sanitary and hygienic requirements and heat conservation standards.

РАЗВИТИЕ РЫНКА ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОГО ЖИЛИЩНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА: РОССИЙСКИЕ И МИРОВЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ

The article considers modern trends in the development of the market of individual housing construction in Russia and foreign countries. It is shown that the development of private homeownership is based on the tendency to individualization of personal space, which is a bright attribute of the national mentality of the inhabitants of countries with the lowest density of settlement. Besides, having one's own house will stimulate people to create a family and increase the number of children. The features of the Soviet period in the sphere of construction and spatial development are analyzed. The then existing emphasis on the development of mass apartment construction and high degree of urbanization led to the degradation of rural areas due to the mass outflow of population to the cities. Today it is necessary to change the existing model of spatial development, using foreign experience of suburbanization as a progressive direction of low-rise housing development. The authors emphasize that government support and IT technologies can act as drivers in the development of the Russian housing market.

Study of electric consumption of individual housing construction facilities of different stories and area

In the Russian Federation, the construction of individual housing construction projects is being carried out at an increasing pace, for the construction of electrical networks for which there are no regulatory documents with an adequate methodology for calculating electrical loads. This situation led to low load on power grid equipment, and accordingly, investments became non-refundable. Sustainable development of private and industrial construction of individual housing projects is possible only with the development of regulatory technical documents that meet modern trends. To accomplish this task, research work was carried out to develop regulatory documents used in the design of electrical networks in cottage villages, taking into account the different number of floors and area of individual housing construction projects. Using the example of two cottage villages in Kazan, based on the parameter of daily and monthly electricity consumption, it was possible to obtain a sample whose data obeys the law of normal distribution. The analysis of sample sets of cottages in the villages shows that according to the power consumption parameter they can be grouped depending on the number of floors and area of the houses. The results obtained make it possible to formulate a future methodology for calculating electrical loads with amendments to the Federal Code of Rules.

МЕТОД СНИЖЕНИЯ ДЕФИЦИТА ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ МОЩНОСТИ В ИРКУТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, ВЫЗВАННОГО МАССОВЫМ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫМ ЖИЛИЩНЫМ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВОМ

In the southern of the Irkutsk region, a shortage of electricity has arisen due to various reasons. Over the past two years, this shortage has also been due to rapid individual housing construc-tion with electric heating of houses, as well as the intensive development of “cryptocurrency mining”. This is facilitated by low electricity tariffs, at which these consumer groups pay for the electricity they consume. If limiting “mining” requires the development of federal legislation, then in order to reduce the power consumption of individual houses, at existing tariffs, insula-tion of these houses is required. Calculations have shown that these measures can result in power savings of hundreds of megawatts

Problems of mortgage housing lending in conditions of economic instability and prospects for its development

This article analyzes the problems of mortgage housing lending in the Russian Federation. Such an indicator as the dynamics of housing commissioning is considered, the dynamics of the commissioning of apartment buildings (MCD) and individual housing construction (IHS) are compared, and trend methods for forecasting the prospects for the development of the housing mortgage lending market based on a time series are proposed.

Rational use of land in rural areas

Purpose – rational approaches to the use of land resources and regulation of landproperty relations of land categories of rural settlements (RS) are considered. Methods – monographic, analytical, statistical and abstract-logical. Results – the paper shows the problems of land use in the RS on the example of the regions of Kazakhstan and a number of rural districts. Problems of rural territorial units that need to be solved are identified. An assessment of the current regulatory and legislative framework regulating the rights of land users whose land is jointly owned is given, as well as the prospects for organizational and economic development. Options are proposed for a more complete and objective monitoring of the available territorial reserves of populated areas using improved methods for calculating the cadastral and market value of agricultural land. In turn, the economy of sustainable territories depends on how efficiently the land use of sites is organized. One of the most important aspects of the regional policy regarding the expenditure of land resources is the issue of increasing the effectiveness of their operation. Conclusions – the results of the research can be directed to the development of territorial planning schemes for the rational use of land in rural settlements and applied in practical land management activities, in particular, to provide information to the population with databases in the context of regions, districts and rural districts on the available land areas of rural settlements and management of land and property relations during their digitalization, as well as in electronic format for the introduction of a map of the land area of individual housing construction, personal subsidiary plots, etc. Attention should be paid to the quantitative reduction in agricultural land caused by rejection for industrial and urban planning needs.

Пути совершенствования жилищной политики в России

The article provides a brief overview of the situation in the Russian economy one year after the imposition of sanctions by the United States, European countries, and their allies because the special military operation was launched in Ukraine. The assessment of the difficult situation of the housing construction industry for 2023 is given. This evaluation became possible due to an imbalance of supply and demand, because of high real estate prices and a large number of unsold flats, and because of decreases in demand due to purchases in 2021 of flats for the future, uncertainty about the future, and reduced purchasing power of citizens. Assuming a long period of sanctions, the author’s vision of ways to improve housing policy is presented, which can become one of the main drivers of social and economic development of Russia under sanctions. The key proposal is to change the emphasis in housing policy from high-rise to low-rise individual housing construction. This fact will help to maintain production by companies that are connected with housing construction industry. Low-rise housing construction will contribute to the inclusion of urban districts in the agglomeration. It is suggested to stimulate the development of the market of individual low-rise housing by expanding the list of preferential mortgage programs, increasing funding, using public-private and municipal-private partnerships, founding construction savings banks, using digital technologies and ecosystems. To set the strategic goals of housing policy and to monitor the effectiveness of its further implementation, the author’s methodology for calculating a generalized integral indicator is proposed. It takes into account the development in the economic, housing, and digital spheres.

"The development of the construction industry and housing and utilities in the Russian Federation until 2030 with a forecast until 2035"

The article considers the Strategy for the development of the construction industry and housing and utilities services of the Russian Federation until 2030 with a forecast until 2035 considering the proposed urban policy of the Russian Federation, the development of urban and rural areas, as well as the development of individual housing construction.

Inventory of lands of gardening partnerships with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of territory use

The purpose of the paper is to study and analyze the inventory of lands of gardening partnerships as a way to increase the efficiency of use of the territory using the example of gardening partnerships in the Belomestnensky rural settlement of the Belgorod region. As a result of the survey, it was revealed that out of 17 SNT, in 7 the actual area is larger than the area allocated by decisions and regulations of the authorities, in 6 the situation is the opposite: the actual area is less. For a clear example, potential revenues from paying land taxes to the local budget were calculated and analyzed before and after inclusion within the boundaries of a populated area and the transfer of land from “gardening” to “individual housing construction.” As a result of studying the scientific material and the regulatory framework, the conclusion was made: an inventory of lands of gardening partnerships is an effective tool for increasing the efficiency of use of the territory of a municipality.

Возможность применения данных по многоквартирным домам фонда развития территорий при исследовании городских агломераций

The continued rapid growth of metropolitan areas is being actively studied by urban researchers in different branches of science. The modern development of information technology has boosted the arsenal of available data and tools for researchers. One of these types of data are multiple dwellings data in Russia today, provided through the open data from Territorial Development Fund. Scientists from different areas of science actively use them, but their features are poorly covered precisely as spatial data and the possibilities for their application. The authors analyzed the possibilities and limitations of using such data to study metropolitan areas (on the materials of the St. Petersburg metropolitan area). The process used by the authors for obtaining spatial data and visualization options, including quantitative analysis, were described. The possibilities of visualization are demonstrated considering the ignoring of the administrative divisions and the analysis of spatial autocorrelation. The key features of the data are the ability to ignore the administrative divisions and the expansion of the time series for research. At the same time, indicated errors in the data, which in general should slightly distort the true picture of the housing stock differentiation. This is expressed in the low actual update efficiency from 2020 and the absence of about 10–20 % of attributive data. An important limitation of the data is the lack of information on individual housing construction. The impact of identified problems can be reduced by integrating with other types of data. An important feature of the data is the presence of an address in accordance with the federal address information system (FIAS), which allows for accurate geo-referencing of data on multiple dwellings, but with limitations associated with the shortcomings of FIAS. Based on the analysis of the experience of predecessors and the own experience of the study, options for using data are proposed, in particular, population density modeling, identification of urban morphotypes, visualization and quantitative analysis of changes in the spatial structure of metropolitan areas. This study is one of the first to analyze the data on multiple dwellings as a type of spatial data and possible directions of GIS-analysis.

СТРУКТУРНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДИНАМИКИ ВВОДА ЖИЛЬЯ В 15 РЕСПУБЛИКАХ СССР В 1918–1990 ГГ.

This article considers the structure and dynamics of housing construction in the 15 Republics of the USSR, subdivided into five macroregions, from 1918 to 1990 based on a dataset compiled by the author from more than 120 statistical yearbooks of the USSR and the Union Republics. We employ housing completions by total floor space as a main indicator for our analysis by Republic of the USSR in general and in urban and rural areas. This indicator is further subdivided into four sources of financing: (1) housing completions by state and cooperative enterpises and organisations; (2) by housing construction cooperatives; (3) by inhabitants at their own expense and with state loans; (4) by collective farms (kolkhozes). The article reveals that, contrary to a quite widespread opinion in the contemporary public discourse about the predominance of the state in housing provision in the USSR since the 1920s, individual housing construction continued to play a leading role in the structure of housing completions by source of financing until the beginning of the 1960s, and the majority of the Union Republics were characterised by considerable volumes of housing construction financed by the population until the end of the 1980s. It is also shown that the degree of urbanisation influenced substantially the proportion between state housing construction and housing construction financed by inhabitants at the level of the Union Republics.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ЭТАПЫ ЖИЛИЩНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА В СССР В 1920–1980-Х ГОДАХ (ЧАСТЬ III)

According to the Rosstat, around six seventh of the population of the Russian Federation currently keep on living in houses built from 6 to 7. Nevertheless, such issues as macro-level housing construction trends in the USSR and the structure of housing construction by source of financing have often been overlooked in the contemporary Russian economic literature. In this article, we identify five stages of the development of housing construction in the USSR during the period from 1918 to 1990. Our analysis rests upon indicators on housing completions by five-year plan and the evolution of the legistation for the housing sector. In Part I of the article, we present our review of approaches to periodisation of housing construction in the USSR from the standpoint of different research disciplines. It contains also our analysis of the first stage from 1918 to 1928 based on a broad range of sources. Part II of the article examines the results of the second stage (from 1929 to 1941) and the third stage (from 1941 to 1955), whereas Part III of the article studies the evolution of housing construction during the fourth stage (from 1956 to 1975) and the fifth stage (from 1976 to 1990). Particular attention is paid to individual housing construction, housing construction cooperatives and housing construction in rural areas as factors that influenced substantially the overall dynamics of housing construction during most of the time of the USSR’s existence.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЖИЛИЩНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И ЖИЛИЩНОГО ВОПРОСА В СССР (ЧАСТЬ II)

The peculiarities of housing construction in the USSR within the planned economy determined the fundamental difference between the housing sector of the Russian Federation presently, other post-Soviet republics and countries of Central and Eastern Europe, on the one hand, and developed states, on the other hand. It is the dominance among households in the former countries of outright homeowners (with no mortgage) whereas the majority of households in the Western states either rent their dwellings or have a mortgage. However, most of contemporary studies have often overlooked this fact, which considerably influences the standard of living and the structure of households’ expenditures when international comparisons are performed. In this article in two parts, we consider approaches from the beginning of the 20th century to the 2010s to studying results of housing construction and the housing issue resolution in the USSR. Taking into account the results of pre-Revolution publications on the housing sector in the Russian Empire, we identify five general approaches in the Soviet professional literature and main features of Russian (post-Soviet) and foreign studies. This article reveals that underestimation in scholarly works published during last 30 years of the contribution of individual housing construction in the USSR, the activities of housing construction cooperatives, kolkhozes, housing construction in rural areas as well as not always balanced assessments of the qualitative progress in the housing sector during the 20th century prevent from obtaining the comprehensive picture of housing construction developments in the USSR and the thorough assessement of the current state of the housing sector in the Russian Federation in comparison to the Western states.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ЭТАПЫ ЖИЛИЩНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА В СССР В 1920–1980-х ГОДАХ (ЧАСТЬ I)

According to the Rosstat, around six seventh of the population of the Russian Federation currently keep on living in houses built from 6 to 7. Nevertheless, such issues as macro-level housing construction trends in the USSR and the structure of housing construction by source of financing have often been overlooked in the contemporary Russian economic literature. In this article, we identify five stages of the development of housing construction in the USSR during the period from 1918 to 1990. Our analysis rests upon indicators on housing completions by five-year plan and the evolution of the legistation for the housing sector. In Part I of the article, we present our review of approaches to periodisation of housing construction in the USSR from the standpoint of different research disciplines. It contains also our analysis of the first stage from 1918 to 1928 based on a broad range of sources. Part II of the article examines the results of the second stage (from 1929 to 1941) and the third stage (from 1941 to 1955), whereas Part III of the article studies the evolution of housing construction during the fourth stage (from 1956 to 1975) and the fifth stage (from 1976 to 1990). Particular attention is paid to individual housing construction, housing construction cooperatives and housing construction in rural areas as factors that influenced substantially the overall dynamics of housing construction during most of the time of the USSR’s existence.

Placement, construction and operation of local drainage systems on land plots provided for individual housing construction

The article highlights the problems of improving technical and legal regulation in the field of placement, construction and operation of decentralized drainage systems on land plots provided for individual housing construction. The authors point out the need to improve regulation in the field of organization and use of autonomous wastewater disposal systems within the framework of two main directions – organizational and technical and legal. As part of the organizational direction of problem solving, the authors point out the need to ensure the coordinated development of settlements by ensuring the design and construction of new central sewer networks and reconstruction of existing ones. Improvement in the technical and legal sphere is aimed at optimizing technical and legal norms, in terms of amendments to the current legislation and modernization of technical and legal norms - standards (sets of rules).

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЖИЛИЩНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И ЖИЛИЩНОГО ВОПРОСА В СССР (ЧАСТЬ I)

The peculiarities of housing construction in the USSR within the planned economy determined the fundamental difference between the housing sector of the Russian Federation presently, other post-Soviet republics and countries of Central and Eastern Europe, on the one hand, and developed states, on the other hand. It is the dominance among households in the former countries of outright home owners (with no mortgage) whereas the majority of households in the Western states either rent their dwellings or have a mortgage. However, most of contemporary studies have often overlooked this fact, which considerably influences the standard of living and the structure of households’ expenditures when international comparisons are performed. In this article in two parts, we consider approaches from the beginning of the 20th century to the 2010s to studying results of housing construction and the housing issue resolution in the USSR. Taking into account the results of pre-Revolution publications on the housing sector in the Russian Empire, we identify five general approaches in the Soviet professional literature and main features of Russian (post-Soviet) and foreign studies. This article reveals that underestimation in scholarly works published during last 30 years of the contribution of individual housing construction in the USSR, the activities of housing construction cooperatives, kolkhozes, housing construction in rural areas as well as not always balanced assessments of the qualitative progress in the housing sector during the 20th century prevent from obtaining the comprehensive picture of housing construction developments in the USSR and the thorough assessement of the current state of the housing sector in the Russian Federation in comparison to the Western states.