Individual Faces Research Articles

A Review On Formulation and Evaluation of Ubtan Facewash

Since the old times, there has been mindfulness among individuals in regards to the utilization of plants for the fundamental Need of a solid and delightful skin Herbal definitions have consistently gotten a Ton of interest because they have great action and Have less or no adverse consequences than manufactured Drugs. Since Normal face are utilizes Tropical face washes made of fixings Accessible in nature, a large part of the new writing Review plant deriveding redients, which might Incorporate spices, blossoms, roots, blossoms, and Rejuvenating ointment, the best thing about home grown Beauty care products is that they give the body Supplements and other helpful minerals. The regular Based individual face care market has encountered Fast development. The objective of this exploration was To create and test a home grown recipe. The Point of this study was to figure out and assess the home grown face wash containing concentrates of Curcuma Longa (Haldi), Murraya Koenigii (curry), Santalum Collection (Sandalwood oil) The plants have been accounted for In the writing having great enemy of microbial, against oxidant and calming , hostile to skin break out, against tanning Movement. Arranged definition was assessed for different boundaries like tone, appearance, consistency, pH, strength review and purchaser acknowledgment test

Delayed crises and slow recoveries

We present a rational expectations model of credit-driven crises, providing a new perspective to explain why credit booms can lead to severe financial crises and aftermath slow economic recoveries. In our model economy, banks can operate in two types of business. They are sequentially aware of the deterioration of fundamentals of the speculative business and decide whether to continue credit extension in that business or liquidate capital and move into the traditional business. However, because individual banks face uncertainty about how many of their peers have been aware, they rationally choose to extend credit in the speculative business for a longer time than is socially optimal, leading to an over-delayed crisis and consequently more banks being caught by the crisis. This in turn renders the financial crisis more severe and the subsequent economic recovery slower. Extending to a standard textbook macroeconomic growth setting, our model also generates rich dynamics of economic booms, slowdowns, crashes, and recoveries.

“Biar Mirip K-pop Idol”: Optimalisasi Penampilan K-pop Dance Cover di Kota Makassar

Cosmetic products are important in changing the appearance of the face to look like a K-pop idol. The ideal facial appearance standard that the dance cover wants to achieve is one that reflects glowing, thin cheeks, long and colored hair, and a no makeup, makeup look. Although the existing literature has examined how to look as similar as possible to a dance cover, a few if any, has looked at their references in the selection and use of cosmetic products, and this article fills this gap.
 Using qualitative approach, this study involves ten informants, consisting of four men and six women. Their age ranges between 19 and 27 years, and they are active members of AEON dance cover who also work in different sectors (freelancers, bank employees/frontliners, models. Data collection was conducted by combining observation and interviews.
 The study shows that face is the part of individual body for dance cover where make-up is most optimized because face is the most important part of being able to determine how similar the dance covers is to the K-pop idol being played. Cosmetic products play a significant role in optimizing the appearance of dance covers to as much as similar to their K-pop idols. Therefore, to optimize the most similar and the best facial appearance, the totality of dance cover is very important. This totality is not only related to the use of make-up cosmetic products (that are visible on the surface), but also related to the use of facecare cosmetic products behind the make-up). both before and after performing. While cosmetics makeup consists of facial, eye and lip makeup; cosmetic care consists of daily care and plus-plus treatment. However, whatever product is used really depends on skin type and the suitability of the product for individual's face. When the product used is suitable (cocok) for the skin in question, then the use of product will be continued. However, when the product is not suitable, then trying (coba) another product is an alternative, until the dance cover finds a product that suits their facial skin. Coba (trying) and cocok (suitable) are conceptually the basis for getting products that suits individual skin. Although information about cosmetic products is obtained by dance covers from social medias (TikTok, Instagram, YouTube, in selecting products, they rely more on YouTube as a valid source of information than other social medias. This is because reviews on YouTube are reviewed by the users themselves, while reviews on other social media (such as TikTok and Instagram) are created by content creators and are intended to promote the products being reviewed

Americans weigh an attended emotion more than Koreans in overall mood judgments

Face ensemble coding is the perceptual ability to create a quick and overall impression of a group of faces, triggering social and behavioral motivations towards other people (approaching friendly people or avoiding an angry mob). Cultural differences in this ability have been reported, such that Easterners are better at face ensemble coding than Westerners are. The underlying mechanism has been attributed to differences in processing styles, with Easterners allocating attention globally, and Westerners focusing on local parts. However, the remaining question is how such default attention mode is influenced by salient information during ensemble perception. We created visual displays that resembled a real-world social setting in which one individual in a crowd of different faces drew the viewer's attention while the viewer judged the overall emotion of the crowd. In each trial, one face in the crowd was highlighted by a salient cue, capturing spatial attention before the participants viewed the entire group. American participants’ judgment of group emotion more strongly weighed the attended individual face than Korean participants, suggesting a greater influence of local information on global perception. Our results showed that different attentional modes between cultural groups modulate social-emotional processing underlying people’s perceptions and attributions.

Robust Facial Emotion Recognition using Marine Predators Algorithm with Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Facial emotion recognition (FER) is a technology that includes the automatic identification and categorization of human sentiments depending on facial emotions. It leverages deep learning (DL), computer vision (CV), and machine learning (ML) methods to analyze the features of an individual's face, like the place of the mouth, eyes, eyebrows, and complete facial movements for determining their emotional conditions. Popular emotions that FER can recognize comprise surprise, sadness, happiness, fear, disgust, and anger. FER employing DL has an advanced application of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep neural networks (DNNs) that contain training methods to automatically recognize and categorize human expressions based on facial expressions. This approach normally comprises convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or highly complex models namely recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional RNNs (CRNNs) for analyzing and interpreting complex facial features and dynamics. This study introduces a new Robust Facial Emotion Recognition employing the Marine Predators Algorithm with Deep Learning (RFER-MPADL) approach. The main aim of the RFER-MPADL technique is to detect and categorize different kinds of emotions expressed in facial images. To accomplish this, the RFER-MPADL technique initially applies a bilateral filtering (BF) approach for the preprocessing step. Additionally, the RFER-MPADL technique uses the EfficientNet-B0 method for feature extraction. Moreover, the tuning process of the EfficientNet-B0 method was implemented using the MPA. Finally, the classification of facial emotions can be performed by the use of a deep autoencoder (DAE), in turn augments the overall performance of the RFER-MPADL method. The experimental analysis of the RFER-MPADL methodology is assessed on a standard facial expression dataset. The extensive outcomes exhibited the effectual performance of the RFER-MPADL methodology over other methods.

Cross-modal representation of identity in the primate hippocampus.

Faces and voices are the dominant social signals used to recognize individuals among primates. Yet, it is not known how these signals are integrated into a cross-modal representation of individual identity in the primate brain. We discovered that, although single neurons in the marmoset hippocampus exhibited selective responses when presented with the face or voice of a specific individual, a parallel mechanism for representing the cross-modal identities for multiple individuals was evident within single neurons and at the population level. Manifold projections likewise showed the separability of individuals as well as clustering for others' families, which suggests that multiple learned social categories are encoded as related dimensions of identity in the hippocampus. Neural representations of identity in the hippocampus are thus both modality independent and reflect the primate social network.

Legislative changes in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation in the last two editions (XIV and XV editions)

A pharmacopoeia is a country's regulatory requirement that sets standards and mandatory requirements for the quality of drugs, starting materials used for drug development, and various pharmaceutical formulations or preparations.The requirements and recommendations set out in it are mandatory for all organizations in the country involved in the production, storage, sale and use of medicines. For violation of the rules recorded in the document, a legal entity or individual faces criminal liability. The article provides a brief analysis of the Russian Federation State Fund over the past 5 years. The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIV and XV editions, as well as the general pharmacopoeial monographs and pharmacopoeial monographs included in them, were analyzed. Taking into account the fact of harmonization of pharmacopoeias, the international pharmacopoeia was also analyzed.Of the 313 General Pharmacopoeial Articles (GPM) that are included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the XV edition, 102 GPM are being introduced into domestic pharmacopoeial practice for the first time. Of the 564 pharmacopoeial monographs (PS), which are approved as part of the main part of the State Pharmacopoeia of the XV edition, 253 PH are being introduced into domestic pharmacopoeial practice for the first time. The pharmaceutical substances included in the XV edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation mainly establish requirements for the quality of pharmaceutical substances of chemical, synthetic and mineral origin.Pharmacopoeias make it possible to optimize the interaction between manufacturers and regulatory authorities: to facilitate the preparation and assessment of submitted documents and to increase the uniformity of decisions made during regulation. This can save time and resources for manufacturers and regulators.

Remembering unexpected beauty: Contributions of the ventral striatum to the processing of reward prediction errors regarding the facial attractiveness in face memory

The COVID-19 pandemic has led people to predict facial attractiveness from partially covered faces. Differences in the predicted and observed facial attractiveness (i.e., masked and unmasked faces, respectively) are defined as reward prediction error (RPE) in a social context. Cognitive neuroscience studies have elucidated the neural mechanisms underlying RPE-induced memory improvements in terms of monetary rewards. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying RPE-induced memory modulation in terms of social rewards. To elucidate this, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated activity and functional connectivity during face encoding. In encoding trials, participants rated the predicted attractiveness of faces covered except for around the eyes (prediction phase) and then rated the observed attractiveness of these faces without any cover (outcome phase). The difference in ratings between these phases was defined as RPE in facial attractiveness, and RPE was categorized into positive RPE (increased RPE from the prediction to outcome phases), negative RPE (decreased RPE from the prediction to outcome phases), and non-RPE (no difference in RPE between the prediction and outcome phases). During retrieval, participants were presented with individual faces that had been seen and unseen in the encoding trials, and were required to judge whether or not each face had been seen in the encoding trials. Univariate activity in the ventral striatum (VS) exhibited a linear increase with increased RPE in facial attractiveness. In the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), activity patterns in the VS and surrounding areas (extended VS) significantly discriminated between positive/negative RPE and non-RPE. In the functional connectivity analysis, significant functional connectivity between the extended VS and the hippocampus was observed most frequently in positive RPE. Memory improvements by face-based RPE could be involved in functional networks between the extended VS (representing RPE) and the hippocampus, and the interaction could be modulated by RPE values in a social context.

Risk-Generating aspect of public history in digital environment (on the example of Russian video blogging in the 2020s)

The article contains materials of a sociological study of public history sociocultural practices in social media. Based on the analysis of data from in-depth interviews with experts in the field of media history (N = 60) conducted in 2022-2023, a classification of the main risks that a historian faces on the Web has been compiled. The concept of digital capital was used as a theoretical framework, considering it as a relevant component of cultural, symbolic, and social types of capital. Digital transformation of society, including education system, is a factor in digitalization and democratization of knowledge. In this process, academic communities, commercial projects, initiative groups, and individual citizens face a number of risks associated with acquisition and realization of their capitals. The analysis of the research results allowed us to conclude that the relevant sources of risks are the communicative and financial side of activity. The issue of confrontation between academic community and digital popularizers of history remains debatable, as experts point out the danger of deprofessionalization in case of excessive audience orientation. Since riskiness goes hand in hand with societal instability, uncertainty, and hypervariability, political and corporate suppression of certain discourses and dynamic development of information and communication technologies have been highlighted as risks. The latter creates both risks and potential for public history development, historians mastering a new set of competences and obtaining differentiated sources of income. In this process, intangible capital is converted into material capital, actualizing the financial side of practices.

A Dynamic Ensemble Selection of Deepfake Detectors Specialized for Individual Face Parts

The development of deepfake technology, based on deep learning, has made it easier to create images of fake human faces that are indistinguishable from the real thing. Many deepfake methods and programs are publicly available and can be used maliciously, for example, by creating fake social media accounts with images of non-existent human faces. To prevent the misuse of such fake images, several deepfake detection methods have been proposed as a countermeasure and have proven capable of detecting deepfakes with high accuracy when the target deepfake model has been identified. However, the existing approaches are not robust to partial editing and/or occlusion caused by masks, glasses, or manual editing, all of which can lead to an unacceptable drop in accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel deepfake detection approach based on a dynamic configuration of an ensemble model that consists of deepfake detectors. These deepfake detectors are based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and are specialized to detect deepfakes by focusing on individual parts of the face. We demonstrate that a dynamic selection of face parts and an ensemble of selected CNN models is effective at realizing highly accurate deepfake detection even from partly edited and occluded images.

Event-related potential correlates of implicit processing of own- and other-race faces in children

Human adults typically experience difficulties in recognizing and discriminating individual faces belonging to racial groups other than their own. The origin of this “other-race” effect is set in infancy, but the understanding of its developmental course is fragmented. We aimed to access the mechanisms of the other-race effect in childhood by unraveling the neural time course of own- and other-race face processing during a masked priming paradigm. White 6- and 7-year-old children (N = 19) categorized fully visible Asian (other-race) or White (own-race) target faces according to gender. Target faces were preceded by masked same-identity or different-identity prime faces, matching the target for race and gender. We showed an early priming effect on the N100 component, with larger amplitude to different-face pairs than to same-face pairs, and a later race effect on the N200 component, with larger amplitude to own-race face pairs than to other-race face pairs. Critically, race did not interact with priming at any processing stage (P100, N100, P200, N200, or P300). Our results suggest that race could have a temporally limited impact on face processing and that the implicit and unconscious identity processing of own- and other-race faces could be similar in 6- and 7-year-olds, depicting an immature other-race effect during childhood.

Modelling prices and volatilities in the sharing economy

This paper examines whether short-term rental listings in the sharing accommodation market take account of market risk in their pricing. To do so, we estimate time-varying market risks, and forecast price changes using daily supply-price time series. The empirical analysis was conducted using daily data for the Canary Islands sharing accommodation market for the period January 2016 to September 2021. The following main results were obtained. First, individual listings face systematic risks that are lower than the average market listing return, but multi-unit hosts are more sensitive to market index variations than single-unit hosts. Second, there is a time-varying but long-range dependence on market risk, indicating a slow reversion to the mean level of volatility. Price changes also reflect negative long-range dependence or anti-persistence. Third, volatility does not affect price adjustments in the market (no evidence of risk-return trade-off) for types of hosts and lodgings. Fourth, models can be used to perform risk management using value-at-risk approaches, and market risks are greater for houses and single-unit hosts in the GBP market. Finally, prices can be predicted in different horizons using long-range dependence models.

Efficient Net-based Transfer Learning Technique for Facial Autism Detection

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurological disorder in which an individual faces life-long effects in communication and interaction with others. Nowadays, the Autism Spectrum disorder ratio is increasing drastically more than ever before. Autism can be identified at all developmental levels as a ”behavioural condition,” and its symptoms often arise between the ages of two and four. The ASD issue starts during puberty and persists through adolescence and adulthood. Children with ASD use both nonverbal and verbal behaviour to communicate, and they struggle with joint attention and social reciprocity. Children with autism are frequently socially isolated as a result of these problems. Through very expensive and time-consuming screening exams, autism spectrum features can be identified. As one of the possible mirrors of the brain, children’s faces can be utilised as a biomarker and as a quick and convenient technique for the early identification of ASD. An effective, genuine, and automatic method of face-based spectrum disorder identification is required. In this study we compare the transfer learning approach used for autism identification with the convolutional neural network (CNN)-based efficient-net strategy to identify autistic children using facial images. We used an open-source Kaggle dataset and evaluated the model performance in terms of accuracy, confusion matrix, precision, recall, and F1 measure. Efficient shows an accuracy of 97% on the benchmark dataset and beats the baseline technique of transfer learning-based approaches. This study can be used to help medical professionals validate their initial screening procedures for finding youngsters with ASD disease.

Modeling the Stackelberg game with a boundedly rational follower in deterioration supply chain-based interaction with the leader’s hybrid pricing strategy

In the conventional Stackelberg game, all players are perfect optimizers, able to choose the best responses to their competitors' decisions. In contrast, in the Stackelberg game with bounded rationality, players are unable to optimize their individual payoffs and face strategic uncertainty due to the performance of competitors. In real games, players are usually unaware of the performance of their competitors. Therefore, to survive in the competitive market, they are forced to make decisions under conditions of bounded rationality. Due to the importance of decision-making in this situation, in this study, the Stackelberg game of deteriorating inventory within a two-level supply chain was developed considering the concept of bounded rationality. The follower in the Stackelberg game (manufacturer) is poorly aware of the leader's performance in terms of order size. Therefore, she/he manufactures the products at rates with normal distribution. For the first time, an algorithm based on Bayesian conjugate pair was proposed to solve the Stackelberg game with bounded rationality for deteriorating products. In addition, a comparison was made between the above conditions and a mode in which the leader's strategy is fully observable to the follower. The approach used in the proposed algorithm to adjust the production rate was also compared with the adjustment based on the partial adjustment model, and the obtained results prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm.

Age Weakens the Other-Race Effect among Han Subjects in Recognizing Own- and Other-Ethnicity Faces.

The development and change in the other-race effect (ORE) in different age groups have always been a focus of researchers. Previous studies have mainly focused on the influence of maturity of life (from infancy to early adulthood) on the ORE, while few researchers have explored the ORE in older people. Therefore, this study used behavioral and eye movement techniques to explore the influence of age on the ORE and the visual scanning pattern of Han subjects recognizing own- and other-ethnicity faces. All participants were asked to complete a study-recognition task for faces, and the behavioral results showed that the ORE of elderly Han subjects was significantly lower than that of young Han subjects. The results of eye movement showed that there were significant differences in the visual scanning pattern of young subjects in recognizing the faces of individuals of their own ethnicity and other ethnicities, which were mainly reflected in the differences in looking at the nose and mouth, while the differences were reduced in the elderly subjects. The elderly subjects used similar scanning patterns to recognize the own- and other-ethnicity faces. This indicates that as age increases, the ORE of older people in recognizing faces of those from different ethnic groups becomes weaker, and elderly subjects have more similar visual scanning patterns in recognizing faces of their own and other ethnicities.

Differences between high and low performers in face recognition in electrophysiological correlates of face familiarity and distance-to-norm

Valentine’s influential norm-based multidimensional face-space model (nMDFS) predicts that perceived distinctiveness of a face increases with its distance to the norm. Occipito-temporal event-related potentials (ERPs) have been recently shown to respond selectively to variations in distance-to-norm (P200) or familiarity (N250, late negativity), respectively (Wuttke & Schweinberger, 2019). Despite growing evidence on interindividual differences in face perception skills at the behavioral level, little research has focused on their electrophysiological correlates. To reveal potential interindividual differences in face spaces, we contrasted high and low performers in face recognition in regards to distance-to-norm (P200) and familiarity (N250). We replicated both the P200 distance-to-norm and the N250 familiarity effect. Importantly, we observed: i) reduced responses in low compared to high performers of face recognition, especially in terms of smaller distance-to-norm effects in the P200, possibly indicating less ‘expanded’ face spaces in low compared to high performers; ii) increased N250 responses to familiar original faces in high performers, suggesting more robust face identity representations. In summary, these findings suggest the contribution of both early norm-based face coding and robust face representations to individual face recognition skills, and indicate that ERPs can offer a promising route to understand individual differences in face perception and their neurocognitive correlates.

Invisible social grouping facilitates the recognition of individual faces

Emerging evidence suggests a specialized mechanism supporting perceptual grouping of social entities. However, the stage at which social grouping is processed is unclear. Through four experiments, here we showed that participants’ recognition of a visible face was facilitated by the presence of a second facing (thus forming a social grouping) relative to a nonfacing face, even when the second face was invisible. Using a monocular/dichoptic paradigm, we further found that the social grouping facilitation effect occurred when the two faces were presented dichoptically to different eyes rather than monocularly to the same eye, suggesting that social grouping relies on binocular rather than monocular neural channels. The above effects were not found for inverted face dyads, thereby ruling out the contribution of nonsocial factors. Taken together, these findings support the unconscious influence of social grouping on visual perception and suggest an early origin of social grouping processing in the visual pathway.

Smart Attendance System using Face Recognition

Uniqueness or individuality of an individual face is the representation of one’s identity. In this project face of an individual is used for the purpose of attendance making automatically. Attendance of the student is very important for every college, universities and school. Conventional methodology for taking attendance is by calling the name or roll number of the student and the attendance is recorded. Time consumption for this purpose is an important point of concern. Assume that the duration for one subject is around 60 minutes or 1 hour & to record attendance takes 5 to 10 minutes. For every tutor this is consumption of time. We are all familiar with the pandemic that has turned all of our lives around. Life on earth just became a whole lot complicated than it already was. Time has come for all of us to step out of our misery and move forward in life. It has become a mandatory situation where students have to go outside to get an education and in a situation like this, we need to take up all precautions that ensure we are safe.

The impact of stability in appearance on the development of facial representations

The way faces become familiar and what information is represented as familiarity develops has puzzled researchers in the field of human face recognition for decades. In this paper, we present three experiments serving as proof of concept for a cost-efficient mechanism of face learning describing how facial representations form over time and accounting for recognition errors. We propose that the encoding of facial information is dynamic and modulated by the intrinsic stability in individual faces' appearance. We drew on a robust and ecological method using a proxy of exposure to famous faces in the real world and manipulated test images to assess the prediction that recognition of famous faces is affected by their relative stability in appearance. We consistently show that stable facial appearances (like Tom Cruise's) facilitate recognition in early stages of familiarisation but that performance does not improve much over time. In contrast, variations in appearance (like Jared Leto's) hinder recognition at first but improve performance with further media exposure. This pattern of results is consistent with the proposed cost-efficient face learning mechanism whereby facial representations build on a foundation of large-scale diagnostic information and refine over time if needed. When coarse information loses its diagnostic value through the experience of variations in appearance across encounters, diagnostic facial details and/or their spatial relationships must receive more weights, leading to refined representations that are more discriminative and reliable than representations of stable faces.

Three's a crowd: Fast ensemble perception of first impressions of trustworthiness

Trustworthiness impressions are fundamental social judgements with far-reaching consequences in many aspects of society, including criminal justice, leadership selection and partner preferences. Thus far, most research has focused on facial characteristics that make a face individually appear more or less trustworthy. However, in everyday life, faces are not always perceived in isolation but are often encountered in crowds. It has been proposed that we deal with the large amount of facial information in a group by extracting summary statistics of the crowd, a phenomenon called ensemble perception. Prior research showed that ensemble perception occurs for various facial features, such as emotional expression, facial identity, and attractiveness. Here, we investigated whether observers can integrate the level of trustworthiness from multiple faces to extract an average impression of the crowd. Across four studies, participants were presented with crowds of faces and were asked to report their average level of trustworthiness with an adjustment (Experiment 1) and a rating task (Experiments 2 and 3). Participants were able to extract an ensemble perception of trustworthiness impressions from multiple faces. Moreover, observers were able to form a summary statistic of trustworthiness impressions from a group of faces as quickly as 250 ms (Experiment 4). Taken together, these results demonstrate that ensemble perception can occur at the level of impressions of trustworthiness. Thus, these critical social judgements not only occur for individual faces but are also integrated into a unique ensemble impression of crowds. Our findings contribute to the development of a more ecological approach to the study of trust impressions, since they provide an understanding of trustworthiness judgements not only on an individual level, but on a much broader social group level. Furthermore, our results drive forward new theory because they demonstrate for the first time that ensemble representations cover a broad range of phenomena than previously recognized, including complex high-level facial trait judgements such as trustworthiness impressions.