Individual Eye Movements Research Articles

The role of dissociation-related beliefs about memory in trauma-focused treatment

ABSTRACT Objective: Dysfunctional cognitions play a central role in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However the role of specific dissociation-related beliefs about memory has not been previously investigated. This study aimed to investigate the role of dissociation-related beliefs about memory in trauma-focused treatment. It was hypothesized that patients with the dissociative subtype of PTSD would show higher levels of dissociation-related beliefs, dissociation-related beliefs about memory would decrease after trauma-focused treatment, and higher pre-treatment dissociation-related beliefs would be associated with fewer changes in PTSD symptoms. Method: Post-traumatic symptoms, dissociative symptoms, and dissociation-related beliefs about memory were assessed in a sample of patients diagnosed with PTSD (n = 111) or the dissociative subtype of PTSD (n = 61). They underwent intensive trauma-focused treatment consisting of four or eight consecutive treatment days. On each treatment day, patients received 90 min of individual prolonged exposure (PE) in the morning and 90 min of individual eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the afternoon. The relationship between dissociation-related beliefs about memory and the effects of trauma-focused treatment was investigated. Results: Dissociation-related beliefs about memory were significantly associated with PTSD and its dissociative symptoms. In addition, consistent with our hypothesis, patients with the dissociative subtype of PTSD scored significantly higher on dissociation-related beliefs about memory pre-treatment than those without the dissociative subtype. Additionally, the severity of these beliefs decreased significantly after trauma-related treatment. Contrary to our hypothesis, elevated dissociation-related beliefs did not negatively influence treatment outcome. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that dissociation-related beliefs do not influence the outcome of trauma-focused treatment, and that trauma-focused treatment does not need to be altered specifically for patients experiencing more dissociation-related beliefs about memory because these beliefs decrease in association with treatment.

Quantitative Model Study of the Psychological Recovery Benefit of Landscape Environment Based on Eye Movement Tracking Technology

From the perspective of landscape and human health, we use the Self-Rating Restoration Scale (SRRS) as a tool to explore the mental health restoration benefits brought by a landscape environment to individuals and explore the characteristics of individual movement behavior when viewing the landscape through the eye movement tracking technology. We selected average blink duration, average gaze length, average saccade amplitude, blink number, number of fixation points, saccade number, and average pupil diameter as experimental indicators for data monitoring. Based on the eye movement heat map obtained by data visualization processing and the results of correlation analysis, we summarized the eye movement behavior characteristics of individuals when viewing the restorative landscape. We try to construct a quantitative evaluation model of the landscape mental recovery benefit with the objective eye movement index as the independent variable through the method of curve estimation. The study results show that individual eye movement behavior is related to the landscape type and the level of psychological recovery is also different. (1)The more singular that the constituent elements are, the more widespread and concentrated the regional distribution of individual attention areas, and the relative psychological recovery benefit is relatively weak. The more complex that the constituent elements are, the more scattered and smaller the individual interest area, and the psychological recovery benefit is better. Brightly colored, dynamic landscapes are easier to form areas of interest to improve the psychological response to the human body. (2) The psychological recovery benefit of the landscape is directly proportional to the changing trend of the average blink duration, number of fixation points, and number of saccades and is inversely proportional to the changing trend of the average gaze length. (3) The objective eye movement index of average blink duration can quantitatively predict the psychological recovery benefit value of the landscape environment. The number of fixation points, the number of saccades, and the average fixation length could predict the psychological recovery benefits of the landscape, while the other indicators had no prediction effect.

Saccadic eye movement speed is related to variations in phantom array effect visibility

The phantom array effect is one of the temporal light artefacts that can decrease performance and increase fatigue. The phantom array effect visibility shows large individual differences; however, the dominant factors that can explain these individual differences remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between saccadic eye movement speed and phantom array visibility at two different angles and four different directions of saccadic eye movement. The peak speed of saccadic eye movement and the phantom array effect visibility were measured at different modulation frequencies of the light source. Our results show that phantom array visibility increased as eye movement speed increased; the phantom array visibility was higher at a wide viewing angle with fast eye movement speed than at a narrow viewing angle. Moreover, when clustered into subgroups according to individual eye movement speed, the mean speed of the saccadic eye movement of each subgroup is related to the variations in the visibility of the phantom array effect of the subgroup. Therefore, saccadic eye movement speed is related to variations in phantom array effect visibility.

The discrimination of expressions in facial movements by infants: A study with point-light displays

Perceiving facial expressions is an essential ability for infants. Although previous studies indicated that infants could perceive emotion from expressive facial movements, the developmental change of this ability remains largely unknown. To exclusively examine infants’ processing of facial movements, we used point-light displays (PLDs) to present emotionally expressive facial movements. Specifically, we used a habituation and visual paired comparison (VPC) paradigm to investigate whether 3-, 6-, and 9-month-olds could discriminate between happy and fear PLDs after being habituated with a happy PLD (happy-habituation condition) or a fear PLD (fear-habituation condition). The 3-month-olds discriminated between the happy and fear PLDs in both the happy- and fear-habituation conditions. The 6- and 9-month-olds showed discrimination only in the happy-habituation condition but not in the fear-habituation condition. These results indicated a developmental change in processing expressive facial movements. Younger infants tended to process low-level motion signals regardless of the depicted emotions, and older infants tended to process expressions, which emerged in familiar facial expressions (e.g., happy). Additional analyses of individual difference and eye movement patterns supported this conclusion. In Experiment 2, we concluded that the findings of Experiment 1 were not due to a spontaneous preference for fear PLDs. Using inverted PLDs, Experiment 3 further suggested that 3-month-olds have already perceived PLDs as face-like stimuli.

Using Gaze for Behavioural Biometrics.

A principled approach to the analysis of eye movements for behavioural biometrics is laid down. The approach grounds in foraging theory, which provides a sound basis to capture the uniqueness of individual eye movement behaviour. We propose a composite Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for quantifying the exploration/exploitation signature characterising the foraging eye behaviour. The relevant parameters of the composite model, inferred from eye-tracking data via Bayesian analysis, are shown to yield a suitable feature set for biometric identification; the latter is eventually accomplished via a classical classification technique. A proof of concept of the method is provided by measuring its identification performance on a publicly available dataset. Data and code for reproducing the analyses are made available. Overall, we argue that the approach offers a fresh view on either the analyses of eye-tracking data and prospective applications in this field.

Eye-tracking-based visual field analysis (EFA): a reliable and precise perimetric methodology for the assessment of visual field defects

ObjectiveSeveral studies report evidence for training-related neuroplasticity in the visual cortex, while other studies suggest that improvements simply reflect inadequate eye fixation control during perimetric prediagnostics and postdiagnostics.Methods and analysisTo...

Effectiveness of three brief treatments for recent traumatic events in a low-SES community setting.

To determine whether brief treatments provide psychological relief after traumatic events in low-resource communities. Participants (n = 105) who had experienced a traumatic event within the past 6 months were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 4-session treatments: individual eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), group-administered stress management with a trauma focus (SMT), or group-administered psychological first aid (PFA). Measures administered pretreatment and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month posttreatment included posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, posttraumatic cognitions (PTCI), and depressive symptoms (BDI). The 3 treatment groups all showed significant declines in PTSD, PTCI, and BDI symptoms over time with large prepost effect sizes (median 1-month: 0.96, 3-month: 1.38, 6-month: 1.10). However, the treatment groups showed significantly different rates of decline, with the EMDR group showing the fastest declines-interaction PTCI: F(1, 237) = 5.85, p = .016; depression:, F(1, 239) = 4.90, p = .028-followed by the SMT and then PFA group. While there were significant differences between the EMDR and PFA groups at the 1- and 3-month follow-ups, there were no significant differences in any of the 3 outcome measures at the 6-month follow-up, nor were there significant differences between groups on PTSD symptoms, F(1, 239) = 2.30, p = .131. This study provides preliminary evidence that any of these 3 approaches may be useful in low-resource community settings. Because it gives the quickest relief, EMDR is the preferred approach, followed by SMT, due its ease of administration. PFA provides a reasonable alternative. Where possible, booster sessions should be planned. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Eye-tracking scanpath trend analysis for autism detection

Eye-tracking research enables us to understand how users interact with visual stimuli. It has widely been used to understand user interaction with web pages for various purposes, such as to assess the usability and accessibility of web pages. However, individual eye movement sequences (i.e. scanpaths) tend to be complicated and differ from each other, and therefore the analysis of those sequences is challenging. In our previous work, we propose an algorithm called Scanpath Trend Analysis (STA) that analyses the individual scanpaths of multiple users on a particular web page and identifies their trending path. We also present how STA could be used for autism detection and demonstrate that it works with approximately 60% accuracy regardless of web pages and tasks. In this article, we first summarise STA with its application in autism detection, and then discuss future directions for this research.

Novice and Expert Anesthesiologists' Eye-Tracking Metrics During Simulated Epidural Block: A Preliminary, Brief Observational Report.

IntroductionEye tracking is the process of measuring an individual’s eye movements to register their attentional behavior by using a device called an eye-tracker. Studies conducted using eye-tracking techniques have demonstrated a number of differences in eye movement parameters and patterns between experts and novices. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate if there are any differences in eye-tracking metrics between novice and expert anesthesiologists during the performance of an epidural block using an epidural simulator.MethodsSeven experts and seven novices who gave their consent to this preliminary study were asked to perform an epidural technique using an epidural simulator while wearing a pair of Tobii Pro glasses. Number of fixations, fixation duration, heat maps and scan-paths were examined by Tobii Pro Lab Software. Duration of the procedure was also recorded.ResultsThe observation of the attentional heat map and gaze plot showed different gaze dispersion between experts and novices. The mean total duration of fixations during needle insertion and advancement and catheter introduction was lower in experts than trainees (respectively, 0.18 vs 3.56 sec; P<0.05 and 0.73 vs 2.48 sec; P<0.05). The mean fixation count was greater in experts vs trainees (5 vs 2; P<0.05). The mean duration of the epidural procedure was 104.16 (41) (trainees) vs 65.3 (32.6) seconds (experts) (P<0.05). Expert anesthesiologists spent more time fixating a more specific target location (eg, the point of the epidural needle rather than the syringe’s barrel) whilst novices split their attention between tracking their tools and the target location.DiscussionEye tracking may have interesting implications for the creation of assessment programs, which distinguish skill level through the use of gaze behavior, and may be a promising tool for monitoring training progress towards the development of expertise.

Word skipping as an indicator of individual reading style during literary reading.

Decades of research have established that the content of language (e.g. lexical characteristics of words) predicts eye movements during reading. Here we investigate whether there exist individual differences in ‘stable’ eye movement patterns during narrative reading. We computed Euclidean distances from correlations between gaze durations time courses (word level) across 102 participants who each read three literary narratives in Dutch. The resulting distance matrices were compared between narratives using a Mantel test. The results show that correlations between the scaling matrices of different narratives are relatively weak (r ≤ .11) when missing data points are ignored. However, when including these data points as zero durations (i.e. skipped words), we found significant correlations between stories (r > .51). Word skipping was significantly positively associated with print exposure but not with self-rated attention and story-world absorption, suggesting that more experienced readers are more likely to skip words, and do so in a comparable fashion. We interpret this finding as suggesting that word skipping might be a stable individual eye movement pattern.

Холистические процессы восприятия лица: метод айтрекинга

In modern literature, the question of holistic and analytic processing of facial perception and facial expressions is actively debated. Various experimental paradigms have been developed for their study, one of which was based on the face inversion effect. In a number of works to study the role of eye movements in holistic and analytic processing, the procedure of presenting upright and inverted faces was followed by recording eye movements. The results were contradictory: some works revealed significant changes in the characteristics of eye movements in the inversion effect, but the others have not found the changes. The aim of our work was to study individual eye movement strategies in the task of assessing the attractiveness of upright and inverted faces. The participants were 57 students. The results showed that a decrease in the role of holistic processing in the face inversion effect led to a significant change in fixation durations and saccade amplitudes, as well as to a change in the distribution of the dwell time on four areas of interest (eyes, nose, nose bridge and mouth). Two groups of participants with individual types of eye movement strategies (static and dynamic) were identified. Comparing eye movement strategies for upright and inverted faces showed that the dwell time distribution on areas of interest varied significantly depending on the group. These data showed the importance of incorporating the individual eye movement strategies when studying holistic and analytic face processing.

Psychological distress and quality of life are improved in autoimmune patients through Tandem-Psychotherapy, combining individual hypnosis and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for trauma, followed by supportive-expressive group therapy.

Autoimmune diseases are associated with psychological distress, resulting in greatly impaired quality of life. Tandem-Psychotherapy comprises trauma-focused psychotherapy with hypnosis and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), followed by supportive-expressive group therapy. The objective was to evaluate whether Tandem-Psychotherapy could reduce psychological distress and improve quality of life. In a case-control study, 45 patients were divided into two groups: 24 patients in the therapy group (TG) and 21 in the control group (CG). The autoimmune diagnoses were undifferentiated connective tissue disease (9 patients in TG and 12 in CG), Behçet's syndrome (4/TG, 5/CG), mixed connective tissue disease (3/TG, 1/CG), and other diagnoses (8/TG and 3/CG). At start of treatment point, the patients were evaluated with SCL-90-R for distress and psychological symptoms, Life Stressor Checklist-Revised for relevant trauma, and SF-36 for quality of life. SF36 and SCL-90 were repeated at the end of treatment and at 6-month follow-up. Relevant trauma was found in 24/24 TG patients and in 17/21 CG. Eighteen out of twenty-four TG patients exhibited psychiatric comorbidity with 18/21 in the CG. At start of treatment, all patients exhibited high level of distress (GSI > 0.5) and high Depression and Anxiety scores in SCL-90-R. At end of therapy, the TG exhibited greatly improved GSI (p< 0.001), Depression (p< 0.001), and Anxiety (p< 0.001) compared with the GC; SF-36 scores were also much better in the TG, with significant differences ranging from p= 0.002 to p= 0.0004 at end of therapy. These results persisted at the 6-month follow-up. Tandem-Psychotherapy is effective for improving psychological symptoms and quality of life in autoimmune patients with high levels of distress and relevant psychiatric comorbidity.Key Points• Psychological distress is very high in autoimmune patients, often for previous traumatic experiences.• Psychological support must be both trauma-focused and aimed to improve social functioning.• Quality of life is very much improved by reducing psychological distress.• Tandem-Psychotherapy is feasible because it is contained within a relatively limited time, also for patients with history of trauma.

Smooth Pursuit and Saccades after Sport-Related Concussion.

Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) and saccadic eye movements are both commonly impaired following sport-related concussion (SRC). Typical oculomotor assessments measure individual eye movements in a series of restrictive tests designed to isolate features such as response times. These measures lack ecological validity for athletes because athletes are adept at simple tasks designed for the general population. Yet, because eye movement metrics are sensitive and well-characterized neuroanatomically, it would be valuable to test whether athletes exhibit abnormal eye movements with more challenging tasks. To address this gap in knowledge, we collected eye-tracking data during a sport-like task to gain insight on gaze behavior during active self-motion. SPEMs and saccadic eye movements were recorded during a sport-like visual task within 24-48 h following SRC. Thirty-six Division I student-athletes were divided into SRC and control (CON) groups. All participants completed two blocks of the Wii Fit© soccer heading game (WF) while wearing a monocular infrared eye tracker. Eye movement classification systems quantified saccadic amplitude (SA), velocity (SV), and count (SC); as well as SPEM velocity (SPV) and amplitude (SPA). Separate Mann-Whitney U tests evaluated SPA and SC and found no significant effects (SPA, p = 0.11; SC, p = 0.10). A multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for remaining variables revealed SPV was significantly greater in CON (p < 0.05), but the SRC group had greater SA and SV (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that during a sport-like task, to maintain foveation SRC subjects used larger amplitude, faster saccades, but exhibited slower SPEMs. Measuring oculomotor function during ecologically valid, sport-like tasks may serve as a concussion biomarker and provide insights into eye movement control after SRC.

Relations between Eye Movement, Postural Sway and Cognitive Involvement in Unprecise and Precise Visual Tasks

We studied eye and body movements in 16 healthy young adults who performed visual tasks in upright stance. Our objective was to investigate whether these movements could be functionally related to each other when performing a precise visual task requiring large ecological gaze shifts. We also questioned the influence of an additional counting task on these relations. The participants performed searching (precise), free-viewing (unprecise) and gaze-fixation (basic) either alone or in counting silently backwards in sevens. For the search task, the participants had to visually locate as many targets as possible in the images. For the free-viewing task, they had to watch images randomly. Based on a recent model, we expected to find negative correlations between eye and center of pressure and/or body (lower back, neck, head) movements only in the search tasks. The double search–counting task was expected to increase the number of negative correlations. The results confirmed both hypotheses in both search tasks, with relations mainly between eye and head movements (89% of the time). The subjective cognitive involvement (significantly higher in searching than in free-viewing and gaze-fixation) was significantly related to all (100%) and to half (50%) of these previous correlations in search–counting and searching, respectively. Complementarily, the participants rotated their segments and oscillated more in searching than free-viewing and more in both tasks than in gaze-fixation. This study confirmed that precise visual tasks may require the brain to control synergistic relations between eye and body movements instead of individual eye and body movements.

Parts-based representations of perceived face movements in the superior temporal sulcus.

Facial motion is a primary source of social information about other humans. Prior fMRI studies have identified regions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) that respond specifically to perceived face movements (termed fSTS), but little is known about the nature of motion representations in these regions. Here we use fMRI and multivoxel pattern analysis to characterize the representational content of the fSTS. Participants viewed a set of specific eye and mouth movements, as well as combined eye and mouth movements. Our results demonstrate that fSTS response patterns contain information about face movements, including subtle distinctions between types of eye and mouth movements. These representations generalize across the actor performing the movement, and across small differences in visual position. Critically, patterns of response to combined movements could be well predicted by linear combinations of responses to individual eye and mouth movements, pointing to a parts-based representation of complex face movements. These results indicate that the fSTS plays an intermediate role in the process of inferring social content from visually perceived face movements, containing a representation that is sufficiently abstract to generalize across low-level visual details, but still tied to the kinematics of face part movements.

Improving Silent Reading Performance Through Feedback on Eye Movements: A Feasibility Study

ABSTRACTThis feasibility study investigated if feedback about individual eye movements, reflecting varying word processing stages, can improve reading performance. Twenty-five university students read 90 newspaper articles during 9 eye-tracking sessions. Training group participants (n = 12) were individually briefed before each session, which eye movement parameter(s) (fixation count, first fixation duration, regression, and/or skipping) to address, and informed about changes achieved in preceding sessions. Control group participants (n = 13) were told that self-instruction to read faster would produce training gains. Total fixation times decreased significantly more for training than for control group participants. Important to note, faster reading did not impair comprehension. Results are interpreted as first indications for a possible applicability of the feedback approach to silent reading. In addition to implications for future studies, alternative result interpretations (e.g., motivational effects, reduction of mindless reading) are discussed.

Neuroticism, schizotypy, and scale anchors influence eye movement behaviour in the visual exploration of abstract art: An exploratory study

The same piece of artwork can attract both admiration and rejection from different people. One potential explanation for this effect is individual differences in perceptual biases, which influence the way in which we see different aspects of the same image. We explored the relationship between individual differences (i.e., personality) and eye movements for examinations of abstract art. Images were presented for 5000ms, after which participants judged aesthetic appeal and perceived value using visual analogue scales. Scale anchor labels (Looks Good/Looks Bad; $0/$5000) were counterbalanced between participants such that positive labels were on the left half of the time and on the right half of the time. Overall, more fixations occurred to the right and upper visual fields. Neuroticism significantly predicted the proportion of fixations to the left, whereas cognitive disorganisation negatively predicted the proportion of fixations to upper space. Participants found images more aesthetically pleasing and more valuable when positive anchors were on the left. Findings demonstrate that personality traits influence fixation patterns. Further, the positioning of positive anchor labels on the left leads to higher ratings of visual stimuli.

Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism.

Long before infants reach, crawl, or walk, they explore the world by looking: they look to learn and to engage1, giving preferential attention to social stimuli including faces2, face-like stimuli3, and biological motion4. This capacity—social visual engagement—shapes typical infant development from birth5 and is pathognomonically impaired in children affected by autism6. Here we show that variation in viewing of social scenes—including levels of preferential attention and the timing, direction, and targeting of individual eye movements—is strongly influenced by genetic factors, with effects directly traceable to the active seeking of social information7. In a series of eye-tracking experiments conducted with 338 toddlers—including 166 epidemiologically-ascertained twins, 88 non-twins with autism, and 84 singleton controls—we find high monozygotic twin-twin concordance (0.91) and relatively low dizygotic concordance (0.35). Moreover, the measures that are most highly heritable, preferential attention to eye and mouth regions of the face, are also those that are differentially diminished in children with autism (Χ2=64.03, P<0.0001). These results—which implicate social visual engagement as a neurodevelopmental endophenotype—not only for autism, but for population-wide variation in social-information-seeking8—reveal a means of human biological niche construction, with phenotypic differences emerging from the interaction of individual genotypes with early life experience7.

Artifact in Pediatric Oculomotor Findings during Videonystagmography: A Retrospective Analysis.

Accurate measurement of oculomotor function using videonystagmography (VNG) is imperative for diagnosis and management of patients with reported dizziness. The oculomotor evaluation during VNG utilizes video-oculography providing valuable information regarding the central structures and pathways that control eye movements. Artifact may have an effect on the overall validity and reliability of VNG oculomotor tracings and can result from patient and/or recording errors. It is postulated that artifact could occur more frequently in the pediatric population due to both patient and equipment factors. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the occurrence and impact of artifact on saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic (OPK) testing in normal pediatric and adult subjects using commercially available clinical VNG equipment and standard clinical protocols for oculomotor testing. The present study utilized a retrospective analysis of a repeated measures design. Oculomotor results from a total of 62 participants were analyzed. Portions of these data have been presented in a previous research study. Group 1 consisted of twenty-nine 4- to 6-yr-olds with an average age of 4.86 (SD = 0.88) yr. Group 2 consisted of thirty-three 22- to 44-yr-olds with an average age of 25.2 (SD = 5.34) yr. Raw oculomotor recordings were analyzed "offline" by a single masked, trained investigator. Each tracing was evaluated for instances of artifact including eye blinks, eye closure, eyes moving in opposite direction of the target, eye tracking software problems, and overall poor morphology. The number of instances of artifact were noted and recorded for each participant in both groups. Individual eye movements not affected by artifact were included for final analysis. Artifact rejection techniques were also compared. The results indicated increased artifact for the pediatric group for saccade and smooth pursuit testing. Additionally, a significant decrease in instances of artifact was noted with an increase in age in months for both saccade and smooth pursuit findings. OPK results did not indicate any significant difference in instances of artifact between the pediatric and adult groups or any decrease in instances of artifact with increasing age in the pediatric group. Artifact rejection technique did not have a significant effect on oculomotor measures for either age group. Pediatric patients exhibit increased instances of artifact during VNG oculomotor testing, specifically during saccade and smooth pursuit testing, at least for the 4- to 6-yr-old population. A general age effect was also noted in this age group, with decreased artifact noted with increasing age. Artifact rejection technique was not a significant factor suggesting standard compared based strategies may be sufficient for use in the pediatric population. Additional study into the effect of artifact on oculomotor results for infants to age 3 yr and ages 7- to 18-yr-old, in the disordered population, and with additional equipment manufacturers is needed to confirm these results and further describe the impact of artifact on oculomotor findings in the pediatric population.

Fixating on the size-speed illusion of approaching railway trains: What we can learn from our eye movements

Railway level crossing collisions have recently been linked to a size-speed illusion where larger objects such as trains appear to move slower than smaller objects such as cars. An explanation for this illusion has centred on observer eye movements – particularly in relation to the larger, longer train. A previous study (Clark et al., 2016) found participants tend to make initial fixations to locations around the visual centroid of a moving vehicle; however individual eye movement patterns tended to be either fixation-saccade-fixation type, or smooth pursuit. It is therefore unknown as to which type of eye movement contributes to the size-speed illusion. This study isolated fixation eye movements by requiring participants to view computer animated sequences in a laboratory setting, where a static fixation square was placed in the foreground at one of two locations on a train (front and centroid). Results showed that even with the square placed around the front location of a vehicle, participants still underestimated the speed of the train relative to the car and underestimation was greater when the square was placed around the visual centroid of the train. Our results verify that manipulation of eye movement behaviour can be effective in reducing the magnitude of the size-speed illusion and propose that interventions based on this manipulation should be designed and tested for effectiveness.