Individual Estates Research Articles

Features of the study of the genealogy of odnodvortsy families 
 of the XVIII century (on the example of the Astafievs family)

In this article, the authors present the results of historical and genealogical study of the Astafievs family of service people from Chernavsky district, whose descendants in the second half of the XVIII century became odnodvortsy. One of the results of the reforms of Peter I was a change in the class organization of the countrys population, which was reflected primarily in service people, some of whom later became nobles, while others turned into single-palaces small landowners. The study is relevant because the emergence and formation of the estate of odnodvortsy, their culture, behavioral patterns, migration mobility are often the objects of study of modern researchers, and the genealogy and microhistory of odnodvortsy are not fully represented in scientific publications. The authors note that the study of microhistory of a particular kind allows us to see and analyze the impact of events, processes and reforms that took place in a certain historical period on the life of representatives of the odnodvortsy estate. The source base of the work is based primarily on the use of a set of unpublished archival sources from the collections of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and regional archives. The authors, on the one hand, concretized the material based on information concerning the Astafievs family, on the other hand, identified and analyzed key features in the study of the genealogy of odnodvortsy families. As a result, a number of archival documents were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Thus, the historical and genealogical research conducted on the example of the service family, which in the XVIII century turned into a odnodvortsy Astafievs family, allowed the authors to show the influence of historical processes and reforms on the evolution of individual estates, to characterize the main sources necessary for this type of research, as well as to show the specifics of studying the genealogy of odnodvortsy

Quantifying state-led gentrification in London: Using linked consumer and administrative records to trace displacement from council estates

Over the past 20 years, increasing land values, a rising population and inward investment from overseas have combined to encourage the demolition and redevelopment of many large council-owned estates across London. While it is now widely speculated that this is causing gentrification and displacement, the extent to which it has forced low-income households to move away from their local community remains to a large degree conjectural and specific to those estates that have undergone special scrutiny. Given the lack of spatially disaggregated migration data that allows us to study patterns of dispersal from individual estates, in this article, we report on an attempt to use consumer-derived data (LCRs) to infer relocations at a high spatial resolution. The evidence presented suggests that around 85% of those displaced remain in London, with most remaining in borough, albeit there is evidence of an increasing number of moves out of London to the South-East and East of England.

The Orchards of Eastern England: History, Ecology, and Place

The Orchards of Eastern England: History, Ecology, and Place

Деятельность Тамбовского сельскохозяйственного общества в области рационализации аграрного производства (1902–1914 гг.)

The history of creation and activity of the Tambov Agricultural Society in 1902–1914 are analyzed. The reasons for the establishment of the organization, the administrative structure and the financial situation of the Society are described, the role of individual figures in its work at different stages of its development is demonstrated. The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity of filling the historiographical gap in the study of agricultural cooperation in the pre-revolutionary period. The novelty of the work is determined by the complex nature of the Society activities in the sphere of Tambov crop cultivation and animal husbandry. It is demonstrated that the development of the system of social cooperation of Tambov landlords was caused by the desire to rationalize individual estates. The efforts of members of the Tambov Agricultural Society concerning the organization of agricultural exhibitions in 1904 and 1912 are described, the results of exhibition activities are summarized and the importance of creating a permanent exhibition infrastructure for the work of a public organization is evaluated. The reasons for publishing its own agricultural journal (Agricultural Life) are indicated, the number of copies of the publication and its accessibility for Tambov owners are assessed. A description is given of the efforts of the members of the Society to create the Tambov stud book, analyzes the circumstances of its creation and the conditions for the inclusion of livestock in the register are analyzed, the role of the stud book in the development of Tambov animal husbandry in the early twentieth century is indicated. The high importance of cooperative associations for the development of agricultural production, the introduction of advanced principles of agronomy in the local practice of agricultural production is shown. It is demonstrated that, based on the best practices of agricultural activity, Tambov social activists have proposed a number of initiatives that contribute to the revival of certain branches of agriculture of the region.

Estate landscapes in Gelderland

The Province of Gelderland has long boasted a large number of country houses and landed estates, which over time coalesced into estate landscapes around the historical capitals of the Duchy of Guelders quarters of Nijmegen, Arnhem and Zutphen.
 Rapidly increasing urbanization from the end of the nineteenth century onwards threatened the coherence and accessibility of these landscapes. Gelderland’s largest cities, Arnhem and Nijmegen, watched in dismay as many country houses and landed estates fell victim to subdivision and development. In response they started to buy up portions of that estate landscape to ensure that they would remain available to city dwellers. In addition, the ‘safety net’ provided by newly established nature and landscape organizations, in particular Natuurmonumenten and Geldersch Landschap & Kasteelen, also contributed to preservation and permanent accessibility by offering landed families the opportunity to keep their estate intact, albeit no longer under their ownership.
 Similar motives – the need to preserve attractive, accessible walking areas for the increasingly urbanized society – underpinned the government’s introduction of the Nature Conservation Act in 1928. The Act was invoked more frequently in Gelderland than in any other province. It promoted the opening up of private properties as well as the preservation of the cultural value of the kind of ‘natural beauty’ to be found on landed estates.
 After the Second World War, in addition to resorting to the Nature Conservation Act, the owners of country houses and landed estates could avail themselves of an increasing variety of grants aimed at preserving (publicly accessible) nature, landscape and heritage, although the emphasis was firmly on nature. Estate landscapes like the Veluwezoom and the County of Zutphen were eventually safeguarded by a patchwork of different government regulations.
 In the twenty-first century, government policy shifted towards providing financial support for both public and private contributions to nature, landscape and heritage by country houses and landed estates. This in turn has stimulated interest in estate landscapes. Instead of individual heritage-listed estates, the focus is now on areas with multiple country house and landed estates where there are spatial tasks waiting to be fulfilled: not just the preservation of natural beauty for outdoor recreation, but also spatial articulation, climate change adaptation, increased biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. Interest in design, both past and present, has burgeoned thanks to this development.

Future-proofing estate landscapes

Climate change and urbanization have substantial ramifications for the management and protection of cultural-historical landscapes. This is especially true for historical estate landscapes – landscapes whose character is defined by several historical castles, country houses (along with their gardens and parks), and landed estates – where climate change adaptation constitutes a major task. Issues of concern include an excess or shortage of water and changes to vegetation as a result of rising temperatures. That pressure is compounded by increasing urbanization and the associated recreational needs. These landscapes are also susceptible to spatial fragmentation due to urbanization, changes in ownership, changes in function, and so on. Combatting these pressures calls for a future-oriented design approach that deals sensitively with historically valuable landscape characteristics. It involves safeguarding the spatial quality of estate landscapes by striking a new balance between utility value (economic exploitation), amenity value (identity and familiarity), and future value (ecological sustainability). Such is the complexity of the task that a regional perspective is required in order to fully comprehend the cohesion and systemic relations between individual country estates and to develop a common basis for collaboration.
 This article proposes a landscape-based regional design approach aimed at understanding and designing future-proof estate landscapes. It details a preservation-through-development strategy based on spatial development in sympathy with historical landscapes structures in a process of meaningful stakeholder involvement. Key to this process is collaboration and co-creation with owners, experts, policy advisers and others. Design-based research is employed as a method for addressing the complex spatial tasks facing estate landscapes in an integrated and creative manner. Spatial design, at every level of scale, becomes a instrument for working out development strategies and principles for context-specific landscape formation. But also for highlighting possible solutions that can contribute to the protection and development of historical estate landscapes. In other words, this is not about opposing change or locking up the existing landscape, but about creating new landscape qualities through well-designed new developments. This coincides with a collaborative process in which stakeholders jointly weigh the pros and cons, learn and come up with solutions. The combination of substance, involvement and process makes the landscape-based regional design approach a powerful method for increasing the resilience and adaptability of the estate landscape and in so doing making this landscape future-proof.

Shadow Archives: The Lifecycles of African American Literature

Shadow Archives: The Lifecycles of African American Literature

MagIC as a FAIR Repository for America's Directional Archaeomagnetic Legacy Data

AbstractBeginning in 1964, an academic lineage of Robert DuBois and his students, Daniel Wolfman and Jeffrey Eighmy, developed dedicated United States‐based archaeomagnetic research programs. Collectively, they analyzed over 5,377 archaeomagnetic sites, primarily from North America, dated to less than 2,000 years old. Yet despite their decades of effort, few journal publications resulted. Most of their published results are embedded in archeological reports, often without technical data, which limits the data's accessibility. Furthermore, when published, the results are generally averaged at the site level using statistical conventions different from today's standards, limiting the data's comparability and (re)usability. In 2015, we undertook a salvage archival study to digitize the surviving data and metadata from the scientists' individual estates and emeritus collections. We digitized measurement data from more than 51,000 specimens, reinterpreted them using modern conventions, and uploaded them to the FAIR‐adhering magnetic data repository, earthref.org/MagIC. The reinterpreted site‐level results from the three laboratories are mutually consistent, permitting the individual data sets to be combined and analyzed as single regional entities. Through incorporation into the MagIC repository, these legacy data are now accessible for incorporation into archaeomagnetic and global magnetic field modeling efforts, critical to understanding Earth's magnetic field variation through time. In the Four Corners region of the United States Southwest, this digitized archive advances the development of a new regional paleosecular variation curve used in archaeomagnetic dating. This project highlights both the value and complexities of managing legacy data; the many lessons learned to set a precedent for future paleomagnetic data recovery efforts.

Boris N. Chicherin’s Doctrine of Property: Basic Ideas and Unique Features

ABSTRACT This article examines Boris N. Chicherin’s ideas about property. It shows that the thinker interprets property as a material form of the objectification of human freedom, the most important and necessary condition for a fulfilling life. The author argues that Chicherin’s analysis of property is aimed at identifying and justifying its anthropological, legal, and social significance. In that regard, the author reviews and analyzes Chicherin’s ideas about the role of property in the life of a person, of individual social estates, and of society, his understanding of property rights and position on issues related to limiting it, and his interpretation of material–economic equality.

Лесоводство помещиков Тамбовской губернии в конце XIX – начале ХХ века

The features of forestry of the landowners of the Tambov Governorate at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are analyzed. The key factors of natural (forest cover of the area), economic (first of all, the construction of railways, changes in demand for timber) and social (the need to protect plantations from the surrounding peasant population) character that influenced forestry are shown. The main ways of development are indicated, due to both economic opportunities and the desire (or unwillingness) of landowners to equip their forest lands. The methods of forestry in the northern, central and southern districts of the Tambov Governorate are analyzed, the different degree of forest cover of which was reflected in the value of forest materials for local residents. Methods of combining forestry with other types of management, in particular, grazing, which were practiced mainly in the northern districts of the Tambov Governorate, where there was an excess of forest resources, are described. The reasons for the clear-cutting of forests practiced by a number of owners, which led to serious environmental changes, are indicated. The characteristics of various types of rational nature management in forestry are given on the materials of individual estates, to which more and more landowners have turned. We describe the reasons for the development of a thrifty attitude to forest resources.

Assembling welfare landscapes of social housing: lessons from Denmark

ABSTRACT This article makes a case for reappraising the designed landscapes of post-war social housing as welfare landscapes to inform current debates, policies and practices regarding social housing and its renewal. We look back at the development processes of three Danish estates which literally materialised the emerging welfare state in concrete, asphalt, plantings and earthworks. Guided by actor-network theory we recount how their landscapes materialised as multiscalar socio-material assemblages. We show that non-human things played a crucial role in the development of welfare landscapes which focused on child welfare and community development, offered architectural and ecological diversity, and co-shaped the urban landscape beyond the individual estates. Understanding welfare landscapes as socio-material assemblages does not only acknowledge the role of non-human things in their historical production. Ultimately it also calls for the inclusion of the welfare of non-human species and may offer inspiration for developing future welfare landscapes for more than humans.

Strategically Measuring Quality of Existing Building Stock

Dutch housing corporations generally have two methods of assessing the strategic value of existing housing stock. The first is by calculating the financial return on investments with a life expectancy of fifty to sixty years. The second method is to balance the technical quality against maintenance and renovation planning. A Dutch housing corporation needed a integrated method, so in a single case study, a new method was developed based on research on how to monitor the technical and financial assets better.
 
 Four problems were detected: (1) the existing strategy did not seem to be resilient to future changes, (2) there was no instrument for measuring progress, (3) there was no way to translate strategic data to individual estates and (4) there was no instrument for monitoring the results of improvements set off against the strategic goals. 
 
 With one integrated tool to fix these four problems, an integrated approach to a closed asset management strategy and policy would be available. Such a tool would make it possible to make adjustments to the strategy based on facts gained by measuring the results of former adjustments to the strategy. The goal of this paper is to present the research supporting the design of a new model. 
 
 The result, the so called Return Matrix, is a fully elaborated model. It supports the management team in decision making about strategy (five years) and vision (twenty years) development. It creates insight into and support for the outcome of the strategy among policy professionals, staff and colleagues. And finally, it creates understanding among the tenants, it s understood and supported by the civil servants and gets approval and agreement of cooperation from the municipal executives. 
 
 With the knowledge gained by this study, it will not be difficult to compose the instrument for other cases too.

UKRAINIAN MANORIAL ESTATES CULTURE IN THE RESEARCHES AT THE END OF THE XIXth AND THE BEGINNING OF THE XXth CENTURIES

The aim of the article is to analyze a situation in studies of the problem of the formation and development of the manorial estates on Ukrainian lands as a cultural and historical phenomenon at the end of the XIXth – the beginning of the XXth centuries. The research methodology is based on the general scientific and special historical methods. In particular, the basic principles as historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness, continuity, general methods of the historical research as historical, problem-chronological, comparative, retrospective, etc., and special methods of historiographical research, e.g. historiographical analysis and synthesis have been used. The research novelty consists in the fact that the historiographical analysis of the pre-revolutionary studies of the estate culture of Ukraine has been carried out from the modern positions. The publications on the problem of the culture of manorial estates on Ukrainian lands have been analyzed. They have not yet been the subject of the historiographical research. The periodization of the study of the manorial estates culture in Ukraine is proposed in the article. The Conclusions. The Ukrainian manorial estate culture study began in the second half of the XIX th century. The first studies were fragmentary and descriptive. However, at the beginning of the XX th century the manorial estates were explored as a cultural phenomenon. The regional manorial estates heritage consideration of t hat time, especially from Slobozhanshchyna, became an actual trend. The w orks of art critics, economists and historians aroused the interest in the manorial estates as cultural centers in the Ukrainian lands. We can emphasize that the publications , which are devoted to the formation and evolution of the individual manorial estates complexes , predominated during that period. Sometimes they contained disjointed historical and biographical information about the inhabitants of the manorial estates or the nostalgic memoirs of staying there. Large palatial and park complexes , which are mostly located close to the two capitals of the Russian Empire , attracted the researchers. But a lot of provincial manorial estates which, particularly, are located in the Ukrainian lands were almost not considered. The studies on the early publications on the manorial estates culture of Ukraine make possible to divide the historiography into three major periods: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern. The pre-revolutionary researches provided the background for the national research traditions and schools , which study this issue comprehensively. Therefore, our further task is to analyze in details the domestic publications , dedicated to the manorial estates of Ukraine from the Soviet period till modern one .

Book Review: Land, Power, and the Sacred: The Estate System in Medieval Japan edited by Janet R. Goodwin and Joan R. Piggott

Janet R. Goodwin and Joan R. Piggott, eds. Land, Power, and the Sacred: The Estate System in Medieval Japan . Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press 2018. 570 pages. ISBN 978-0824872939. $64.95. Land, Power, and the Sacred is a welcome introduction to a topic that has not received its due attention by English-writing historians for far too long, and it does it in an inspiring and informative way. While the medieval Japanese estate system has been discussed extensively by Japanese historians, very few scholars in the West have taken on the task of discussing the estate system in detail, so the publication of this important anthology is cause for celebration. As the introductory and first chapters, as well as the last historiographical chapter of the volume all suggest, the paucity of research or teaching material on the Japanese estate system might be due to the fact that it has often been seen as boring and unengaging, buried deep in dry tax ledgers and land surveys. Outside the contexts of political maneuvers of the elite and the land struggles of the emerging warrior class, the estate system has langured for many years. This anthology edited by Janet R. Goodwin and Joan R. Piggott does an amazing job at filling this gap by providing overarching arguments about the estate system as an historiographical concept as well as close studies of individual estates. It is a thorough and hermeneutic study that is weakened only by the obvious challenges of being within an anthology where the relations between micro-level findings are picked up and used for more generalizing arguments only with difficulty. The anthology is the physical product of a conference held at University of Southern California in 2012 on various aspects of the premodern Japanese estates as well as of the collaborative efforts of a group of scholars and graduate students at USC working on the Ōbe estate and its connection to the monk Chōgen. This focus is carried over into the anthology, where 8 …

Property Law and Collective Self-Government

The property interests of Indigenous communities exhibit distinctive patterns that recur across different countries and in relation to widely differing Indigenous cultures, including in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The principal recurring patterns include alienation restraints, group governance powers as an incident of land tenure, distinctive rules of co-ownership favouring collective governance, and unique collective and individual estates in land. This paper argues that these distinctive doctrinal features can be explained in large part by the functional challenges associated with using property interests in land as a basis for collective self-government. One of the central challenges relates to differences in the optimal scale of various uses that may be pursued on a land base. While uses like housing or farming might best be pursued using individual land titles over relatively small parcels, the collective interest of a group in self-government could require an extensive, contiguous land base occupied by a critical mass of members. The use of land as a locus for a distinctive, self-governing culture is thus an activity that is optimally pursued on a larger scale than would be optimal for most other uses which may be pursued simultaneously. The tension this creates, emerging out of the attempt to manage what the author calls a “cultural semicommons,” is mediated by a distinctive set of institutions. Understanding this functional basis for Indigenous land tenure in common law countries is an important starting point in considering proposals for reform.

Governing the Cultural Semicommons: How Specialized Property Regimes Facilitate Indigenous Collective Autonomy

The property interests of Indigenous communities exhibit distinctive patterns that recur across different countries and in relation to widely differing Indigenous cultures, including in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The principal recurring patterns include: alienation restraints, group governance powers as an incident of land tenure, distinctive rules of co-ownership favouring collective governance, and unique collective and individual estates in land. This paper argues that these distinctive doctrinal features can be explained in part by the functional challenges associated with using property interests in land as a basis for collective self-government. One of the central challenges relates to differences in the optimal scale of various uses that may be pursued on a land base. While uses like housing or farming might best be pursued using individual land titles over relatively small parcels, the collective interest of a group in self-government could require an extensive, contiguous land base occupied by a critical mass of members. The use of land as a locus for a distinctive, self-governing culture is thus an activity that is optimally pursued on a larger scale than would be optimal for most other uses which may be pursued simultaneously. The tension this creates, emerging out of the attempt to manage what the author calls a “cultural semicommons”, is mediated by a distinctive set of institutions. Understanding this functional basis for Indigenous land tenure in common law countries is an important starting point in considering proposals for reform.

STATE OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY OF SOUTHERN DAGESTAN IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 18th CENTURY

Basing on the data of written sources and historical literature, the author of the article presents the state of domestic and foreign policy in Southern Dagestan in the first third of the 18th century when the interests of many world powers, most regularly the interests of Russia, Iran and Turkey, collided and entwined here. The internal political state of Dagestan was characterized by political decentralization, diversity of ethnic composition of the population, complex relationships between individual feudal estates and unions of rural communities, interference of neighboring countries in the internal affairs of societies, it all heightened already tense situation in the region. The state of the Dagestan people at the beginning of the 18th century was so tragic and they were so embittered by outrage of Persian administration that contemporaries predicted the inevitability of the people’s rising, which ultimately happened. In the article, key problems of the East Caucasus and West Caspian region are considered against the wide background of international events. The author gives a balanced and objective assessment of the foreign policy orientation of the leaders of the peasant masses, local feudal lords and rulers in the anti-Iranian uprisings, which took place in the first third of the 18th century. It is established that a distinctive feature of the political life of the peoples of Southern Dagestan during this period was a definite orientation toward Russia in the course of the struggle against Iranian domination and active opposition to the aggressive aspirations of Turkey. It did not meet the foreign policy interests of the Iranian and Turkish authorities, which were incited by Western European states, primarily by Britain and France, to the conquests in the Caucasus.

Eficiencia técnica de las denominaciones de origen protegidas en España: Un análisis por tipo de vino comercializado

In the European Union there are two figures of quality protection for agri-food products, according to EC Regulation 1151/2012, which are: Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs) and Protected Geographical Indications. In addition, in the case of wine, traditional nomenclatures coexist in each country. Thus, in the Spanish case we could find within these PDOs the traditional Denominations of Origin, Qualified Origin Denominations, Quality wines with Geographical Indication, Pago Wines, applied to high quality individual vineyards or wine estates and Qualified Pago Wines, of the highest category. The technical and economic efficiency of the different protection figures in the wine sector has been the subject of previous works; however, it has not been examined in depth to see if it is correlated to the type of wine predominantly marketed by each one of them. Bounded Adjusted Measure (BAM) has been used in this case, which allows a better characterization of the units according to their technical efficiency indexes. The data used are the latest provided by the Spanish authorities (2014/2015 campaign). The results seem to indicate that there is not a relationship between greater efficiency and the type of wine marketed.

Struggles of a Sugar Society: Surveying Plantation-Era Montserrat, 1650–1850

A major obstacle to understanding Montserrat’s sugar industry and the often-contentious social dynamics that accompanied it has been the absence of a comprehensive study of the small Caribbean island’s plantation-era cultural landscape. We employ a multi-scalar approach, combining archival research and archaeological survey data, to trace the island’s shifting socio-cultural composition and fluctuating sugar industry over the course of two centuries (ca. 1650–1850). Adopting an island-wide perspective on the interpretation of Montserrat’s plantation-era remains, we expand the breadth and depth of understandings about the island’s sugar society through comparative, multi-sited analyses. Our findings underscore the importance of extending Caribbean plantation studies beyond individual estates.

Developing Victorian Battersea: The Story of James Lord and George Todd, Junior

Although the broad outlines of the development of ‘ordinary’ mid- to late-Victorian building estates in suburban London are well known, there remains a large potential for more detailed studies, both of individual suburbs and estates. Records of local developers, surveyors and builders, other than what may be gleaned from official sources or from randomly surviving deeds are scarce, and the motivations and finances of the vast majority are either obscure or completely unknown. Occasionally, however, a power searchlight illuminates the complex relationships that underlie the transformation of fields into streets. The core of this study is an action in Chancery of 1870–1, brought by barrister and estate developer James Lord against builder-turned-auctioneer/surveyor George Todd junior. The ups and downs of their often less-than-businesslike relationship over the preceding seven years no doubt mirrors many similar, but unrecorded, examples, not only in Battersea but across Victorian London.