Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation Research Articles

Innovation capabilities and performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in Indonesia

Orientation: Entrepreneurial orientation (EO), knowledge management (KM), human resource management (HRM) and knowledge sharing (KS) are important aspects in driving innovation capabilities (IC) to improve organisational performance (OP).Research purpose: The purpose of this research was to analyse the mediating effect of IC on individual EO, KM, HRM and KS and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) performance.Motivation for the study: The fluctuation in batik business performance can be attributed to a lack of studies that examine the dynamic capability perspective in the context of batik SMEs in developing countries.Research design, approach and method: A quantitative approach was used for this study. A structured self-administrative measuring instrument was employed to collect the data. A non-probability sample of 297 participants was obtained. The collected data were then analysed using SmartPLS3 software.Main findings: Innovation capabilities have been verified to significantly mediate the relationship between HRM and KS on OP. Innovation capabilities mediated the relationship between KS and OP in a negative direction, whereas previous studies indicate a positive direction.Practical/managerial implications: Entrepreneurial orientation has the most prominent role in OP in batik SMEs. An EO allows business actors to optimise their creativity and innovation to develop ideas, which helps maximise the growth of OP in SMEs.Contribution/value-add: This study’s results support the concept that EO develops various skills, from managing uncertainty to tolerating risk and forming strong entrepreneurial abilities to improve business performance.

Assessing the influence of entrepreneurial education on individual entrepreneurial orientation of university students

A number of empirical studies have underscored the significance of entrepreneurial orientation in understanding the dynamic business environment driven by entrepreneurial actions. However, the notion of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) has received less attention in scholarly literature. It’s widely acknowledged that entrepreneurial education (EE) makes a substantial contribution to a country’s economy. It’s believed that EE can empower individuals and thus play a crucial role in addressing various societal challenges faced by countries globally. Nonetheless, the influence of EE on the IEO of university students, and whether it effectively guides them towards an entrepreneurial career, hasn’t been thoroughly examined. This study aimed to explore the influence of EE on the IEO of university students. This study focuses on two distinct economies—a developing one (South Africa) and a developed one (Scotland), the latter being recognized for its high-quality EE and a high proportion of individuals opting for entrepreneurial careers. A quantitative research approach was followed making use of an adapted questionnaire, which was analysed with SPSS and EQS 6.4 using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, multivariate analysis of variance and path model analysis. A total of 2841 questionnaires were distributed online, yielding 575 valid responses. Findings indicate that EE significantly influences the IEO of university students in South Africa, but to a lesser extent in Scotland. The study expands the existing body of knowledge on IEO of university students. In addition, it provides insight for policymakers in the respective countries.

Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation: Scale Development and Validation

Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation: Scale Development and Validation

Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO): The Case of TEVET Institutions in Zambia

This review article examines the impact of Entrepreneurship Education programs (EEP) on Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) within Technical Education Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (TEVET) institutions in Zambia. By synthesizing findings from existing literature, the article provides a comprehensive understanding of how EEP influences entrepreneurial behaviors among vocational students. Key dimensions of IEO affected by EEP, including innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness, are explored. The review discusses various pedagogical approaches used in EEP, highlights the challenges faced in delivering effective EEP, and identifies opportunities for improvement. The article concludes with recommendations for policymakers and educators to enhance the effectiveness of EEP in fostering entrepreneurial mindsets, thereby contributing to Zambia's economic development goals.

Effectuation, Causation and Bricolage; Entrepreneurial Orientation in the Face of Crisis, a Perspective from Developing Countries

Abstract While previous studies on individual entrepreneurial orientation have evolved more from environmental, social and cultural features, far less attention has been dedicated to personal agency factors, especially during the crisis period of post COVID-19 pandemic. Relying on personal agency theory and the entrepreneurial cognitive logic concept, this study investigates how entrepreneur’s internal locus of control affect their individual entrepreneurial orientation, particularly during periods of crisis and scarcity-post COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from 500 small and medium scale entrepreneurs via an online questionnaire and analyzed using partial least square (PLS-SEM) methodology. The findings show that causation, bricolage and effectuation’s affordable loss and flexibility, which are most responsive to internal locus of control, significantly impact individual entrepreneurial orientation. However, no evidence has been found on how gender, education level and education background impacts the internal locus of control to promote entrepreneurial orientation. Finally, the paper highlights the relevance of considering personal agency factors, namely internal locus of control, for policy makers, especially those involved in institutions of learning and government ministries, to boost citizens perceptions and entrepreneurial orientation and behaviour particularly in developing countries.

Intrapreneurial intention mediates between individual entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intrapreneurial behaviour

The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) and Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy (ESE) towards Intrapreneurial Behaviour (INB). Entrepreneurial Intention and Entrepreneurial Behaviour have been a growing interest of the scholars in research in entrepreneurship literature during the last three decades. Rigorous reviews on intentions and behaviors only appeared in limited number of studies to investigate the mediating effect of Intrapreneurial Intension. Further, this study examines the mediation effect on Intrapreneurial Intention (INI) between IEO, ESE, and INB. Thus, this study attempts to test an extended model to understand the individual behaviour of using TPB and IEO. The methodology is quantitative, followed by a survey method. The sample contained 120 small tea exporting companies in Sri Lanka, registered with the Sri Lanka Tea Board (SLTB). The data were collected from Owners and Managers of those companies. The results discovered that there is a significant positive impact of IEO, ESE, and INI on INB. Also, it was registered that Intrapreneurial Intention mediates the direct relationships and implies that IEO and ESE can enhance INB through Intrapreneurial intentions. In this scenario, INI plays an important role in influencing INB. Therefore, tea industry, the government, regulatory bodies and policymakers use these findings to enhance the INB among small tea exporters in Sri Lanka. This study provides useful insights to small tea exporters in Sri Lanka on how to enhance intrapreneurial behavior through psychological factors.

Individual entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The mediating role of sustainable entrepreneurship practices

The entrepreneurship landscape has undergone a significant transformation towards sustainability in both large and small business firms. This study investigated the effect of individual entrepreneurship orientation on sustainable entrepreneurship practices and firm performance of fisheries small and medium enterprises. The study used a structured questionnaire to gather data from a sample of 389 entrepreneurs working in the Tanzanian Nile perch fishery in Lake Victoria. Descriptive statistics and the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique were used to analyse the quantitative data. The study's findings indicated that the risk-taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness substantially impact sustainable entrepreneurship practices in fisheries small and medium enterprises but does not have a direct relationship with the firm's performance except for the innovativeness. Additionally, it was discovered that sustainable entrepreneurship practices have a complete mediation role in risk-taking and proactiveness, while they have a partial mediation role in innovativeness. Therefore, the study recommends advocacy for policies and incentives to foster the implementation of sustainable entrepreneurship enterprises among small and medium enterprises in the fisheries industry for sustainable businesses and the natural environment.

Online Student Engagement and Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Role of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation

Online Student Engagement and Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Role of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation

The Analysis of Influence Factors on Interest In Becoming A Technopreneur Based on Individual Entrepreneurship Orientation

Indonesia’s internet usage is rapidly increasing, especially during Covid-19. Today's most significant number of internet users are students. Students can use the internet for learning, social activities, and business. However, Indonesia still needs a lot of technopreneurs. This study aims to explore factors in internet skills, such as Contextual Efficacy, Internet Self Efficacy, and Computer Self Efficacy, which affect the interest of students in Indonesia to become a technopreneur. The study uses the Structural Equation Model and Partial Lease Square (SEM-PLS) to explore the influence factors of contextual efficacy, internet self-efficacy, and computer self-efficacy that might influence a student's interest in becoming a technopreneur. There were 506 respondents from 11 cities. This study found four relationships that have an influence, such as computer self-efficacy influencing individual entrepreneurship orientation factors. Computer self-efficacy influences the technopreneur intention factor. Contextual element factor influences the technopreneur intention factor, and internet self-efficacy influences the technopreneur intention factor. The study found that three relationships had no effect. The first contextual element factor does not affect Individual Entrepreneurship Orientation. Second, Individual Entrepreneurship Orientation does not affect the Technopreneurship Intention factor; third, Internet Self Efficacy does not affect Individual Entrepreneurship Orientation. The results of this study found that the internet ability factor has a direct influence on asking someone to become a technopreneur. The results of this study are very useful for industry, especially for the education sector, in making technopreneur learning methods. Other factors that were not discussed are being studied further.

The Effect of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation on Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students

This study aims to evaluate the impact of individual entrepreneurial orientation on the entrepreneurial intention of Algerian university students. Specifically, it focuses on three dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation: risk-taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness. To achieve the main purpose of the study and test its hypotheses, the researchers employed a descriptive-analytical method, and a survey was conducted using a questionnaire on a sample of 333 second-year master’s students at the Faculty of Economics, Commercial and Management Sciences in Jijel University. The questionnaire consists of 15 statements: 3 – regarding risk-taking, 3 – innovativeness, 3 –proactiveness, and 6 – individual entrepreneurial orientation. The opinions of the sample (students) were measured using a five-point Likert scale. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was applied to test the reliability of the study instrument. To test internal consistency, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the correlation between each questionnaire item and the dimension to which it belongs. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and the Durbin-Watson test were also relied upon to ensure the independence of the independent variables and the absence of multiple linear correlation or autocorrelation between the residuals. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables to test the study hypotheses accurately. The predictive capacity of the regression model is confirmed by the results of the ANOVA regression analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS, version 28. The findings indicate that both risk-taking and proactiveness have a direct and positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. However, innovativeness does not demonstrate any statistically significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. In light of the obtained results, a set of recommendations meant to foster the individual entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intention of university students was proposed.

The Influence of Management Support and Self-Efficacy on Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation to Enhance Job Performance among Employees in Klang Valley Takaful Insurance Sector

The Influence of Management Support and Self-Efficacy on Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation to Enhance Job Performance among Employees in Klang Valley Takaful Insurance Sector

Attitude towards entrepreneurship, individual entrepreneurship orientation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy among start-ups in China: Basis for entrepreneurial competency framework

Attitude towards entrepreneurship, individual entrepreneurship orientation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy among start-ups in China: Basis for entrepreneurial competency framework

GROWING AN INFORMAL DIGITAL MICRO-ENTERPRISE: THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

This research examines the effects of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) on informal sector digital micro-enterprise growth in developing countries and the moderating role of networking social capital. The majority of EO research on company growth has focused on registered traditional SMEs and larger enterprises in higher-income markets. A total of 248 informal online micro-enterprises from Senegal were studied. The findings show that IEO has distinct effects on informal digital microbusiness development. Individual risk-taking boosts digital micro-enterprise growth, whereas inventive behaviour hinders it. Proactiveness does not seem to increase growth. Different social capital’s moderating effects on IEO dimensions and online micro-enterprise growth are also found. This study is one of the first to examine individual entrepreneurial behaviour that may lead to the growth of informal digital micro-businesses and the differentiated role of SC. It has also expanded business contextualisation to better comprehend IEO in informal online micro-enterprises outside developed countries.

Towards an understanding of multi-generational higher education cohorts in gamified entrepreneurship education

The increasing inclusion of gamified courses in entrepreneurship programmes in higher education have left gaps in understanding the critical essentials of the multi-generational student cohort undertaking these programmes. In this paper, we interrogate the educational experiences of multi-generational higher education students in a core gamified entrepreneurship course in an undergraduate business school programme. The research analyzed 392 course feedback responses from three generations (X, Y and Z) of a multi-generational cohort. The study developed and validated a behaviour-results model for gamified entrepreneurship courses leading to student entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial orientation, and disaggregated student engagement into it's multiple dimensions of cognitive, behavioural and emotional. The model also validated six dimensions of individual entrepreneurship orientation. Using the model, the study found differences in the component variables based on student Generations X, Y, and Z. Also, student cognitive and behavioural engagement led to entrepreneurial intention which also influenced student entrepreneurial orientation. There were marked differences in student grit, cognitive engagement, and emotional engagement between Generations X and Z. Furthermore, generational differences existed amongst Generation Z and Y, and also for Generation Z and X in student entrepreneurial intention. The study also confirmed the difference in entrepreneurial orientation between Generations X and Z. Additionally, the study found that there is a need to contextualize student engagement facilitators such as results demonstrability of the business simulation platform, student grit and user characteristics as they have selective effects on student cognition, behavioural and emotional engagements in a multi-generational student cohort of Generation X, Y and Z.

Role of individual entrepreneurial orientation and innovation in SME performance: Gender perspectives

Individual entrepreneurial orientation and innovation are essentials for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to drive their performance, including surviving or even growing during economic crises. The entrepreneur’s gender might have an impact on those relationships. Hence, this study aims to analyze whether there were some differences in the five dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation and differences in the influence of individual entrepreneurial orientation and innovation on performance between male and female entrepreneurs. The study was performed through an online survey of 352 SME owners in Indonesia. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses. The results demonstrated that all dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation are valid for developing this construct, but only the risk-taking dimension distinguishes male and female entrepreneurs the most. Male entrepreneurs are more willing to take risks than female. Furthermore, individual entrepreneurial orientation affects performance mediated by innovation, and this effect is not different between male and female entrepreneurs. These findings enrich the literature on the impact of gender on entrepreneurial orientation and the influence of innovation on SME performance. In Indonesia, individual entrepreneurial orientation affects performance assisted by innovation; however, this influence is not different for SMEs managed by male and female entrepreneurs. AcknowledgmentWe acknowledge and thank all of the respondents and parties who supported this research. This study was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Engagement, Universitas Indonesia, contract number NKB-1782/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020.

Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Intentions: The Role of Access to Resources and Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation

Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Intentions: The Role of Access to Resources and Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation

Action-oriented entrepreneurial training and career resilience: a serial mediation model

PurposeThe combination of action and process has remained the attention of the psychology of entrepreneurship research. Moreover, special attention has also been paid to the whens and hows of entrepreneurial psychological training. Keeping this in view the current study has tested the impact of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) training on small business entrepreneurial career resilience. Using action regulation theory (ART), a serial mediation model of IEO behaviour and entrepreneurial career adaptability is hypothesised.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a longitudinal randomised controlled field experiment in which the data were collected at four points. A total of 546 small business owners from Lahore, Pakistan, participated in this research (training group = 265, control group = 281). The data were analysed using ANCOVAs and PROCESS Model 6.FindingsThe research has found that IEO training impacts the entrepreneurial career resilience of small business owners through the development of IEO behaviour and career adaptability.Originality/valueThis experimental inquiry is a novel attempt to extend the career-related outcomes of IEO training (career resilience) based on ART through the mediating role of IEO behaviour and career adaptability. In addition, it has tested the IEO training in the developing country of Pakistan, which is a relevant context for enhancing its socio-economic growth.

Students’ individual entrepreneurial orientation and the scope of startup activities in Russia: The role of university infrastructure

The development of startup activity among students is often considered a key ingredient to increasing entrepreneurship levels and reducing unemployment rates among youth. This study examines the role of personal characteristics and university infrastructure components in the context of nascent entrepreneurship in an emerging market setting. Drawing on the self-efficacy perspective, we theorize the effect of students' individual entrepreneurial orientation on the scope of their startup activity. Based on the university embeddedness theory, we further explore whether the university entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial program learning moderate this relationship. Our sample was drawn from the 2021 GUESSS project, which includes 1521 students from 21 universities in Russia. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression models with the help of Stata MP software. We found that individual entrepreneurial orientation increases the scope of students' startup activities, and the university entrepreneurial environment that is evaluated above the median score strengthens this relationship, while the entrepreneurial program learning has no effect. Our research seeks to draw researchers' and practitioners' attention to the need of both exploring the nuances of students’ personal traits that influence their involvement in startup activities and building an effective university entrepreneurial ecosystem to stimulate entrepreneurial endeavors among youth.

The relationship between occupational therapists’ organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, and entrepreneurial orientations

Introduction: Entrepreneurial orientation is a critical factor in the success of an organization and encourages higher performance. Individual entrepreneurial orientation can be influenced by organizational commitment and perceived organizational support. The study aimed to examine the relationship between occupational therapists’ organizational commitment, perceived organizational support levels, and their individual entrepreneurial orientation. Method: Using an online form, a cross-sectional survey study was conducted with 88 occupational therapists aged between 22 and 28. Occupational therapists completed a socio-demographic information form, the Organizational Commitment Scale, the Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Results: Significant positive correlations were found between occupational therapists’ individual entrepreneurial orientations and organizational commitment ( p = 0.015; r = 0.260) and perceived organizational support ( p = 0.045; r = 0.214). Conclusion: This study indicates that occupational therapists’ individual entrepreneurial orientation increases when their levels of organizational commitment and perceived organizational support increase. Therefore, organizations should strive to maintain high levels of organizational commitment and the support provided by the organization to enhance the entrepreneurial orientation of occupational therapists, which is important for their creativity and innovation.

Individual entrepreneurial orientation training: an experimental insight into small business owner career success

PurposeBased on action regulation theory (ART), this study aims to test the impact of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) training on small business owner career success (financial attainment, satisfaction and achievement). Moreover, this relationship was unpacked through a dual mediation model of IEO behaviour and career resilience.Design/methodology/approachA four-wave, longitudinal randomized controlled field experiment was conducted in which 527 small business owners participated from Lahore, Pakistan (training group = 256, control group = 271). The data analysis was done via ANCOVAs (group comparison) and PROCESS Model 6 (for serial mediation).FindingsThe results demonstrated that after getting IEO training, the small business owners had increased IEO behaviour, career resilience and career success as compared to their counterparts in the control group. In addition, the effect of IEO training on career success was attributed to the underlying role of IEO behaviour and career resilience development.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies that have demonstrated the impact of IEO training on the career-related outcomes based on the action regulation perspective.