Individual Cups Research Articles

The poisoned chalice: Eucharistic grape juice and common-sense realism in Victorian Methodism

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)The Poisoned Chalice tells the story of how temperance-minded Victorian Methodists confidently overturned centuries of tradition to switch from wine to grape juice at communion. Jennifer L. Woodruff Tait argues that these reformers were not behaving as unscientific fundamentalists (122), but as Victorians utilizing current scientific thinking and biblical exegesis. It not until after the rise of fundamentalism the 1920s that grape juice and individual communion cups became seen as antiseptic compromises with middle-class culture (123).This is a relatively slim volume, but not because it lacks depth or rigor. Indeed, it is filled with wit and crisp analysis, written with an ease that renders short form what otherwise might have been a long and tedious discussion. Almost one third of the book is taken up with endnotes, indicating the thoroughness of Woodruff Tait's research. This is a book deeply rooted the primary and secondary sources of nineteenth-century Methodism and temperance reform.The crux of Woodruff Tait's argument is that grape juice part of a larger crusade for reform, firmly connected to common-sense realism. Alcohol a poison that interfered with a person's ability to perceive the real world, the foundation of all knowledge. Grape juice was pure, unstimulating, healthful, and wholesome, and drinking it aided in the development of moral character (3). When Methodist dentist Thomas Welch and his son Charles figured out how to mass-produce unfermented grape juice, beginning the 1870s, it seemed like the perfect answer to the threat of alcohol.In terms of biblical exegesis, temperance advocates adopted the two-wine theory. So, at the feast of Cana, Jesus turned the water into luscious juice, food for the healthy and medicine to the sick, as one writer put it (34), and at the Last Supper it juice the cup. Temperance advocates of this period thought that they were employing the latest scientific thinking to harmonize their views of nature and the Bible. Juice made by God, alcohol by man. They hardly ever mentioned Darwin, or any conflict between Christianity and science, writes Woodruff Tait (89). Drinking wrong because it clouded a person's ability to think clearly, whether the realm of science or theology.For reformers, drinking only part of a larger crusade against worldly amusements that sapped a person's moral vigor, including novel reading, dancing, card playing, and the theater (44), which they replaced with music, sports, gardening, and geology (56). …

Enabling Hygienic Behavior among Preschoolers: Improving Environmental Conditions through a Multifaceted Intervention

Environmental conditions often serve as critical enabling factors for health promotion. This article describes the effect of a preschool hygiene intervention program on classroom environmental conditions. Cluster randomized trial, with randomization at the level of the preschool. State-run preschools in Jerusalem. Forty secular and religious Jerusalem preschools (including 1029 children). A multidisciplinary hygiene intervention that included changes to the preschool environment. Presence of soap, soap dispenser, paper towel, paper towel dispenser, cloth towels, communal cup, or personal cups. Generalized estimating equations and Fisher's exact test were used to estimate the effect of the intervention program on environmental conditions. Information was obtained from most (97.9%) visits. Baseline environmental hygienic conditions were poor. Relative to the control group, the following environmental conditions were better in the intervention group after program implementation: soap (odds ratio [OR] = 14.7; p < .01), paper towels (OR = 13.5; p < .01), communal cups (OR = .05; p < .01), soap dispensers (secular preschools only, p < .01), individual cups (secular, p < .01; religious, OR = 18.7; p < .02). Environmental hygiene in the Israeli preschools studied was deficient at baseline but amenable to change. Improvement in environmental conditions was a necessary enabling factor for the changes in hand-washing behavior that were observed among the children. Sustained environmental change is possible in the preschool environment.

Individual Cups? Law, Ecclesiology and Eucharist

I write after the advice of the archbishops in July 2009 on restricting the use of the common cup has been withdrawn. It came under attack during its period of currency, not only on the grounds that it was medically quite unnecessary, but also on the interesting grounds that it was in violation of the Sacrament Act 1547. The Act concedes that the distribution of the cup would be the norm ‘except necessity otherwise require’. The swine flu alarm raised the issue of how to handle the necessity. This Comment arises from the alternatives which were then commended – intinction or distribution in one kind (bread) only (hereafter called ‘one-kind’). The discussion here concerns solely the duties of officiants at Holy Communion, and does not do more than touch in passing on how an individual communicant may respond.

The effect of slope angle on splash detachment in an unmanaged Japanese cypress plantation forest

AbstractA field investigation of the effects of rainfall and slope angle on splash detachment was conducted for 5 months, using 27 splash cups in a Japanese cypress plantation in southern Japan. The unit, kinetic energy of throughfall (J m−2 mm−1), was found to be constant and independent of rainfall intensity, indicating that splash detachment can be related to both throughfall intensity and soil slope. The linear correlation coefficient was highly significant for both the maximum throughfall intensity over 1 h (RI1h) and the average splash detachment of all splash cups, although individual cups varied widely. No consistent relationship was found between the splash detachment rate and slope angle for individual periods. This variation in the relationship between splash detachment and slope angle was attributed to the effect of soil crusting and ponding on splash detachment. Splash detachment on a gentler slope (14° ) exhibited a strong relationship with the maximum throughfall intensity lasting for short periods of 10–30 min. In contrast, the splash detachment from slopes &gt; 35° highly correlated with the maximum throughfall intensity over 3 h. This suggests that a longer period is required to prevent the splash detachment due to ponded water on steeper slopes. On gentler slopes, prolonged rainfall may result in a higher ponding depth, thereby reducing raindrop impact and causing less splash detachment. Thus, under forest canopies, the effect of slope angle on the rainfall parameter should be incorporated into future splash erosion models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

The Effect of Larval Diet and Sex on Nectar Nicotine Feeding Preferences in Manduca Sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Many Lepidoptera interact with the same plant species as both herbivorous larvae and nectar-feeding adults (Adler & Bronstein 2004), providing the potential for plant secondary compounds to influence both pollination and herbivory through expression in floral and foliar tissue. Secondary compounds in nectar may be costly to plants if they deter pollinators, but beneficial if they deter oviposition of herbivorous offspring. Several studies have examined how pollinators respond to secondary compounds in nectar (Detzel & Wink 1993; Adler 2000; Liu et al. 2004; Tadmor-Melamed et al. 2004; Adler & Irwin 2005; Singaravelan et al. 2005; Kessler & Baldwin 2007). However, foraging responses can vary between individuals due to several factors, including sex and previous experience. For example, female insects often require amino acids for egg maturation (Jervis et al. 2005), so sexes may differ in foraging criteria. Larval experience could also influence adult oviposition (e.g., Hopkin's host selection principle, Barron 2001). We asked how sex and larval exposure to nicotine affected adult feeding and oviposition in response to nicotine in nectar. Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is a larval specialist herbivore on solanaceous plants including Nicotiana species (e.g., Madden & Chamberlin 1945; Lou & Baldwin 2003), and non-nicotine species such as tomato (Chen et al. 2005). Thus, some larvae consume nicotine while others do not. Several Nicotiana species have nicotine in nectar (Detzel & Wink 1993; Raguso et al. 2003; Adler et al. 2006; Kessler & Baldwin 2007). First instars of M. sexta (North Carolina State University Insectary) were placed in individual 170-g cups with plastic lids and randomly assigned to no-nicotine or nicotine treatments (n = 177 and 173) with synthetic diet (F9783B, Bioserv, Inc. Frenchtown, NJ, USA) with or without 2% incorporated nicotine by wet weight ((-) nicotine, Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. N3876), well within the range in tobacco plants (Sisson & Severson 1990). Larvae were provided fresh diet ad libitum and allowed to pupate. We recorded mortality, time to pupation, pupal weight, and sex for each individual. Pupae were then divided into 4 greenhouse (9.5:14.5 L:D, temperature 25-26°C) cages (55-61 cm3) by larval diet treatment and sex. After emergence, moths were marked on their forewings to indicate larval diet treatment and sex, and transferred to a holding cage for mating and feeding. We measured moth feeding preferences with artificial flowers (Kinko's gray fleck paper, Goyret & Raguso 2006) with 3 nectar compositions: high (0.0005% nicotine; 5 ppm), low (0.0001% nicotine; 1 ppm), and no nicotine. Flowers were placed into 1.5-mL microcentrifuge vials containing 0.5-mL of synthetic nectar without touching the nectar. Nectar was made from a 14% sugar solution (2:1:1 ratio of sucrose: glucose: fructose) to match the sucrose equivalents of AT. tabacum nectar (Adler, unpublished data) and the ratio of sugars in other Nicotiana species (Kaczorowski et al. 2005). Nicotine concentrations were based on levels in N.

Femtoliter silver cups as surface enhanced Raman scattering active containers

Femtoliter capacity Ag cups formed by the pulsed laser ablation of an Ag foil have beentried out as substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. Thecups are formed as the impinging droplets from the laser plume undergo a flowpattern before freezing into cup-like structures, resulting in a surface roughness(∼35 nm) that makes them ideal for SERS studies. The internal volume of the cups is in the femtoliter(10−15 l) range, well suited for small-scale reactions, particularly in biologicalstudies. The cups exhibit enhancement factors of the order of106 with the analyte molecule thiophenol. Individual cups have been dosed attoliter quantities(10−18 l) of the analyte and detected.

The First Luminal Domain of Vesicular Monoamine Transporters Mediates G-protein-dependent Regulation of Transmitter Uptake

The activity of vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) is down-regulated by the G-protein alpha-subunits of G(o2) and G(q), but the signaling pathways are not known. We show here that no such regulation is observed when VMAT1 or VMAT2 are expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, when the intracellular compartments of VMAT-expressing CHO cells are preloaded with different monoamines, transport becomes susceptible to G-protein-dependent regulation, with differences between the two transporter isoforms. Epinephrine induces G-protein-mediated inhibition of transmitter uptake in CHOVMAT1 cells but prevents inhibition induced by dopamine in CHOVMAT2 cells. Epinephrine also antagonizes G-protein-mediated inhibition of monoamine uptake by VMAT2 expressing platelets or synaptic vesicles. In CHOVMAT2 cells G-protein-mediated inhibition of monoamine uptake can be induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 1B receptor agonists, whereas alpha1 receptor agonists modulate uptake into CHOVMAT1 cells. Accordingly, 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor antagonists prevent G-protein-mediated inhibition of uptake in partially filled platelets and synaptic vesicles expressing VMAT2. CHO cells expressing VMAT mutants with a shortened first vesicular loop transport monoamines. However, no or a reduced G-protein regulation of uptake can be initiated. In conclusion, vesicular content is involved in the activation of vesicle associated G-proteins via a structure sensing the luminal monoamine content. The first luminal loop of VMATs may represent a G-protein-coupled receptor that adapts vesicular filling.

Susceptibility of guava genotypes to natural infestation by Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the municipality of Monte Alegre do Sul, state of São Paulo, Brazil

The infesting species and their infestation indices of fruit flies were determined for eleven guava genotypes (Psidium guajava L.). From March to April 2000, ten mature fruits of each genotype were harvested at weekly intervals from insecticide unsprayed trees located in the municipality of Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil. Fruits were brought to the laboratory, weighed and placed in individual plastic cups containing sand at the bottom to obtain the tephritid pupae. About 95% of guavas produced fruit fly puparia. Of the 682 Anastrepha females recovered, four species were identified: A. fraterculus (Wied.) (86.5%), A. obliqua (Macquart) (10.8%), A. bistrigata Bezzi (1.8%) and A. sororcula Zucchi (0.9%). Three species of parasitoids Braconidae (Opiinae) were recovered: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck). The genotypes differ in level of infestation depend on the collecting time. The genotypes 'L2P4 Vermelha', 'Ruby Suppreme' and 'Webber Suppreme' showed the lowest susceptibility to tephritids in terms of puparia per fruit. The variability of infestation among the guava genotypes and the reasons for increasing fruit fly infestations along the time were discussed.

Thinking the Unthinkable: A Theological Defense of Individual Cups at the Table

Thinking the Unthinkable: A Theological Defense of Individual Cups at the Table

Die Gereformeerde Skrifbeskouing en die verrekening van die sosiohistoriese konteks in die eksegeseproses

The Reformed view of Scripture and the utilisation of the socio-historic context in the process of exegesis At present the issue whether and how the socio-historic context of parts of Scripture should be utilised in the process of exegetical interpretation is being debated in certain circles within the GKSA. This debate includes the issue whether the use of individual cups during Holy Communion services is Scripturally correct, and whether women should be allowed to serve in church offices. The construction of an applicable socio-historic context as well as the way in which data from this construction are utilised will probably have a decisive effect on the outcome of the debate. The argument developed in this article does not primarily cover the content matter of the debate. The aim of the article is rather to focus on the fundamentals of the Reformed view of Scripture and to determine the necessity of utilising the socio-historic context in the process of exegesis. Consequently it is also an attempt to formulate the applicable implications of such an approach in the process of exegesis.

Faraday cup detector array with electronic multiplexing for multichannel mass spectrometry

A Faraday cup detector array (FCDA) and electronic multiplexing circuit have been developed for position sensitive ion beam detection. The entire FCDA always remains open to intercept the incident ion beam flux, and each cup is periodically and sequentially discharged through the electronic multiplexer. This produces true multichannel ion beam detection since none of the incident ion beam flux is lost, as is the case for scanning position sensitive detectors, and higher sensitivity detection is thus obtained. The FCDA consists of a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array of individual cups which are electrostatically isolated from each other by means of an intervening ground conductor, with resulting fill factors F of 58% to 85%. Each cup acts as a charge collector and integrator which is quickly discharged during the readout to create a time-multiplexed output signal that gives the position distribution of the ion beam. When N cups are sequentially scanned and read out, the ion collection efficiency is F(1−r/N), where r is the fraction of a clock cycle that is used for resetting the integrating capacitor. With a typical r=0.2, a 64 element array thus provides an ion collection efficiency of better than 0.997F. The device measures absolute ion currents, and has a wide dynamic range from less than 1 pA to more than 100 nA with less than 70 dB of cross talk between cups. The integration of the electronic multiplexer with the FCDA allows the combined unit to operate within a vacuum chamber by means of only a six-pin feedthrough. The FDCA and electronic multiplexer have been used as a position sensitive ion detector in a compact mass spectrometer to produce better than 1 amu resolution over a 200 amu span with a sensitivity of less than 0.8 pA at a 10:1 signal-to-noise ratio.

Finite Element Analysis of Acetabular Wear

A two-phase investigation was undertaken to study computational performance aspects of a recently developed finite element formulation that has shown promise in the study of design related influences on total hip arthroplasty wear. In the first phase, computational model predictions were evaluated against directly corresponding physical wear measurements performed in a biaxial rocking hip simulator. The discrepancy between the predictions and the measurements was approximately 4.1%. In the second phase, a bony support bed was introduced to supersede the model's previous simplifying assumption of rigid support at the cup backing. Other factors being equal, computed wear rates differed negligibly for three very different cup backing and fixation modalities studied with the new bony bed support condition, and for two individual cups studied with bony bed support versus the rigid backing support simplification.

Cross‐resistance between benzoylureas and benzoylhydrazines in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L

AbstractFailure in the control of the codling moth. Cydia pomonella L., with diflubenzuron was observed for three years in several locations of southern France. A laboratory procedure was set up to screen field populations for resistance to insecticides which regulate or inhibit insect development. Last‐instar larvae were captured with corrugated cardboard traps, and the tests were conducted on the F1 progeny. Newly hatched larvae were deposited in individual cups on thin layers of artificial diet, first treated with the pesticide by the way of a spray tower. They were then placed in a controlled environment chamber at 25(± 1)°C. Mortality was recorded after the first moulting, i.e. five days after infestation. These tests revealed a 370‐fold resistance to diflubenzuron in one population of C. pomonella. Cross‐resistance was observed with the two other benzoylureas registered in France against this species: teflubenzuron seven‐fold resistance) and triflumuron (102‐fold resistance). The two populations observed also presented cross‐resistance (26‐fold) with the ecdysone analogue tebufenozide (benzoylhydrazine), to which they had not previously been exposed. This is the first record of naturally occurring resistance to this new compound. Ovicidal tests on F3 progeny also indicated possible cross‐resistance with the juvenile hormone analogue, fenoxycarb, for one strain. The resistance to these different insecticides appears to be codominant. It also proved possible to detect resistance by testing the F1 progeny of males captured with non‐adhesive sex phero‐mone traps, paired with females of a laboratory susceptible strain.

Changing crystallinity of polyethylene in the acetabular cups of Weller hip prostheses

We performed thermal analysis of polyethylene samples obtained from 73 new cups of the Weller hip prosthesis. There were marked individual differences in the degree of their crystallinity, ranging from 37.8% to 67.2% with a mean of 53%. Analysis of polyethylene from removed cups also showed differences in crystallinity in individual cups, with the mean value being higher in the removed implants than in the new ones. This difference in crystallinity between the groups was statistically significant. Marked individual differences in the degree of cup wear may result from these changes.

The Role of the Cow in Automatic Teat Cup Attachment

A system for automatically locating the teats of a cow and attaching teat cups was developed and used to milk nine cows for 10 consecutive d. For the first 5 d, the cows were milked three times a day at fixed intervals of 12, 6, and 6h. For the subsequent 5 d, cows were intercepted for milking on their way from a bedded area to a forage feeding area; the mean numbers of attendances per cow were 3.2/d (range 2 to 4). Of 279 cow visits for milking, 72% were successful. Of the 77 occasions on which all four teat cups were not attached, 13 were attributable to the response of the cow (for example, kicking the robot); 46 were due to a difference between the estimated teat position and the actual teat position; and 14 were due to operational failures of the equipment. Eighty-five percent of attempts to attach individual teat cups were successful. Of the 162 failed attempts to attach teat cups, 15% were due to cow response, 54% to positional error, and 21% to engineering malfunctions. In treatment 2, cows that stayed in the stall for more than 5min after milking were prompted to leave, which occurred during 13 (9%) visits. Cow behavior did not appear to be a major obstacle to the unsupervised use of automatic milking.

Rats on a Macronutrient Self-selection Diet Eat Most Meals From a Single Food Cup

Computerized meal pattern analysis was performed on female Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 10). Rats were housed for 14 days in cages adapted for macronutrient selection. Rats selected their diet from vitamin and mineral supplemented, semi-purified sources of carbohydrate, fat and protein, in three individual food cups. For analysis of meal patterns, minimum meal size was >50 mg, and mean minimum intermeal interval was 7·9 min. Daily energy intake averaged 289·0 kJ, with 75% occurring during the dark cycle. Energy intake was 28% carbohydrate, 50% fat and 22% protein. Of 12·3 daily meals, 56% were from one, 35% from two, and only 9% of the meals were from three food cups. Seventy percent of the time carbohydrate was the first meal of the dark cycle. The average number of meals per day eaten from carbohydrate, fat, and protein were not significantly different (6·9, 6·2 and 5·6, respectively, p<0·05). Energy intake for a meal was greatest when fat was eaten (18·35 kJ), than when either carbohydrate (8·68 kJ) or protein (8·97 kJ) was eaten. Meal duration was 7·03 min for carbohydrate, 3·75 min for fat, and 7·47 min for protein. These results provide evidence that rats on a macronutrient self-selection diet eat most meals from a single macronutrient source.

Variation in the Cladonia chlorophaea Complex. I: Morphological and Chemical Variation in Southern Appalachian Populations

Variation in the Cladonia chlorophaea Complex. I: Morphological and Chemical Variation in Southern Appalachian Populations

Water

Water availability is taken for granted by most veterinarians. Adequate intake from a quality water source will improve dry matter intake and overall milk production. My definition of an adequate water supply is for every cow to have all the water she wants, whenever she wants it. Those of us who work in stanchion or tiestall barns where we have individual water cups assume that water is available for however long the cows are in the barn during the day. This is definitely not true.

A four‐day survival and reproduction toxicity test for ceriodaphnia dubia

AbstractA 4‐d survival and reproduction toxicity test utilizing Ceriodaphnia dubia has been developed and evaluated. This toxicity test has been compared to the standard 7‐d test using a total of 12 toxicants encompassing a wide range of chemical classes. In addition, 48‐h LC50 values were determined for each chemical in the absence of food. Four‐day and seven‐day tests were run concurrently, twice for each chemical. Less‐than‐12‐h‐old neonates for both 4‐d and 7‐d tests were segregated into individual test cups on Fridays. Animals for 7‐d tests were immediately exposed to the test chemical. Animals for 4‐d tests were held in control water and not exposed to the test chemical until day 3. Animals were fed daily and solutions were changed on Mondays and Wednesdays. Chemical concentrations were measured by appropriate analytical techniques during each test. Survival and mean total young per female were used to compare the relative sensitivity of the 4‐d and 7‐d tests. Data were analyzed using traditional hypothesis testing techniques to determine chronic values from the no‐observed‐ and lowest‐observed‐effect concentrations. In addition, data were analyzed using a nonparametric, monotonic smoothing technique to determine interpolated point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50). Comparisons between the 4‐d test versus the 7‐d test for both methods of data analysis indicated that the 4‐d test provides an acceptable level of sensitivity in the toxicity testing of single compounds.

Bendiocarb Screening Against Beet Armyworm, 1987

Abstract Test insects were reared on artificial diet in a laboratory colony to third and fourth instars. To assess contact toxicity, larvae were placed in Petri dishes, sprayed with their respective treatment dilutions using a hand-held atomizer, then transferred to individual 1-oz creamer cups containing fresh diet and sealed with paper-insert lids. For the leaf-residue test, chrysanthemum leaves were dipped in treatment dilutions and allowed to air dry; larvae were introduced into individual creamer cups containing treated foliage and a section of moist filter paper. At each treatment level there were 5 replicate sets of 10 larvae/set. Mean percent mortalities were evaluated at 2-day intervals, and data were transformed by arcsin p prior to 1-way analysis of variance.