Individual Crime Research Articles

ПРАВОВОЕ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ПРЕДУПРЕДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УГОЛОВНО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ

The nature and limits of the legal influence on the legal relations in criminal law are studied. Legal influence on the preventive criminal law relations is based on the certain legal tools and methods that form a mechanism of preventive criminal law influence. This mechanism conceptual model contributes to problem-solving in the sphere of general and individual crime prevention.

From the Frying Pan into the Fire? Climate Change, Urbanization and (In)Security in Pacific Island Countries and Territories

Most Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) have experienced urban population growth for some time although the rates vary across the region. The drivers have traditionally been economic and social although the role of environmental degradation has been largely overlooked. As the populations of towns and cities have grown in PICTs, urban population densities have increased and available land for expansion has been restricted. Accordingly, many urban migrants live in informal peri urban settlements with little or no land security and limited government services such as sanitation, water supply and electricity. Employment is difficult to find and there are significant amounts of poverty. In this context there are high levels of individual and human insecurity and crimes including violence are often attributed to these problems. In some countries land related violence in urban areas has escalated into major conflicts. More recently climate change has been seen as an additional driver of urbanization and its role is expected to increase, although separating the social, economic and climate change causes is extremely difficult if not impossible. Already some communities have been relocated in several countries and some individual or family migration has been attributed to deteriorating human (land, livelihood, and habitat) security caused by climate change in rural areas. Because in most PICTs there are few alternatives, urban areas are likely to be the destinations for many climate change migrants and urbanization rates can be expected to further increase. Moreover, as options for settlement in peri urban areas lessen and numbers grow, more migrants are likely to find themselves occupying densely populated and increasingly environmentally marginal areas (such as steep and unstable slopes, river flood plains and low-lying coastal areas) that may be as exposed as their original homes. At the same time many of the migrants may be facing increasing social and economic insecurity related to urban living.

Volunteer Support Services to Victims at Crime Scenes: Exploring Victims’ Perceptions

More than one million people in South Africa are victims of individual crime annually. To deal with the trauma that many victims experience, victim support centres have been established. Volunteer supporters usually form the backbone of these centres and sometimes they are called upon to render victim support at the crime scene. This type of early intervention has been criticised because it can lead to secondary victimisation if not rendered appropriately. To gain important insight regarding this problem scenario, the researcher adopted a qualitative approach to explore the perceptions of two categories of key role player, namely, the victims of individual crime and the volunteer supporters. A case study design was implemented by purposively selecting participants from two victim support centres located in Johannesburg. The data were gathered by conducting personal interviews with each participant using a semi-structured interview guide. The data were analysed using a structured, step-by-step framework of thematic analysis that adopts a qualitative paradigm. Trustworthiness of the study was enhanced through sample triangulation. This article focuses on the findings related to the 10 victim participants. The findings revealed that the victims were offered psychological first-aid services at the crime scene and perceived the services as valuable. This is because their rights and needs were adequately met by well-trained volunteer supporters who implemented the principles of the victim empowerment programme. These findings should be taken into consideration by the Department of Social Development and other key role players when the Victim Support Services Bill of 2019 is enacted.

Accommodation-based interventions for individuals experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness.

Accommodation-based interventions for individuals experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness.

Some Aspects of Coordination of Activities and Information Support of Information-Communicative Services of the System of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine

In the new working conditions of the National Police of Ukraine, when the basis of activity is the prevention and prediction of offenses and crimes, solving crimes in hot pursuit, there is a steady tendency to further increase the volume of information about the causes of individual crimes and the conditions conducive to their commission, to find the most effective forms and methods prevent them. So, now in the activities of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine there are topical issues of analysis of the regulatory framework of the state information and communication policy, the right to cover and comment on the activities of public authorities, in particular, the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, the interaction of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine with the public , features of the activities of the press services of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine as a source of official information, the principles of planning and activities of press services based on regulatory documents, scientific and methodological literature and foreign experience, as well as the main goals, functions and tasks of the press service, is the basis design and construction of the organizational structure of the communication units of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to determine some aspects of coordination of activities and information support of information and communication services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Methodology. In preparing the article, certain general scientific and specially scientific methods of cognition were used, in particular: historical, philosophical and legal, comparative, systemic, functional, generalization. Scientific novelty. As a result of an empirical study, it was determined that solving the problem of forming the information and communication policy of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and civil society requires institutional, organizational, financial and scientific support. An important role in a democratic society is played by the press services. They bring information about the activities of state authorities, in particular, the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine to citizens, timely respond to events that concern the population. The problem of information and communication activities of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is of particular importance during the transition period and the formation of civil society. Under these conditions, the information and communication activities of law enforcement agencies are important, primarily as a factor in the formation of a new type of state-society relationship, and the rejection of the model of irresponsibility of state bodies. Conclusions. An analysis of the problem of determining some aspects of the coordination of activities and information support of information and communication services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine showed that, in accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine, information and communication services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is an integral component of administrative law entities. The legal status of these services is a combination of tasks, functions, rights and duties that they exercise in legal relations arising between the information services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other law enforcement units, the media, labor collectives, and the population. The implementation of these rights and obligations is aimed at achieving the goal of the functioning of the information services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ensuring the fulfillment of tasks related to interaction with the media, the public, public organizations in order to prevent crime, informing about the state of public order in the state, measures by law enforcement agencies, to strengthen and form a positive image of the police. Improving the activities of the information services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to ensure public order also requires the establishment of their effective interaction with public human rights organizations. The forms of such interaction can be very diverse – from informing each other about the results of their activities, to implementing joint actions to identify and suppress violations of human rights and freedoms in various areas of law enforcement. To ensure the effectiveness of this interaction, it is advisable to implement it on scientific principles

Opportunities to improve China's biodiversity protection laws.

Since 1989, China has established a system of powerful laws and regulations aimed to preserve its rich natural flora and fauna. However, this legislative framework still has shortcomings, in terms of sentencing standards across related crimes and the extent of scientific basis for sentences. Here, we review Chinese biodiversity protection laws and some example cases with the goal of suggesting ways to increase law compliance and thus better protect biodiversity. In particular, our suggestions involve regular updates of threat assessments based on scientific evidence including herbaceous plants, fungi and algae; considering ecological differences among the species groups and ensuing ecological damage and financial profit gained; and a differentiation of punishment between organized and individual crimes, with a preference for custodial sentences for the former and monetary fines for the latter, to comply better with international standards and to minimize the incentive to engage in such conduct.

IMPORTANCE OF THE BEMBA CASE FOR THE INSTITUTE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF COMMANDERS AND OTHER SUPERIORS FOR THE COMMITMENT OF CRIMES AGAINST INTERNATIONAL LAW BY THEIR SUBORDINATES

This article is devoted to the analysis of the Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo case of the International Criminal Court. He was a Congolese politician, as well as the founder and the head of non-governmental armed group, named “Movement for the Liberation of Congo”, which members committed number of crimes during armed conflict in Central African Republic. The importance of this case lies in the fact, that it was the first case of the International Criminal Court, where the accused was charged with crimes, committed by his subordinates, and not by the accused himself. This article reveals the main contradictions between the judgments of the Trial Chamber, which found Bemba guilty, and the Appeals Chamber, which acquitted him. The legal basics of the institute of personal responsibility of commanders and other superiors in international criminal law, which were formed in the decision of the Appeals Chamber in the Bemba case, are highlighted therein. The author addresses and analyzes the grounds for recognizing commanders and other superiors guilty for committing crimes by their subordinates. It was discovered, that Article 28 of the Rome Statute requires the commanders to take only necessary or reasonable measures to prevent or punish the crimes, committed by their subordinates, not all possible measures at the relevant time. The Trial Chamber should specify what exactly the accused had to do to prevent or punish the crimes, as well as inform the accused of it prior to the hearing. It is also necessary to take into account objective circumstances, that could prevent the commander from adequately responding to the commission of crimes by his subordinates, especially if they operated in the territory of another state. The commander's ability to take the necessary or reasonable measures to prevent or punish the crimes, committed by his subordinates, should be analyzed in relation to each individual crime he is charged with, and not in relation to all the actions of subordinates as a whole. At last, the Appeals Chamber provided an exhaustive list of criteria for determining whether the measures, taken by the commander, were sufficient.

Forensic archaeology and forensic anthropology within Swedish law enforcement: current state and suggestions for future developments

Archaeological theories and methods are developed to reconstruct past human behavior from fragmentary material remains. The interrelated discipline of physical anthropology addresses questions related to skeletal remains while acknowledging taphonomic parameters. The benefit of integrating these disciplines in forensic investigations has gained increasing acknowledgement over the last decades, but the use of forensic archaeology and anthropology (FAA) remains limited in Sweden. The aim of this study is to analyze the field of FAA in Sweden in relation to outdoor and fire crime scenes where human remains are encountered. Based on qualitative interviews, the state and potential developments of FAA within the Swedish police and the National Board of Forensic Medicine are discussed.The results show that for ensic investigations and analysis of human fragmentary remains are not standardized in Sweden. A great responsibility is placed on the individual crime scene investigator who elects how to investigate these sites and who to contract for the analysis of osteological remains. This can endanger evidence collection and interpretation. This study shows that investigations of buried or fragmentary human remains in Sweden could be aided by a development of FAA. Key steps to further development of FAA within Swedish police involve 1) quantifying cases that could benefit from FAA, 2) establish FAA as an independent subject, 3) develop a national infrastructure, 4) offer professional education in the subject(s), and 4) develop best practice to advance evidence collection and legal security in investigations involving fragmentary human remains.An ongoing ISO accreditation of outdoor crime scene investigations within the Swedish police will hopefully benefit FAA development and collaborations with external partners.

Didier Daeninckx'in “La Mort N'oublie Personne” Başlıklı Romanında İşgal, Direniş ve Adalet

Çağdaş Fransız yazınının en üretken isimlerinden biri olan Didier Daeninckx, özellikle kara roman türünde verdiği eserleriyle Fransa'nın yakın geçmişini mercek altına alır. XX. yüzyılın tarihsel kilometre taşları sayılabilecek II. Dünya Savaşı, Yahudi Soykırımı, Sömürgesizleştirme Dönemi, Cezayir Savaşı ve 1968 Mayıs Olayları gibi hadiselerin ve dönemlerin karanlık yönlerini kendi yaşamından ve tanıklıklarından yola çıkarak anlatır. Daeninckx, eserlerinde söz konusu olayların bireyler üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymak için, öncelikle bu olayların bilinmeyen yönlerini romanlarına bir arka plan olarak seçer. Bir tarihçi titizliğiyle karanlık yönlerini aydınlatmaya çalışır. Bireylerin büyük Tarih karşısındaki konumlarının sorguya açıldığı bu romanlarda yazar, mikrotarih yöntemini kullanmıştır. Söz konusu yöntem bireylerin geçmişlerini şekillendiren bu olayların şimdileri üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi olanaklı kılmıştır. Yazarın olay kurgusunun merkezine koyduğu “sorunlu geçmiş” kavramı Fransa'nın ulusal hafıza sorunuyla açıklanır. Bu çalışmada, Didier Daeninckx'in “La mort n'oublie personne” (1989) başlıklı romanında sıradan karakterler üzerinden İşgal ve Direniş kavramlarına, direnişçilerin faaliyetlerine, işgalle fiziksel olarak bölünen Fransa'nın manevi olarak nasıl iki tarafa bölündüğüne değinmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışmada, Fransa'nın Pas-de-Calais bölgesindeki sıradan maden işçilerinin oluşturduğu, işgalcilerle birlikte hareket eden Fransızlara karşı mücadele veren küçük direniş gruplarının faaliyetlerinin kimi suçlar için bir kılıf haline gelmesinin Direniş hareketi algısını zamanla nasıl değiştirdiğine odaklanılacaktır. Nazi kamplarının bireysel hafızalarda yarattığı tahribata ve lekelenen Direniş hareketinin savaş sonrası dönemde adalet karşısındaki konumuna değinilirken, II. Dünya Savaşı Fransası'nın bir panoramasının çıkartılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Michael Rothberg, Olivier Wieviorka, Marianne Hirsch gibi araştırmacıların görüşlerinin Fransız ulusal hafızasında derin izler bırakan bu büyük savaşın bireysel hafızalarda sebep olduğu travmaları açığa çıkarmada çalışmaya ışık tutması düşünülmektedir.

The Climate Change-Temperature-Crime Hypothesis: Evidence from a Sample of 15 Large US Cities, 2002 to 2015.

Drawing on prior studies, green criminologists have hypothesized that climate change will both raise the mean temperature and the level of crime. We call this the "climate change-temperature-crime hypothesis" ("CC-T-C"). This hypothesis is an extension of research performed on temperature and crime at the individual level. Other research explores this relationship by testing for the relationship between seasonality and crime within a given period of time (i.e., within years). Climate change, however, produces small changes in temperature over long periods of time, and in this view, the effect of climate change on crime should be assessed across and not within years. In addition, prior CC-T-C studies sometimes employ large geographic aggregations (e.g., the entire whole United States), which masks the CC-T-C association that appears at lower levels of aggregation. Moreover, globally, crime has declined across nations since the early 1990s, during a period of rising mean global temperatures, suggesting that the CC-T-C hypothesis does not fit the general trends in temperature and crime over time. Addressing these issues, the present study assesses the CC-T-C relationship for a sample of 15 large (N = 15) US cities over a 14-year period. Given the CC-T-C hypothesis parameters, we assessed this relationship using correlations between individual crime and temperature trends for each city. Crime trends were measured by both the number and rate of eight Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Part I crimes, so that for each city, there are 16 crime-temperature correlations. Using a liberal p value (p = .10), the temperature-crime correlations were rejected as insignificant in 220 of the 234 tests (94%). We discuss the Implications of this finding and suggest that rather than focusing on the temperature-crime relationship, green criminologists interested in the deleterious effects of climate change draw attention to its larger social, economic, environmental and ecological justice implications.

Should Leniency for Collective Acts Be Extended to Individual Crimes?

I incorporate individual crime into the analysis of ordered leniency by Landeo and Spier (2020) and show that the proposed policy for collective crime becomes less effective and may induce addition...

Comment on “Should Leniency for Collective Acts Be Extended to Individual Crimes?”

Comment on “Should Leniency for Collective Acts Be Extended to Individual Crimes?”

PROTOCOL: Accommodation-based interventions for individuals experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness.

PROTOCOL: Accommodation-based interventions for individuals experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness.

The problems of criminal protection of persons in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the problems of criminal legal protection of a person in Ukraine. The number of articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (for example, Articles 115, 116, 117, etc.) do not take into account the specific features of those socially dangerous acts, for which they provide for liability, which does not allow to provide them with adequate criminal law assessment. The author analyzed the components of individual crimes that affect the life, health, sexual freedom and sexual integrity of a person. Based on the study, conclusions were made on the need for changes and additions to the current criminal legislation of Ukraine. It is proposed to understand murder as the most intentional unlawful infliction of death of another person and to abandon the term «murder through negligence», replacing it with «infliction of death through negligence» in Art. 119 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In this regard, it is proposed to replace the term «premeditated murder» with «murder» in Articles 115, 116, 117, 118 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is also proposed to provide in Part 2 of Art. 115 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as qualifying features of a crime murder of a minor, elderly person and representatives of other vulnerable categories of the population. The article points out the inexpediency of using the term «systematic» for actions for which liability is provided in Articles 116 and 120 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as it deprives them of the possibility of their application in the case of a single act, proposes a new version of Articles 116, 117 and 120 of the Criminal Code. while the latter contains a definition of «suicidal tendencies». The author proposes to exclude Art. 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as it is incorrectly drafted, contains ambiguous terms and duplicates existing criminal law. A new version of the disposition of Part 1 of Art. 152 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is proposed and indicated the need to take into account the voluntary consent of a person under 14 years of age in the classification of crimes against sexual freedom and sexual integrity of a person. Key words: crime, responsibility, qualification, term.

Organized Cyber-Racketeering: Exploring the Role of Internet Technology in Organized Cybercrime Syndicates Using a Grounded Theory Approach

In recent years, cyber-racketeering has become a prevalent means of cyberattack, severely jeopardizing nations, organizations, and individual users. However, because previous research has been focused on individual crimes, insider security threats, and compliance, the serious consequences of organized cybercrimes have received little attention. To investigate organized cyber-racketeering, we explore how organized cybercriminals apply organizational techniques to systematically commit cyberattack on individuals and businesses. Based on 80 court cases of successfully prosecuted cybercrimes, this article is one of the first to scientifically examine organized crime syndicates that are engaged in cyber-racketeering. We use the grounded theory approach to investigate organized cyber-racketeering. To ensure the scientific rigor and realism of this study, we examine these court cases to develop a process theory based on the results of interpretive and iterative analyses conducted from multiple perspectives on organized cyber-racketeering. We establish a framework for organized cyber-racketeering to shed light on its characteristics and the crucial role of Internet technology (IT) in the implementation and operation of cyber-racketeering activities. The proposed framework consists of motive, organization, learning and development, and execution. This article contributes both to enhancing the understanding of how organized cybercriminals operate and profit from cyber-racketeering using information and communications technology (ICT) and to improving countermeasures that may be taken by practitioners.

Criminological Explanations, Race, and Biological Attributions of Crime as Predictors of Philadelphia Area Residents’ Support for Criminal Justice Policies

This study used telephone surveys from 350 randomly sampled Philadelphians to examine whether attributing crime to individual and environmental causes predicted support for punitive and progressive policies, respectively. This study also investigated whether Blacks and Whites differed in their preferred crime responses, and whether race interacted with crime attributions to predict preferred policies. Finally, this study explored whether biological attributions predicted support for policies. Linear regression analyses revealed: (1) individual crime attributions predicted support for punitive response policies; (2) environmental crime attributions predicted support for progressive policies; (3) Blacks more strongly supported progressive policies; (4) race significantly interacted with crime attributions to predict support for progressive policies; and (5) attributing crime to biological causes was unrelated to either policy type.

Neighborhood Walkability and Crime: Does the Relationship Vary by Crime Type?

We draw on theoretical insights from criminology in using the Walk Score index to analyze walkability’s relationship to spatial crime patterns on Los Angeles city blocks. Results from our first set of negative binomial regression models show that walkability had an especially strong linear effect on robbery rates: a 24% increase in the robbery rate accompanied a 10-point increase in Walk Score on a block, controlling for the effects of local businesses and sociodemographic characteristics. Our second set of models reveals that walkability exerted variable nonlinear influences on spatial crime patterns. Our final set of models suggests that the walkability–crime relationship might depend on neighborhood social organization: When walkability is high, low-income blocks might experience sharp rises in rates of predatory violence as compared with more advantaged blocks. This research highlights the importance of considering the mechanisms involved in walkability’s impact on the spatial distribution of individual crime types.

Between the Protection and Humanity: The Implementation of Ultimum Remedium Principle in Immigration Cases

Global population mobility has an impact on legal aspects, especially in the case of immigration matters. Increased mobility of migration flows also has various impacts, not only positive but also negative impacts, for example changing the pattern of crime from domestic crime to transnational crime, from individual crime to group crime, from unorganized crime to organized (organized crime). Various administrative and criminal sanctions are applied to many immigration offenders. This paper examines in depth the application of the principle of ultimum remidium in criminal law for criminal acts of immigration in Indonesia. This study aims to find out and understand how the ultimum remedium principle is applied in Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. In addition, this study also aims to find out and understand the factors that cause Immigration Officers to use Administrative Sanction Acts or Criminal sanctions in Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, as well as to know and understand Immigration law enforcement practices in Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration in Indonesia. This research has confirmed and underlined that the application of administrative sanctions in the form of deportation and fines will complete the immigration legal process quickly, simply and at a modest cost and applying relatively high fines can benefit the country, hence the benchmarks for the principle of ultimum remedium can be applied in the Law Law No. 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration.

The impact of corruption on Russia’s economy

The article analyzes the problem of corruption from an economic point of view. There were analyzed various statistical data and individual corruption crimes. The most corrupt areas are highlighted and conclusions are drawn about the impact of corruption on the Russian economy. Basing on the results of the work, there are some measures that could help our country in the fight against corruption.

Some Aspects of Coordination of Activities and Information Support of Information-Communicative Services of the System of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine

In the new working conditions of the National Police of Ukraine, when the basis of activity is the prevention and prediction of offenses and crimes, solving crimes in hot pursuit, there is a steady tendency to further increase the volume of information about the causes of individual crimes and the conditions conducive to their commission, to find the most effective forms and methods prevent them. So, now in the activities of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine there are topical issues of analysis of the regulatory framework of the state information and communication policy, the right to cover and comment on the activities of public authorities, in particular, the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, the interaction of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine with the public , features of the activities of the press services of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine as a source of official information, the principles of planning and activities of press services based on regulatory documents, scientific and methodological literature and foreign experience, as well as the main goals, functions and tasks of the press service, is the basis design and construction of the organizational structure of the communication units of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to determine some aspects of coordination of activities and information support of information and communication services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Methodology. In preparing the article, certain general scientific and specially scientific methods of cognition were used, in particular: historical, philosophical and legal, comparative, systemic, functional, generalization. Scientific novelty. As a result of an empirical study, it was determined that solving the problem of forming the information and communication policy of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and civil society requires institutional, organizational, financial and scientific support. An important role in a democratic society is played by the press services. They bring information about the activities of state authorities, in particular, the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine to citizens, timely respond to events that concern the population. The problem of information and communication activities of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is of particular importance during the transition period and the formation of civil society. Under these conditions, the information and communication activities of law enforcement agencies are important, primarily as a factor in the formation of a new type of state-society relationship, and the rejection of the model of irresponsibility of state bodies. Conclusions. An analysis of the problem of determining some aspects of the coordination of activities and information support of information and communication services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine showed that, in accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine, information and communication services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is an integral component of administrative law entities. The legal status of these services is a combination of tasks, functions, rights and duties that they exercise in legal relations arising between the information services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other law enforcement units, the media, labor collectives, and the population. The implementation of these rights and obligations is aimed at achieving the goal of the functioning of the information services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ensuring the fulfillment of tasks related to interaction with the media, the public, public organizations in order to prevent crime, informing about the state of public order in the state, measures by law enforcement agencies, to strengthen and form a positive image of the police. Improving the activities of the information services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to ensure public order also requires the establishment of their effective interaction with public human rights organizations. The forms of such interaction can be very diverse – from informing each other about the results of their activities, to implementing joint actions to identify and suppress violations of human rights and freedoms in various areas of law enforcement. To ensure the effectiveness of this interaction, it is advisable to implement it on scientific principles