Individual Contributors Research Articles

Psychosocial origins of obesity stigma: toward changing a powerful and pervasive bias.

Widespread bias and discrimination based on weight have been documented in key areas of living, including education, employment, and health care. This paper examines the social and psychological origins of this bias through a review and critique of theoretical and empirical literatures, and proposes how the field might best advance in the area of reducing stigma. Explanations for the development and reduction of weight stigma are examined with different theoretical approaches, including attribution theory and a social consensus model. Individual and sociocultural contributors to bias suggested by these approaches are highlighted. New directions are discussed in both the understanding and prevention of weight bias.

To Be or Not to Be: Manager or Individual Contributor?

Manager or individual contributor? That is the question faced by many human factors/ergonomics (HF/E) professionals after a few years of having embarked upon their careers in industry, or sometimes at the start of their careers. They are often ill equipped to understand the nuances of each role, the drivers for success, the challenges and frustrations, the opportunities, and most importantly, the people- and business aspects of each role. This panel consists of managers and individual contributors who will provide unique insights into the above areas and will appeal to many audiences. To the practitioner, it will provide real-world experiences that address the various business and professional skills needed for each role. To students and faculty, it highlights what needs to be learned, or be taught in our HF/E programs at school so that we may create well rounded, graduating HF/E professionals who are cognizant of the business demands of industry.

Constructing Identity in Contemporary Spain: Theoretical Debates and Cultural Practice by Jo Labanyi (review)

MLR, 98.4, 2003 1019 on research in cross-cultural pragmatics to explore some of the differences between English and Spanish speakers in the areas of courtesy, argumentation, and non-verbal communication. Chapter 5,' Icons and Archetypes', considers the perennial relevance of figures such as El Cid, Celestina, Teresa ofAvila, Don Quijote, and Don Juan. The changing gender relationships, sexual mores, and attitudes towards marriage which have developed in the last three decades are analysed in Chapter 6. Attitudes to? wards wealth, including the easy-going culture of corruption in contemporary Spain, education, religion, and attitudes towards death constitute the remaining chapters. Though the book does not claim to compete with the many other studies which have analysed the transition from dictatorship to democracy, students will find much that throws light on this process of modernization. Doubts occasionally arise, how? ever, about whether the contemporary relevance of certain cultural landmarks has been clearly established. If the figure of Don Juan Tenorio, forexample, is to be con? sidered as still 'meaningful' today, then his significance within the current experience of the 'imagined community' needs to be analysed more explicitly. The mere five pages on the Civil War, in the chapter on death, may be defensible in view ofthe high proportion of the population forwhich the conflict is not even a distant memory. But if, as Richardson rightly asserts, it 'generated a sense of fear and oppression which coloured Spanish life for most of the twentieth century' (p. 199), one would like to see more discussion of its precise impact on younger generations of Spaniards: one of the best films about the conflict, Jose Luis Cuerda's La lengua de las mariposas, dates from as recently as 1999. Despite these reservations, the book broadly fulfilsits stated aims. Students embarking on the study of Hispanic culture would be well advised to acquire it. Each chapter is well documented fromprimary and secondary sources, and concludes with a 'feature', a short text focusingon a specific aspect ofthe general topic being discussed, followed by one or more readings, both literary and non-literary, and bibliographical references which help the reader to explore the topic further. University of Strathclyde Eamonn Rodgers Constructing Identity in Contemporary Spain: Theoretical Debates and Cultural Prac? tice. Edited by Jo Labanyi. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. xiv + 343 PP- ?16.99. ISBN 0-19-815994-3 (pbk). Jo Labanyi has edited, superbly, an invigorating and original book. She has orga? nized eighteen essays around four main sections?Ethnicity and Migration, Gender, Popular Culture, The Local and the Global?and has provided a thoughtful 'Editor's Introduction' to each section. Here, she grapples with the theoretical constructs that inform each individual contributor's work, preparing the reader for a discussion of the main issues raised in each discrete essay. Her set-ups are informed, well writ? ten, and useful. Before everything, however, she positions a sustained introduction called 'Engaging with Ghosts; or, Theorizing Culture in Modern Spain', in which the 'ghosts' are coded as our excessive focus on high culture and our marginalization of popular and mass culture. The purpose of the book is not to reclaim mass culture, nor to provide a panoramic view of twentieth-century Spanish culture, but to point out that culture is 'a "recycling" process in which nothing is lost but returns in new hybridized forms, adapting to changed circumstances' (p. 12). As we have come to expect from her, this is smart and stimulating stuff. The firstfour essays engage the idea of the gypsy (Lou Charnon-Deutsch), flamenco (Parvati Nair), racial stereotypes (Isabel Santaolalla), and national identity (Cristina Mateo). Charnon-Deutsch argues the 'constructedness of the imaginary 1020 Reviews Spanish gypsy' (p. 22) in an article that reveals how this imaginary gypsy came to stand for 'Spanishness' both inside and outside the peninsula. Nair discusses an in? novative programme designed to rehabilitate the gypsy prison population through a rediscovery of 'roots' and the creation of a series of national contests, the winners of which could earn reduction of their sentences. Santaolalla demonstrates how, while the stereotype ofthe gypsy has been somewhat remoulded in modern Spain, the mass media none the less romanticize gypsies through eroticized images (old...

The Use of Personal Narratives in the Helping Professions: A Teaching Casebook

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewsFull AccessThe Use of Personal Narratives in the Helping Professions: A Teaching CasebookSuEllen Hamkins, M.D.SuEllen HamkinsSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Apr 2003https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.4.581AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Although presenting itself as a collection of "first person accounts to bring real-world problems into the classroom," The Use of Personal Narratives in the Helping Professions: A Teaching Casebook contains many fictional stories not necessarily based on personal experience. Of the nearly 100 narratives of which the book is composed, organized by life stages and pathology, only a handful are clearly identified as memoirs—that is, written from the writer's own experience. Although other pieces may be based on real-life experiences, there is no way of discerning which ones are and which are not. I therefore found this book quite frustrating to read.All the pieces clearly identified as memoirs are cogent and moving, including "The Price of Admission," written by Debbi Lieberson about her husband's experience with AIDS; "Shocking Mother: A Memoir of Mental Illness and Recovery," by Judith Beth Cohen; and "Mad Colored Woman: A Memoir of Manic Depression," by Anita D. Taylor. These narratives invite the reader to share in rich detail the painful and ultimately healing experiences of the authors. In addition to being well written, the pieces that are identified as memoirs are powerful because they dare to tell the truth about topics that few have the courage to speak about publicly. As such, they serve not only to share experience, but also to empower those who may be facing similar challenges.The lack of clarity about which accounts are based on personal experience and which are fictional obscures the courage of the many contributors who did write forthrightly about their own lives and prevents the reader from confidently learning from that precious source of information. Because the vast majority of cases include no mention of what kind of experience, if any, the individual contributors have had with the subjects about which they are writing, the reader is left in doubt over the extent to which the stories carry emotional or clinical truths. Therefore, despite its inclusion of many interesting and compelling stories, I cannot recommend this book for its intended purpose, as a teaching casebook.Dr. Hamkins is affiliated with the Carson Center for Health Services in Westfield, Massachusetts.edited by Jessica K. Heriot and Eileen J. Polinger; New York, Haworth Social Work Practice Press, 2002, 478 pages, $29.95 softcover FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 54Issue 4 April 2003Pages 581-581 Metrics History Published online 1 April 2003 Published in print 1 April 2003

Del director

Del director The legendary Stanley Fish has been enjoying a resurgence of his reputation as the American enfant terrible of the Humanities, a title always self-bestowed in pride and bestowed by others with disparagement , and maybe a little envy. Thinkers and writers long to have their ideas churn the imaginations and emotions of others, even if it's just "stirring the pot" to provoke unneeded conflict. The profession doesn't need another Stanley Fish, but the Editor of a respectable journal is supposed to urge a certain level of controversy on his contributors and readership: if there's nothing worth fighting about in your pages, there's probably not much worth reading. I confess, then, that I tried to incite discussion on two topics that had admittedly not been threatening to erupt in polemics but that I felt were ripe for reassessment. As readers can see in this hefty issue, we succeeded beyond even my own fondest dreams. As a former student of Lawrence Kiddle at one of the once prestige institutions of Romance Philology, the University of Michigan, I have observed with increasing sadness over the years how the foundational science of that field, historical linguistics, has fallen into decline . While not a full time historical linguist myself, like most of our readership I have relied on my training in philology to inform my work as a student of medieval texts. But the field and its true practitioners are vanishing from the academic landscape, at least in America, in part because its positivism is out of fashion, in part because the former ties of linguistics to literary and cultural studies have eroded, and in part because historical Romance linguistics has failed to develop strong institutional or intellectual bridges to programs in General Linguistics. I floated my perception about "The Death ofa Discipline" to Steven N. Dworkin, one of my early mentors and a frequent contributor to thisjournal, and asked him to marshal the collective wisdom of scholars on both sides of the Atlantic. The participants in Steve's Critical Cluster which headlines this issue strive to make clear that the field as an intellectual enterprise is alive and well, but almost all concede that it has lost momentum and support in academia - there are fewer and fewer students being trained in historical Romance linguistics and no jobs for them in modern language departments in the United States. 2 George D. GreeniaLa corónica 31.2, 2003 As for senior scholars, we in Spanish may soon suffer what our colleagues in medieval French have seen happen to them: the disappearance ofevery last working French philologist in American universities. While I applaud the vigor of the research programs of the individual contributors to this Cluster, we have probably lost a whole wing of medieval studies on this continent. And although serious young medievalists can, by dint of hard labor and summer workshops, acquire what they need in other support fields -I'm thinking of paleography, codicology, medieval Latin or manuscript illumination- historical Romance linguistics with its six generations ofamassed scholarship is too rich a field to tuck into on your own without substantial training and guidance. Will the next generation of American and Canadian Hispanomedievalists be crippled as researchers by this lack? Is historical Romance linguistics an essential skill for which the next cadre of . professional medievalists will have to seek training abroad? Does it survive in Spain itself only as a remnant of nationalism and myths of a nineteenth-century metaphysics of race? Does historical Romance linguistics offer anything ofvalue at all for cultural historians in general - will anyone besides other historical linguists want to read work in that field? I can only hope that the conversation launched so ably by the contributors to this volume is taken up among our readership, especially colleagues from within Spain. The second discussion topic I hope to promote was initiated for us by Regula Rohland de Langbehn in our last issue in her essay "Una lanza por el género sentimental ... ¿ficción o novela?" (La corónica 31.1 [2002]: 137-41). Again playing the instigator, I sent private invitations to a number of scholars who I felt were best able...

Managing the Toughest Transition: Part One

The challenge for IT leaders is that they and their colleagues are under increasing pressure to help produce quantifiable business results. the recent downturn in IT spending is in part a result of the perception among CEOs and other C-level executives that investments in IT have not resulted in expected bottom-line improvements. This is ratcheting up the pressure for increasingly competent IT leadership. Adding to already-high stress levels, the transition from individual contributor to leader/manager continues to be a source of difficulty and frustration. This series of two articles focuses on this “toughest transition” and describes ways in which CIOs and their leader and manager colleagues can improve the transition process. Part One focuses on the challenges new IT leaders experience as they begin their transition. Part Two revisits one of these new leaders as she prepares to lead a multi-location team working on customer-related initiatives.

A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture (review)

202 Reviews Hiberno-Norse hybrid religion, and Sidebottom) w h o show a somewhat distant acquaintance with both Scandinavian sources and current research in Old NorseIcelandic studies. In a work that emphasises interdisciplinarity this is unfortunate. There were also some features of the book's organisation that could have been better handled, aside from some spelling errors and inconsistency of reference (e.g. Wormald 1998 on p. 48 = Wormald 1999 in the bibliography on p. 64). These were, on the whole minor, though some (for example Sidebottom's persistent citation of Anglo-Saxon tribal names on his maps as ending in -na (gen. pi. for -an, nom. pi.), as in Wreocanscetna, Magonscetna etc.) betray a shak grasp of Old English grammar. The organisational feature that was most unfortunate, and took up unnecessary space, was the editors' decision to have a bibliography at the end of each chapter rather than a consolidated one at the end of the book. As there was a considerable overlap in many of the authors' reference lists, a good deal of space could have been saved by an editorial act of consolidation. Finally, i t was surprising, though perhaps it was a gesture of a Young Turkish kind, that the book was silent on the contributors' identities and institutional affiliations. Margaret Clunies Ross Department ofEnglish University ofSydney Hattaway, Michael, ed., A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture (Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture), Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 2000; cloth; pp. xix, 747; 19 illustrations; RRP AUS$80.00; ISBN 0631216685. Most readers would probably think of a 'Companion', when that word is applie to a book, as a 'vade-mecum' (OED), i.e. a handbook or guidebook. This book is often far too difficult to function as such. It is also - it has to be said - too disorderly. Specialist academics will probably feel no less disoriented than the beginner in wondering just what the purpose of this gathering of essays is. It is not, in general, the quality of those (there are 59 of them in addition to the Introduction) which is the trouble, but rather the nature of the selection, and the lack of a firm, clearly intelligible arrangement. As Shakespeare is absent, it would have been useful to make that clear in the title. Admittedly, the absence of his name did not seem to matter greatly Reviews 203 in the case of The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama (1990), a very successful and admirable book also edited by Hattaway, together with A.R. Braunmuller. But while most readers probably understand 'Renaissance Drama' to exclude Shakespeare, they cannot necessarily be expected to think in the same way about a book on 'Renaissance Literature and Culture' - an area so wide that the omission of Shakespeare seems odd. The gap is not only damaging to Shakespeare: it reduces the effectiveness of much else which is discussed. As one of the contributors, Rowland Wymer, puts it in a very good essay on Jacobean drama: 'There was a continuous artistic dialogue between [Shakespeare] and his fellow playwrights and w e must not listen to only one side of the exchange' (p. 547). One suspects that the exclusion of Shakespeare as a topic for discussion in this book is ultimately due to the fact that the Blackwell Companions already include A Companion to Shakespeare and A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare. I feel that there is a lack of clear focus in what is presented. This is not the fault of individual contributors, but of the publishers and the editor. In a book on 'literature' on the one hand and"culture' (used in the now current 'broad' sense) on the other, one expects firm integration of those two concepts, or, if that proved impossible, an explanation why. Thus, in turning to some of the literary discussions under 'Readings' (the editor's term), one finds competent analyses of, for example, Wyatt's 'Who so list to hunt' (Rachel Falconer) and Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy (A.J. Piese) but both of them are, in essence, conventional exercises in exegesis which are not markedly influenced by considerations of 'culture' such as many now consider essential (see p. 663), and which one would...

An analysis of the first ten volumes of research in Accounting, Business and Financial History

Although numerous studies have focused upon the publishing patterns of leading academic accounting journals, the area of accounting history has largely been neglected. This paper uses standard content and citation techniques to analyse the 155 articles published in the first ten volumes of Accounting, Business and Financial History across the period 1990 to 2000. It highlights the leading individual and institutional contributors to ABFH, the major foci of their studies and the journals, articles and scholars exerting the greatest influence upon ABFH authors.

Recognizing large donations to public goods: an experimental test

AbstractPrivate charities often publicise generous individual contributions or contributors, possibly to encourage others to give. In contrast, public good experiments used to study voluntary giving commonly tell participants only of total contributions. This paper reports an experimental test of the effect on contributions of supplying additional selective information. A control treatment is run that reveals only total contributions over ten one‐shot decision rounds. This is compared to a second treatment that also informs subjects of the maximum contribution made in their group after each round. In a third treatment, subjects are further given the opportunity to make costly rewards to the maximum contributor. Revealing generous contributions appears to raise average contributions slightly. Surprisingly, adding the ability to reward large contributors does little to generate further increases, though it significantly raises the variance of contributions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Arthur of the Germans. The Arthurian Legend in Medieval German and Dutch Literature ed. by W. H. Jackson and S. A. Ranawake (review)

ARTHURIANA Huston and Allen seem at least to be having fun with their parts. Huston maintains a gyno-sacerdotal demeanor appropriate to the Lady ofthe Lake, and Allen plays the vamp as heavy in a throwback to an acting style that seems inspired by Theda Bara. Margulies, try as she might, simply lacks gravitas—her still-intact-television ER midwestern accent making an already tinny dialogue sound only worse. Present in the miniseries is the battle between pagan/feminine/nurturing and Christian/masculine/destructive, with the Saxons thrown in for good measure as enemies to all. The time frame is correct, and some of the costuming and sets are close enough, but overall a great deal oftalent, time, money, and effort seems to have been for naught. It is encouraging that interest in movies and telefilms set in some version of the Middle Ages continues (cf. this Summer's A Knight's Tale which, for all its anachronisms, is still a better reimagining of the medieval). One only wishes that this interest provided us with something better to watch—and to write about. KEVIN J. HARTY 1.a Salle University w. H. Jackson and s. a. ranawake, eds., The Arthur ofthe Germans. The Arthurian Legendin Medieval German andDutch Literature. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, III. Cardiff: University ofWales Press, 2000. Pp. xii, 337. isbn: o—7083-1595-x. $65. Volume III ofthe series Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, like the two previous volumes on Welsh (1991) and English (1999) Arthurian literature, was published in cooperation with the Vinaver Trust, established by the British Branch of the International Arthurian Society to commemorate the distinguished scholar Eugène Vinaver. The volumes in this series are intended to be successors to the now classic Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages (1959). In his Preface, W R. J. Barron notes that the volumes are 'primarily addressed to students of the individual culture in question, but also to those of other cultures who, for the appreciation of their own Arthurian literature, need to be aware ofthe various expressions ofthe legend' (p. ix). Therefore, 'the volumes aim to present the present state of knowledge as individual contributors see it' and who 'also address the needs ofspecialist scholars by discussing current academic controversies, and themselves treating open questions of research' (p. ix). The volume is divided into five parts: 1. 'Reception and Appropriation: The German Verse Romances, Twelfth Century to 1300'; 2. Continuity and Change in the Later Middle Ages'; 3. The Medieval Dutch Arthurian Material'; 4. Other Literary, Pictorial and Social Manifestations of Arthurian Culture'; 5. 'The Legacy' The Arthur ofthe Germans encompasses more than the subtitle would suggest, for the volume also contains a chapter on 'King Arthur and his Round Table in the Culture of Medieval Bohemia and in Medieval Czech Literature' by Alfred Thomas (pp. 249-56). In the Introduction (pp. 1-18), W. H. Jackson and Silvia Ranawake remark that 'the volume must be understood in the medieval, integrative sense ofthe words dietsch and tiutsch' REVIEWS123 (p. 1), that is, Middle High German and Middle Dutch respectively, which were just beginning to separate out as distinct languages. FIence also the inclusion of Czech literature, which shows 'a further eastward spread of Arthurian literature into the Slav world through the medium ofGerman' (p. 2). The first chapter, 'The Western Background' by Ingrid Kasten, sketches 'the early history of the Arthurian legend, which preceded its reception in German literature' (p. 21). And this is followed, as one would expect, by chapters on FIartmann von Aue, Ulrich von Zatzikhoven, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Heinrich von dem Türlin, Der Stricker, Der Pleier, and the late thirteenth-century anonymous Wigamur, Gauriel, Lohengrin, as well as fragments of Arthurian romances. Gottfried von Strassburg is saved for Part Two, where Mark Chinea discusses the entire German Tristan tradition in 'Tristan Narratives from the High to the Later Middle Ages' (pp. 117-34), to which chapter Volker Mertens has contributed an appendix on 'Arthur in the Tristan Tradition' (pp. 135-41). The second part also contains chapters on the Wigalois narratives, the Prosa-Lancelot, late medieval summations, such as Ulrich Fiietrer's Buch der Abenteuer, and Lorengel. Parts...

Partnership Research: A Response to Priscilla Rogers

The challenges of and of purpose that Priscilla Rogers (2001) proposes to the academic community in her Outstanding Researcher Lecture are indeed very welcome and full of promise, as they herald the possibility of a new turn in attitudes and orientation. We are invited to accept the multidisciplinarity and the variety of interests that characterise business communication research and turn them into advantages, thus leaving behind the conflictual exchanges that have been so prevalent between the pro-theory and the pro-application camps. She goes on to suggest that convergence underlies a more fruitful way of doing research that requires familiarity with a number of related areas and with relevant disciplines and their methods. In short, a convergent approach means tackling issues and problems from more than one angle and with a combination of methods and tools. In this response, we would like to comment further on the implications of convergence and commonality of purpose, and to pr opose the concept of partnership research as a useful step forward for the field of business communication. There is clearly a great deal of potential in working from a multidisciplinary perspective. This has been discussed not only in our own ABC publications (e.g., Louhiala-Salminen, 1997; Smart, 1998; Zachry, 2000), but also in a number of related disciplines-the other fish scales, as Gail Fann Thomas reminds us, that are so eloquently described by Campbell (1969, as cited in Thomas, 2001). For example, Goswami (1999) comments on the potential usefulness of working from various disciplinary perspectives (p. 309) in a recent volume on international professional communication. In the field of applied linguistics, there are increasing numbers of publications investigating business and professional discourse that take a multidisciplinary approach (e.g., Candlin, 2001; Scollon, Bhatia, Li, & Yung, 1999). It could be argued, however, that an individual cannot be easily expected to acquire multidisciplinary expertise. Sound research profiles tend to be built over a relatively long period of time, and despite our b est efforts, the widening of our research horizons can often be limited by other, more pressing commitments. On the other hand, partnership research, whether with a team or simply with one other colleague, may not only make a multidisciplinary approach to business communication a more attainable target, it may also provide insights from other areas or disciplines through the input of individual contributors that result in innovative research. Rogers' own collaborative work together with the applied linguist John Swales in their definitive account of the corporate mission statement is, of course, an excellent example of how effective such a research partnership can be (Rogers & Swales, 1990; Swales & Rogers, 1995). And the convergence challenge does not stop at multidisciplinarity. In complex research environments, such as those presented by business organizations, a mono-method approach is at best narrow, and at worst inadequate. Of course, the choice of methods can affect findings, but it is often possible, indeed desirable, to bridge the apparent incomparability of findings from distant methods, such as experimentation and in-depth interviews, in a multi-method approach (for further comment, see Smart, 1998; Scollon et al., 1999). The translation of aims, objectives, and findings is another benefit of partnership research, and it can be seen as a natural stage in the design of multi-party projects where the participants come to share a working language, as well as tools and insights. In fact, the identification of shared research questions in the initial stages of project design is a necessary first step towards the harmonisation of foci and strengths from separate disciplinary domains. As Rogers (2001) points out, convergence can only make progress if we strive for of purpose (p. …

Predicting level of mental health care among children served in a delivery system in a rural state.

The purpose of this study was to establish benchmark data to assist in identifying factors associated with mental health service needs and level of care for children living in a rural state. Clinical and psycho-social needs and strengths were assessed using retrospective chart review for all children and adolescents (n=150) with symptoms or a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder who presented to a comprehensive treatment facility between January 1997 and December 1999. Logistic regression was used to predict factors associated with inpatient admission (n=15) vs. community-based care (n=135). Significant individual contributors to the prediction of inpatient care were more limited clinical/psycho-social strengths, history of inpatient use and history of sexual abuse. Although 80 percent of children admitted to inpatient care had a history of hospitalization, two-thirds had no history of receiving community-based services and presented to current treatment with a two-year or longer history of symptoms. Approximately two-thirds of children admitted to inpatient care had a history of sexual abuse; however, one-third of these children had no history of mental health service use and presented to current treatment with a two-year or longer history of symptoms. Findings raise concerns about current efforts in public health education, community awareness and health prevention and early intervention programs for children with mental/behavioral health challenges and children and families at risk for abuse and/or neglect living in rural areas.

Treasures in the China house: a review of management and organizational research on Greater China

Management and organizational research on Greater China, which not only includes mainland China but also Hong Kong, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, has experienced rapid growth in the past 2 decades. Yet there is no comprehensive review of this literature mapping out the contributions and guiding future research. Intending to fill this gap, this article first examines publications in top-tier, academic journals during the period of 1978–1997 to identify leading individual and institutional contributors to this literature. Then we briefly review substantive research in organizational behavior, strategic management, and international management, highlighting key findings and pointing out future directions. The article concludes with a call for more sustained research in this area attempting to make larger contributions to the mainstream literature.

Fascism and Theatre: Comparative Studies on the Aesthetics and Politics of Performance in Europe, 1925-1945 (review)

Book Reviews 129 time involved in translating an entire book, usually only sections-typically the table ofcontents and the necrology-are translated first (additional sections are translated later as tiine and money permit), and these are put on the web site of JewishGen, Inc., a group which focuses on genealogical research on the Internet and hosts a Yizkor Book Translation Project. Much ofthis current recognition ofthe value ofyizkorbooks and the interest in having the books translated and made accessible to all researchers can be attributed to the efforts of Kugelmass and Boyarin in From a Ruined Garden to point people to the function of memorial books in revealing Jewish experience in history. In writing the [yizkor] book the town's survivors gave it back its Jewish and human name along with the most fitting burial they could think of for an annihilated community. They erected a stone, and on it they wrote all they could remember about a time and place that now exist only in memory. In so doing, they and others fulfilled a solemn obligation.... 'In a yizker-bukh, a memorial volume! Today we have set up a tombstone in memory ofyou!' (p.243) Joyce Field Translations Manager JewishGen, Inc. Yizkor Book Project Fascism and Theatre: Comparative Studies on the Aesthetics and Politics of Performance in Europe, 1925-1945, edited and with an introduction by GUnter Berghaus. Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1996. 315 pp. $24.50. Much important academic research appears not in the form ofjournal articles but as "chapters" in loosely organized collective volumes that are often preceded by conferences or colloquia. The great advantage to such publication is its wider availability and thus accessibility; the great disadvantage is that these "books" often contain a somewhat mismatched assortment of short essays. For the most part, readers must peruse such tomes knowing that the contents will probably prove uneven. Fascism and Theatre: Comparative Studies on the Aesthetics and Politics of Performance in Europe, 1925-1945follows an earlierbook edited by GUnter Berghaus; like that earlier volume, Theatre and Film in Exile: German Artists in Exile in Great Britain, 1933-45, it evolved from a conference sponsored by the Universities ofBristol, Granada, and Berlin. Yet in spite ofthe careful planning that went into the symposium and its subsequent publication, this collection ofessays seems at times to lack real unity; rather than offering what Berghaus calls "a wide ranging analysis of the roles and functions played by theatre and other performative means of expression in fascist States," Fascism and Theatre presents an interesting and odd assortment of glimpses 130 SHOFAR Winter 2000 Vol. 18, NO.2 into the theatrical culture ofHitler's Germany and Mussolini's Italy, with side trips into Franco's Spain and Petain's France. At its best, many of the book's essays respond in some way to each other. For example, Roger Griffen's opening piece, on the politics and aesthetics of fascist performance, lays a strong foundation for much of what follows, and as a few of the succeeding writers take up their subjects, they do so by referring back to Griffen's definitions and explanations. Such acknowledgment gives some unity to parts of the larger collection. Yet there are many more instances in which individual contributors seem to be writing without any genuine knowledge ofwhat others in the project have done. Erik Levi's closing essay, on opera in Nazi Germany (with a briefsummation of opera in fascist Italy), would clearly have benefited from some connection with Barbara Panse's survey ofcensorship ofdrama within the Reich, and at least two ofthe pieces on Italian theatre-Pietro Cavallo's and Mario Verdone's--even appear to contradict each other at times. And, perhaps more disconcertingly, Serge Added's chapter on Jacques Copeau's career under Vichy is admittedly lifted from his excellent book (yet to be translated into English), Le Theatre dans les annees Vichy, and makes little connection with the rest of the material. There is, in fact, some very fine work in the collection. Berghaus's own "The Ritual Core of Fascist Theatre," although it never sufficiently addresses the problems in reception which it raises, nonetheless provides an anthropological background to the...

Regression Models for Disease Prevalence with Diagnostic Tests on Pools of Serum Samples

Whether the aim is to diagnose individuals or estimate prevalence, many epidemiological studies have demonstrated the successful use of tests on pooled sera. These tests detect whether at least one sample in the pool is positive. Although originally designed to reduce diagnostic costs, testing pools also lowers false positive and negative rates in low prevalence settings and yields more precise prevalence estimates. Current methods are aimed at estimating the average population risk from diagnostic tests on pools. In this article, we extend the original class of risk estimators to adjust for covariates recorded on individual pool members. Maximum likelihood theory provides a flexible estimation method that handles different covariate values in the pool, different pool sizes, and errors in test results. In special cases, software for generalized linear models can be used. Pool design has a strong impact on precision and cost efficiency, with covariate-homogeneous pools carrying the largest amount of information. We perform joint pool and sample size calculations using information from individual contributors to the pool and show that a good design can severely reduce cost and yet increase precision. The methods are illustrated using data from a Kenyan surveillance study of HIV. Compared to individual testing, age-homogeneous, optimal-sized pools of average size seven reduce cost to 44% of the original price with virtually no loss in precision.

Religion and the American Civil War.

Religion and the American Civil War. Edited by Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson. (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. xiv, 422. Paper, $24.00, ISBN 0-19-512129-5; cloth, $55.00, ISBN 0-19-512128-7.) This book of splendid essays had its beginning 1994 at a symposium on religion and the Civil War held at the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. The individual contributors did not agree on a single religious meaning of the conflict, but their various approaches at ferreting out the way individuals experienced the war religious terms and how the Civil War even redefined religion for many illustrated the essential theme that in fundamental respects, religion stood at the center of the American Civil War experience (p. 4). Sixteen essays written for the seminar have been revised and enlarged for publication Religion and the American Civil War. A brief review can only hint at the fine arguments presented this volume. Phillip Paludan's overview points to areas needing further investigation, such as a possible connection of postwar literature emphasizing Jesus with the wartime linking of the death and carnage of war with God's purpose. Mark Noll suggests that the struggle over the Bible and slavery not only helped bring on the war, but that the war also altered the dominant hermeneutical traditions the United States. Eugene Genovese examines the doctrinal differences and their links to social and economic structures that provided the moral framework for secession and civil war. Bertram Wyatt-Brown offers a new explanation for the transformation of the lukewarm clerical support for secession into a zealous support for the Confederacy. George Fredrickson shows how the Civil War cost northern clergymen their prophetic role because they helped link God's purpose with the Union, a lashing of church to state that was difficult to untie after the war. Kurt Berends's study of the religious military press illustrates the role of the church press bolstering morale at the front and sowing seeds for the lost cause ideology. Paul Harvey claims that a Baptist democracy mixing white supremacy and evangelicalism helped southerners cope with defeat and strengthened their cultural identity (p. 168). Daniel Stowell argues that their responses to questions about God's Providence raised by Stonewall Jackson's death prepared southerners to deal with the calamity of the Confederate defeat when it came twenty-three months later. …

Education and careers 2000. Enhanced skills for engineers

What separates high-potential engineers, who rapidly rise within their organizations to positions of great prominence and leadership, from those who do not advance? Why are some engineers capable of transforming their technical knowledge and experience into successful entrepreneurial ventures, while others fall short of this financially rewarding accomplishment? Or, as a dedicated individual contributor, what will best prepare you as your organization embarks on the widely dreaded restructuring, downsizing, or right-sizing exercise? Highly successful professional engineers are not only technically astute, but also often possess some of the extra or soft skills that many experts believe are necessary for engineers and scientists to increasingly embrace as we move forward in the 21st Century. The ideas presented in this article are based on interviews with various industry executives and managers, and industry-savvy government leaders, as well as academic leaders, from both the USA and around the world. The consensus results indicate that engineers and scientists should understand the career enhancing value of the soft skills in order to progress in today's global open market economy. The paper discusses the importance of developing these skills through educational and other professional enrichment activities. It is expected that these skills will be required for the members of the global workforce of the 21st Century. This will also be an era in which the responsibility for career development is no longer the duty of the organization but rather that of the individual engineer.

Health promotion for older Americans in the 21st century.

To provide a broad overview of the role of the individual, the physical environment, and the social environment on health and functioning in older adults (65 and older), and to highlight interventions and recommendations for action on each of these levels. Published studies and government reports on health and functioning in older Americans and on the individual, social, and physical environmental contributors to health were identified through journal and government documents review and computer library searches of medical and social science data bases for 1980-1999. Preference was given to published studies and government reports that focused specifically on behavioral and environmental contributors and barriers to health promotion in Americans 65 and older and/or that highlighted creative interventions with relevance to this population. Both review articles and presentations of original research were included, with the latter selected based on soundness of design and execution and/or creativity of intervention described. Studies were examined and their findings organized under three major headings: (1) behavioral risk factors and risk reduction, including current government standards for prevention and screening; (2) the role of the physical environment; and (3) the role of the social environment in relation to health promotion of older adults. Although most attention has been paid to the role of behavioral factors in health promotion for older adults, a substantial body of evidence suggests that physical and social environmental factors also play a key role. Similarly, interventions that promote individual behavioral risk reduction and interventions targeting the broader social or physical environment all may contribute to health in the later years. With the rapid aging of America's population, increased attention must be focused on health promotion for those who are or will soon be older adults. Promising intervention strategies addressing the individual, the physical environment, and the social environment should be identified and tested, and their potential for replication explored, as we work toward a more comprehensive approach to improving the health of older Americans in the 21st century.

Leadership from Within

Transitioning from a company of individual contributors to an organization of leaders of leaders can be relatively straightforward. The organization must embrace the idea that leadership resides within every employee and continually cultivate leadership skills and abilities. It must anticipate that individuals will lose their bearings and reassure them that getting back in balance is only a thought away. For many, the shift to leaders of leaders requires daily leaps of faith rooted in wisdom; it also challenges ingrained individual or cultural thinking habits.

Individual and Institutional Contributors to the Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics: 1988–1999

This article identifies the individuals and institutions contributing the research published in the Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics during its first 12 years. Consistent with the trend in many fields, coauthorship has increased during the period. The top individual contributors vary across six-year periods as well as whether measured by appearances or pages. The concentration of publications by the top individuals has decreased over time. Unlike individuals, the top institutions are not sensitive to whether measured by appearances or pages or to whether measured using contemporaneous or current faculty affiliations. The breadth of the journal appears to be growing; contributions by universities outside the United States and by private firms and organizations have risen during the 12 years.