Individual Consciousness Research Articles

Georg Simmel Goes Virtual: From ‘Philosophy of Landscape’ to the Possibilities of Virtual Reality in Landscape Research

With his text “Philosophy of Landscape” (German original: “Philosophie der Landschaft”), the German sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel laid a foundation for landscape research that is still significant today. In the text, he equates the creation and perception of landscape with the creation of a painting. In doing so, he provided an essential foundation for landscape research with a constructivist orientation. In order to be able to grasp the differentiated nature of landscape analytically and to apply it to Simmel’s understanding of landscape, we resort to the approach of the three landscapes, which was developed from Karl Popper’s theory of the three worlds. The pictorial metaphor of Simmel’s understanding of landscapes, however, had the effect of limiting landscape to the visual, and often to what he described as ‘natural’. It did not address the power-bound nature of landscape. These aspects, however, are of great importance in current discussions about landscape. Aspects of power, multisensuality, and the incorporation of non-natural elements gain additional currency through the creation of augmented and virtual landscapes. This concerns, on the one hand, the creation of these landscapes, on the other hand, their individual internal consciousness, as well as their social construction. These show, not least, the contingency of landscape construction. They offer possibilities for the investigation of landscape stereotypes, and how innovations can be fed into the social construction of landscape to engage other senses beyond the sense of sight. The aim of our paper is to use conceptual critique to reflect on the conceptual development of social and cultural studies in landscape research since Simmel and to present its potential for framing research on AR and VR landscapes.

The Importance of the Inclusion of Intercultural Diversity

The key issue is how to build an educational system that respects individual diversity while ensuring that diversity is included as much as possible in accordance with our conditions and capabilities. Searching for the structure of commitment, we wanted to diagnose the current state of variables that determine the current predictors that encourage and facilitate the inclusion of intercultural diversity of individuals as well as predictors that prevent equal approach for all cultures in the educational system. The interculturalism limited only on supporting or respecting diversity, will not yield significant results if it does not try to find the conditions for the development of this diversity. Social distance as a product of confrontation might have bad influence on the power of individual consciousness, an important prerequisite for intercultural identity, which is fundamentally built only by communication between two different parties - representatives of different cultural identities, who strive to become an intercultural community. This paper aims to present and point out the importance of the development of consciousness as a prerequisite for intercultural identity and inclusion of intercultural diversity, as well as to point out that it is necessary to communicate regardless of the differences among us, because here lies the beauty of an intercultural identity that is hidden in diversity.

Final Reply: When Will Survival Researchers Move Past Defending the Indefensible?

The failure of five psychical researchers to confront my critique of Bigelow Institute contest-winning essays with counterpoints or concessions responsive to its novel criticisms is disappointing. Their defensive and scattershot reply lost sight of whether the critiqued essays met their directive to provide “hard evidence ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’” of the survival of human consciousness. Those who claim that science should expand its metaphysically conservative picture to include things otherwise not known to exist assume the burden of showing what they claim. My interlocutors’ almost exclusively testimonial evidence does not adhere to the long-standing scientific principles required by the scientific community. For the kind of evidence that could be publicly confirmed is simply not the kind that survival researchers have been able to provide, just as we would expect of a hodgepodge of deception, embellishment, malobservation, misreporting, self-deception, and so on; but which would be surprising on the hypothesis that discarnate personal survival occurs. The survival evidence does not even survive elementary scrutiny, let alone outweigh our everyday experience of the biological fragility of our own minds. The totality of the evidence renders discarnate personal survival highly unlikely. Attempts to reinterpret this evidence away through various analogies fail because a hypothesis that makes false predictions, like that of the independence of individual consciousness from a functioning brain, will continue to make them no matter what analogy one uses to illustrate it.

“The Human Slivers of a Civilization”: Language Events in Don DeLillo’s The Silence

ABSTRACT Through a series of language events—Max’s made-up broadcast, Martin’s trancelike talks, and the concluding soliloquies—and authorial experimentations with alternate uses of language, in The Silence Don DeLillo investigates the limitations and redemptive potential of language accentuated by an unspecified apocalyptic shutdown. By juggling his complicated feelings toward language, he seeks to alert his characters, along with his readers, to the destructive consequences of escapism fuelled notably by media and technology, and to celebrate individual consciousness in an increasingly endangered world.

Interest as a Structural Component of Individual Legal Consciousness

The article substantiates a position that has not received the support of most scientists: along with feelings, emotions, experiences and other elements of the legal psychology of individual legal consciousness, which reflect the attitude to law, interest is one of the constituent components. The author emphasizes the necessity and prospects of studying legal psychology and its elements, since they are not always of secondary importance in relation to legal ideology.

Visitation and Awakening: Cross-Cultural and Functional Parallelisms between the Zoroastrian Srōš and Christian St. Sergius

Abstract Similarities between the two celestial entities, the Zoroastrian Srōš (or Sraoša) and the Christian St. Sergius, have occasionally been mentioned in studies on late-antique and medieval Iran. Comparing the Zoroastrian and Syriac Christian traditions, the study will deal with evidence describing a phenomenological complex that includes the manifestation of celestial entities through a revelatory dream or vision and the consequent awakening of the individual consciousness. The parallelisms will be viewed in the perspective of historical and cultural dynamics that characterized the socio-political horizon of the late Sasanian Empire, especially during the reign of Khosrow II Parviz (Husraw II Parvēz). The heterogeneous society of the frontier zone between Rome and Iran determined the development of trans-cultural elements fostering dialogue among different components of the population. This phenomenon, along with the increasing integration of the Christian community in late Sasanian society, favored processes of assimilation and hybridization of narrative motifs connected to the representation of salvific and protective figures extremely popular at that time.

Exploring the Benefits of Technology Adoption on Business Performance among Unregistered SMEs: Insights from Nigeria

This study in its capacity explore the significance of technology adoption among unregistered small or micro businesses in the informal economy. To achieve this objective, initial observations were carried out by researchers over a time period on unregistered business owners operating in an informal economy. The study adopts an interview data collection method. The findings reveal that initially, these business owners had no intention of adopting technology into their business model. However, they did. Given this, the adopted technology (simple mobile phones) gave them some unprecedented opportunities over others in terms of work flexibility and expanded customer networks via referral. Unintentionally, the interview findings also reveal that with the simple technology adopted by this informal and unregistered businesses, customers were able to make business transactions from their comfort zone and enhance their individual security consciousness.

A Study on the Gender Sensitivity of Korean Public Officials and Public Institution Employees: Focusing on the Interaction Effect of Gender and Rank

GGI is an indicator of the gender gap in each country, and GGI values closer to 1 indicate more gender equality. Korea's Gender Gap Index (GGI) as of 2020 is 0.672, thus Korea can be seen to have a high gender gap. Gender sensitivity refers to one's sensitivity to detecting sexist elements in daily life and their understanding of gender imbalance. Unlike GGI, it has the advantage of being able to measure an individual's gender equality consciousness. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the interaction between gender and rank affects gender sensitivity by targeting public officials and public institution employees who play an important role in the implementation of laws and policies related to gender sensitivity. A survey was conducted with 500 people in May 2021 by targeting Korean public officials and public institution employees. Allocation sampling was performed by dividing gender and rank into four groups. After excluding questionnaires with many non-responses, 480 copies were ultimately used for analysis. First, overall gender sensitivity, misogyny susceptibility, hostile sexism susceptibility, and passive sexism susceptibility were all higher in females than males as well as higher in team members than team managers or higher. Second, among the gender sensitivity sub-factors, there were no significant differences in gender or rank in sexual violence susceptibility. Third, the interaction between gender and rank had a significant effect on overall gender sensitivity, misogyny susceptibility, passive sexism susceptibility, and hostile sexism susceptibility. Therefore, the result of the study shows that an important task for the future development of Korea's gender sensitivity is not simply the issue of men and women, but also the need to explore ethical relationships with others.

Evaluating a Field Theory of Consciousness and Social Change: Group Practice of Transcendental Meditation and Homicide Trends

This study outlines and empirically tests a field-theoretic view of consciousness and positive social change based on the ancient Vedic tradition of knowledge from India (Veda means “knowledge” in Sanskrit) as brought to light by the Vedic scholar and scientist of consciousness, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. In contrast to most contemporary theories of mind and consciousness originating in the West, Maharishi’s Vedic science of consciousness posits the existence of an interpersonal, nonlocalized dimension of consciousness that underlies both individual consciousness and the “collective consciousness” of society, or “national consciousness.” We review previous empirical tests in Cambodia, India, the Philippines (and other countries) of hypotheses derived from this field-theoretic view of consciousness. We then present new empirical results, which together with prior research, provide evidence for an interpersonal dimension to consciousness. Segmented-trend regression analysis of data from a prospective, 15-year U.S. national social experiment found support for the hypothesis that “field effects of consciousness” created by group practice of Transcendental Meditation® and its advanced technique, the TM-Sidhi® program, by a theoretically predicted number of participants contributed to a reduction in social stress in national consciousness as indicated by improved monthly homicide trends during the study’s experimental period 2007-2011 (p < .0001). These results are consistent with significant reductions in crime and violence associated with group practice of the TM® and TM-Sidhi® program as reported in previous peer-reviewed research. This reduction was followed by a predicted subsequent increase in homicide trends 2012-2016 (p < .0001) after the group fell below the required size (approximately the √1% of the U.S. population).

Beliefs found in Silappathikaaram

The first epic to appear in Tamil was Silapathikaaram, composed by Ilangovadikal. It is an amalgamation of art, music, and drama. This is an epic that excels in language, content, literary style, and appreciation. Silapathikaaram is one of the twin epics that appeared in the second century AD. Faith is an expression of a person's inner feelings. Beliefs are created by people. The Epic explains what is happening in human life. Along with the mixture of fantasy, Silappathikaaram is an epic that embodies the epitome of human life. Beliefs are further developed by individual and community consciousness. Traditional beliefs are passed down from one generation to another over time. One of the hopes for human life can be said to be dreams. Beliefs have existed among people since ancient times. Every human being has different types of beliefs. Silapathikaaram is one of the best epics of femininity in the history of world literature. Beliefs influencing human life are also found in literature. The aim of this article is to examine the beliefs found in the first epic, Silapathikaaram.

CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIMODAL HEALING SPACE BASED ON INDIVIDUAL EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR CHANGES

BackgroundIn the current era of changing crises, various catastrophic events pose a threat to world civilization and human health and survival. For human beings, in addition to dealing with external natural crises, there are also spiritual crises from the level of individual consciousness. More and more people fall into anxiety, fear, anxiety and depression. Aiming at the negative emotional state of ordinary people, this paper attempts to effectively construct the rehabilitation space of multimodal vision, hearing, touch and smell by studying individual psychology and personality. This paper aims to study individual psychology and personality, effectively build a multimodal rehabilitation space of vision, hearing, touch and smell, and conduct targeted research on individual psychological rehabilitation methods across disciplines.Subjects and MethodsBy observing the current development trend of design, we find that caring design has become an important trend. Design needs to be considered from the perspective of human needs to meet the original intention of people-oriented design. Using psychological research methods, this paper observes and analyzes the relationship between emotion and personality from the perspective of human sample subjects, and divides the population base through MBTI type indicators, so as to determine the multimodality of rehabilitation research and multi-directional construction, so as to form a more flexible and more matching customized rehabilitation space construction scheme. Multi-sensory experience integrates the characteristics of vision, hearing, touch and smell, so that participants can quickly enter the state of cardiac flow and achieve better and stronger rehabilitation functions. In order to test the effect of emotional behavior, this study adopts, we selected 120 students, including 48 males and 12 females. We used the anxiety scale designed by Kim as the measurement scale, and used Likert scoring method to evaluate the scale. Pearson correlation, standard deviation and statistical significance are combined to illustrate the correlation. T-test of independent samples was used to verify the difference between high anxiety group and low anxiety group. According to the statistical value of anxiety, participants were divided into three groups: low, medium and high anxiety groups. The questionnaire includes two kinds of anxiety, namely debilitating anxiety and promoting anxiety. Through t-test, univariate and multivariate analysis of variance and regression analysis, we investigated the relationship between anxiety and self-efficacy of students of different majors and genders.ResultsWith the changes of the times, the application of media has reached a new height. From the perspective of art, there are many forms of interactive media: immersive interactive technology, virtual reality technology, augmented reality technology and so on. The support of these existing technologies provides a new breakthrough for the proposal of psychotherapy. This technology enhancement process is accompanied by the continuous exploration of the correlation between graphics, space and human psychology and emotion. Starting from the psychological personality classification of the healing audience, analyze and determine the effective healing space corresponding to different psychological dimensions, and build a multi-sensory atmosphere space complex. Cure the public's psychology through the methods of visual design and spatial element adjustment, classify and analyze the possibility of the project in combination with the existing spatial design cases, and put forward the specific design improvement direction at the same time.ConclusionIndividual psychotherapy should be a multidisciplinary and all-round design. If we realize the integration of multi-mode innovation, we can obtain a more complete and comprehensive cognitive experience. The visual system constructed by the multimodal healing space is more significant than the simple visual language healing effect or the simple auditory healing effect, and has a better and more positive impact on the audience in terms of mitigation and adjustment.In short, medical workers should be fully aware of the important position of patients' emotional elements in rehabilitation, actively improve the surrounding environment and the respective roles of both sides, pay special attention to their own virtual technology language and behavior, and change from single display to multi-dimensional management, coordinator and collaborator. In the process of rehabilitation, actively present personalized psychology to patients, flexibly organize rehabilitation activities, strive to build a relaxed and harmonious rehabilitation atmosphere, create a friendly and mutual aid emotional treatment relationship, encourage and guide patients, and truly focus on patients, so as to reduce patients' rehabilitation anxiety and psychological adjustment to the best state.AcknowledgmentsResearch results of Zhejiang Federation of social sciences research project “Research on visual design strategy of immersion therapy in post epidemic period” (project number:2022N11).

The Self-value Construction of Female Characters in Hidden Figures from the Perspective of Feminism

The Feminist criticism theory, which originated in the 1960s, is a literary criticism theory that interprets literary and cultural phenomena with female gender consciousness as its focus. The theory of criticism has gradually penetrated from political life to all aspects of culture, economy and social life, and has exerted a profound influence in the field of film. Film hidden figure depicts three women from 7 to revolt, from weak to strong career growth process, in the male-dominated field of science and technology have the courage to explore and create our own a piece of heaven and earth, through the career women are the epitome of difficulties and resistance, shows the wisdom of women dried fruits and individual consciousness. From the perspective of feminist criticism, Text Tong explores the self-worth construction process and important influence of the three women in Hidden Figures.

Walking the stories of colonial ghosts: A method of/against the geographically mundane

The worlds we inhabit tell stories, stitched into the material and symbolic representations of the past that comes to define the features of our places. These stories are never neutral, anchored as they are in the intentional (re)presentation of a racialized white, masculine, and settler story as “our” story. Indeed, space, as an ostensibly neutral platform for storytelling, is called into service of settler-state anxieties to write itself into every (spatial) corner of our lives. This paper takes up this issue by theorizing how the street naming practices of settler communities write into everyday life a settler collective memory that, as a consequence, both shapes space into (settler) place and powerfully intervenes in individual (student) geographic consciousness. By way of vignettes woven throughout theoretical considerations as examples of everyday encounters, I unpack what it means to think of the language of invaded place with greater critical intention as an example of how walking through space can become a pedagogical method, with a focus on detailing what it might mean to support learner engagement with the names that make their communities coherent and media of normalized colonial memory.

Effect of Peer Attachment on Legal Emotion Among Junior Middle School Students: The Mediation Role of Self-Esteem.

Legal consciousness is the individual consciousness which reflects legal phenomena. Well-developed legal consciousness plays a crucial role in informing citizens of his legal right and ability to exercise these rights, therefore forms certain connections of individuals and society, and its development is a key part of individual’s socialization process. Here, we investigated the emotion aspect of legal consciousness (henceforth legal emotion) and tried to identify several factors affecting the development of legal emotion and several factors affected by legal emotion. A large sample of Chinese junior middle school students (N = 967) completed a battery of self-reported questionnaires regarding legal emotion, peer attachment, self-esteem, prosocial tendencies, and interpersonal trust. The results indicated that for early adolescents, peer attachment predicts both positive and negative legal emotion. Importantly, peer attachment affects legal emotion partially through self-esteem. We also showed that negative legal emotion acted as a mediator on the relationship between interpersonal trust and prosocial tendencies. The results provided important insights into the role of legal emotion, the emotion aspect of legal consciousness, in the social interactions and its potential psychological mechanism.

Facing a Real Threat of Death: Dynamic Changes in Death-Thought Accessibility

PurposeThis study explored the relationship between emotion and death-thought accessibility (DTA) in individuals experiencing true mortality salience (MS), specifically, patients with cancer.Patients and MethodsThe study included 255 participants; among them, 132 patients had cancer and represented the MS group, and 123 had dental pain and served as a control group. Participants completed the Projective Diseases Attitude Assessment Questionnaire to induce priming, completed an affect scale, completed one of four calculation tasks as manipulation of cognitive load (all four were done over several sessions), and performed a Pinyin-Chinese characters exercise to measure DTA.ResultsMS was associated with strong negative emotional arousal. When these negative emotions are generated, they enter an individual’s consciousness and activate proximal defense mechanisms. At this point, DTA can be measured. Patients with cancer had significantly higher levels of DTA in the high-frequency cognitive load condition than in the other three conditions (no task, simple delay task, and single cognitive load task). Patients with dental pain had significantly higher levels of DTA in the no task and simple delay conditions than in the single cognitive load or high-frequency cognitive load conditions. This study also found that negative experiences without MS (specifically, dental pain) are associated with higher levels of DTA.ConclusionThese findings suggest that in addition to death-related events, both negative and stress-inducing events can produce DTA.

Looking for Global Mormonism

Looking for Global Mormonism

Символічні чинники державної ідентичності

Symbolic aspects of the formation of state identity in independent Ukraine are described in the article. Post-socialist transformations of the late 20th – early 21st century in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been drawing increasing attention to the problems of a new state identity formation. The latter is an effect generated by the collective self-awareness of all ethnocultural communities involved in the political nation creation. In a particular context of Ukraine, the democratic institutions and values are strengthened in public life simultaneously with the overcoming of the heritage of the totalitarian past. The decommunization process has been lasting for more than a decade. Its actual results can be seen in the changed names of many settlements, squares, streets, enterprises, institutions, etc. The Leninfall is a striking indicator of the Soviet worldview matrix negotiation. It is the removal of monuments to V. Lenin and the other characters of the ideological pantheon of the USSR from the civic space. Traditional and professional cultures should be involved in a positive image of the state identity building. The system of new state holidays and rituals is aimed at the people inspiration and unification. Throughout the post-Soviet and post-socialist space the fundamental transformations of recent decades have taken place under the slogans of liberation from the totalitarian past and de-ideologization of all spheres of spiritual and social life. In post-totalitarian Ukraine the Independence Day has largely taken over the former functions of the October Revolution holiday. Neither military threats from Russia nor significant economic difficulties have prevented the bright and solemn celebration of the 30th anniversary of Ukraine Independence. This festival has become a significant indicator of the Ukrainian political nation maturity. The country has chosen the path of formation of a democratic society of the European type. The generally accepted system of holiday traditions forms the backbone of culture and spirituality of each nation. The satisfactory condition of this system influences all spheres of the general state body’s life. The task is to ensure the active importance of festive and ceremonial culture in the processes of Ukrainian independence strengthening, the political nation consolidation and establishment of the civil society with high humanistic values. The state identity of the Ukrainian nation today is at the formation stage. The ethnologists should study this process at the level of collective and individual consciousness.

Феминистская концепция материнства Адриенны Рич: материнство как личный опыт и как социальный институт

This article discusses the concept of the American “second wave” feminist, writer and poet Adrienne Rich, who had a strong influence on the American feminist tradition of understanding motherhood. Rich describes motherhood through personal experience and as a social institution. The work of Rich is known for its provocative nature, as well as for its depiction of prosaic motherhood experiences and personal details. The book has become a classic feminist text, and motherhood has become an integral issue of feminism. Rich combines examples from literature, research and real-life evidences in her text; she describes the experience of motherhood, from the period of childbearing to the growing up of children. A. Rich also talks about the hatred that mothers feel towards their child and the depression she personally experienced while raising three children. The author concludes that being a mother is one aspect of female identity, and not the only one. Instead of dismissing the problems of motherhood as unimportant, Rich delves into the problem of the crisis or loss of identity of a woman as a mother and the problem of that overwhelming sense of inadequacy that many mothers feel when raising children. The purpose of this article is to describe the main ideas of the American feminist A. Rich regarding motherhood as an experience and as a social institution. The scientific significance of the work is in the fact that A. Rich problematizes the fact that women themselves, being mothers, write little about their experience of motherhood and therefore the vast majority of knowledge and visual images of motherhood come to us through patriarchal culture as a collective or individual male consciousness. Adrienne Rich offers a feminine perspective on the fulfillment of motherhood when it is perceived as critical and problematic. The value of this study is in an attempt to comprehend the influence of A. Rich’s concept of motherhood on the feminist analysis of motherhood as a female practice and as a social institution

Исторический опыт народа в эпопее Зейтуна Толгурова «Большая медведица»

In this research area, interest is an epic - scale canvas by the Balkarian prose writer Z. Tolgurova “Big Dipper”. According to all structural and content parameters (large format, panoramic view, aim reflection and comprehension of historical events, the length of the narrative in time and space, during battle scenes, parallel developing storylines, the conjugation of the destinies of the people and the main characters of the work) it is classified as an epic novel. Nationality is singled out as a defining feature. The purpose of the study is to identify the epic features of the novel and reflection degree in it of the historical experience of the people (the process of planting Soviet ideology, the tragic consequences of breaking the old patriarchal world, the denial of the former moral and ethical norms, the difficulties of coexistence of people in society, human adaptation to a spontaneously changing reality. The result of the dramatic events was not the achievement of universal equality or freedom of choice, but alienation and disunity in the ethnic environment, mutual hostility based on class. The reality of the period of the October Revolution is considered by Tolgurov in the evolution's context of individual consciousness. The study of the conceptual layers of the literary text made it possible to trace the transformation of the characters, to deter-mine the spiritual and moral potential of each image, to determine the level of awareness and in-volvement of the characters in the historical process. The author’s evaluation line contributed to the realization of humanistic concepts and ideas. The work gradually reveals the ideological atti-tudes of representatives of different social strata, subjective ways of translating the mental com-ponent of the people (using the example of the ideological antipodes of the Nuh and the Cossack). All these provisions confirm the scale of the writer’s reflection of the specifics of the era, the rel-evance and artistic and aesthetic value of the novel.ts, the length of the narrative in time and space, the presence of battle scenes, parallel developing storylines, the conjugation of the desti-nies of the people and the main characters of the work) it is classified as an epic novel. Nationality is singled out as a defining feature. The purpose of the study is to identify the epic features of the novel and the degree of reflection in it of the historical experience of the people (the process of planting Soviet ideology, the tragic consequences of breaking the old patriarchal world, the denial of the former moral and ethical norms, the difficulties of coexistence of people in society, human adaptation to a spontaneously changing reality. The result of the dramatic events was not the achievement of universal equality or freedom of choice, but alienation and disunity in the ethnic environment, mutual hostility based on class. The reality of the period of the October Revolution is considered by Tolgurov in the context of the evolution of individual consciousness. The study of the conceptual layers of the literary text made it possible to trace the transformation of the characters, to determine the spiritual and moral potential of each image, to determine the level of awareness and the degree of involvement of the characters in the historical process. The author's evaluation line contributed to the realization of humanistic concepts and ideas. The work gradual-ly reveals the ideological attitudes of representatives of different social strata, subjective ways of translating the mental component of the people (using the example of the ideological antipodes of the Nuh and the Cossack). All these provisions confirm the scale of the writer's reflection of the specifics of the era, the relevance and artistic and aesthetic value of the novel.

Psychological Factors for the Formation of Collective Ecological Consciousness

This article presents the results of a theoretical analysis of the concept of collective ecological consciousness from the standpoint of its characteristics. It also displays fundamental differences between ecological and individual consciousness. Furthermore, the paper depicts the correlation between environmental culture, which arises in the process of socialization, and the power of environmental intents aimed at protecting the environment. During the integration into society, an individual learns a universal system of beliefs, values, customs, traditions, norms, and rules that are followed by dominant public. They also evolve relationships with the world and nature surrounding them. In particular, in a society with a high level of development of collective ecological consciousness, young people from an early age employ effective strategies for the conservation and restoration of natural resources. Thus, the authors draw attention to the crisis of morality and spirituality, which is the main reason for developing a selfish type of collective ecological consciousness. The authors give examples of environmental education concepts and training to lay the theoretical foundation for developing effective programs to improve environmental culture in the younger generation.