Individual Cages Research Articles

Supplementing mineral selenium and vitamin e in diets on in vivo digestibility, blood glucose, and urea levels of cows

In such condition as of mating, pregnant and delivering calves, cows were often having deficiency in micro minerals, causing their reproductive functions to be less than optimal. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Selenium and Vitamin E (SeVE) addition in diets on in vivo digestibility, blood glucose and urea levels. A total of 30 Ongole Crossbred cows (I3-I4 Aged, Body Weight 423.8 ☐ 75.0 kg, and Body Condition Score 3.1 ☐ 0.2) were used in this experiment. The study was conducted for 13 weeks. Animals were prepared to be inseminated by the Belgian Blue straws. They were kept in individual cages and were divided into two treatments, namely (P0) = basal diets and (P1) = basal diets + SeVE. The diets given were elephant grass and concentrate (3% of body weight). The results showed that addition SeVE increased digestibility of organic matter and crude protein, increased blood Se and urea levels, but did not show significant effect on blood glucose levels. In subsequent observations, SeVE addition turned out to have a positive effect on the incidence of pregnancy.

Beneficial Effects of Linseed Supplementation on Gut Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in a Physically Active Mouse Model of Crohn's Disease.

The Western diet, rich in lipids and in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), favors gut dysbiosis observed in Crohn’s disease (CD). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of rebalancing the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in CEABAC10 transgenic mice that mimic CD. Mice in individual cages with running wheels were randomized in three diet groups for 12 weeks: high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + linseed oil (HFD-LS-O) and HFD + extruded linseed (HFD-LS-E). Then, they were orally challenged once with the Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82 pathobiont. After 12 weeks of diet, total energy intake, body composition, and intestinal permeability were not different between groups. After the AIEC-induced intestinal inflammation, fecal lipocalin-2 concentration was lower at day 6 in n-3 PUFAs supplementation groups (HFD-LS-O and HFD-LS-E) compared to HFD. Analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota showed that the abundance of Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Ruminococcus, and Clostridiales was higher in the HFD-LS-E group. Butyrate levels were higher in the HFD-LS-E group and correlated with the Firmicutes/Proteobacteria ratio. This study demonstrates that extruded linseed supplementation had a beneficial health effect in a physically active mouse model of CD susceptibility. Additional studies are required to better decipher the matrix influence in the linseed supplementation effect.

Effects of prenatal exposure to fluoxetine on circadian rhythmicity in the locomotor activity and neuropeptide Y and 5-HT expression in male and female adult Wistar rats.

Serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, are the most prescribed antidepressant for maternal depression. In this sense, it exposes mothers and the brains of infants to increased modulatory and trophic effects of serotonergic neurotransmission. 5-HT promotes essential brain changes throughout its development, which include neuron migration, differentiation and organisation of neural circuitries related to emotional, cognitive and circadian behavior. Early exposure to the SSRIs induces long-term effects on behavioral and neural serotonergic signalisation. We have aimed to evaluate the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and the neurochemical content, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and 5-HT in three brain areas: intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and raphe nuclei (RN), at two zeitgebers (ZT6 and ZT18), in male and female rat's offspring early exposed (developmental period GD13-GD21) to fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). First, we have conducted daily records of the locomotor activity rhythm using activity sensors coupled to individual cages over 4 weeks. We have lastly evaluated the immunoreactivity of NPY in both SCN and IGL, as well the 5-HT expression in the dorsal and medial RN. In summary, our results showed that (1) prenatal fluoxetine affects phase entrainment of the rest/activity rhythm at ZT6 and ZT18, more in male than female specimens, and (2) modulates the NPY and 5-HT expression. Here, we show male rats are more susceptible to phase entrainment and the NPY and 5-HT misexpression compared to female ones. The sex differences induced by early exposure to fluoxetine in both the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and the neurochemical expression into SCN, IGL and midbrain raphe are an important highlight in the present work. Thus, our results may help to improve the knowledge on neurobiological mechanisms of circadian rhythms and are relevant to understanding the "broken brains" and behavioral abnormalities of offspring early exposed to antidepressants.

Seasonal variations on semen quality attributes in turkey and egg type chicken male breeders.

A biological experiment was carried out in twenty-four adult healthy breeder males each in turkey (Beltsville small white) and egg type chicken (White Leghorn Babcock) in order to assess the seasonal influence on semen production and quality. The birds were maintained in individual cages under uniform husbandry conditions throughout the year. The birds were fed with breeder ration and water ad libitum was offered with a constant photoperiod of 14h/day. Physical and biochemical characteristics of semen, serum hormones (testosterone and thyroxine), and antioxidant activity (catalase and lipid peroxidation) were evaluated throughout the year (January-December). Based on the THI calculations, the observations were classified under three different seasons, namely, winter (November-February), spring (March, April, and October), and summer (May-September). Semen physical parameters, sperm concentration, motility, live sperm percentage, and sperm plasma membrane integrity were superior during the winter season. In seminal plasma, biochemical parameters (phosphorus, ALT, ALP, AST, and uric acid) had a significant (P < 0.05) difference between seasons. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) among serum hormones (testosterone and thyroxine) that were higher during the winter season. Significant variation was observed in catalase and lipid peroxidation antioxidant enzyme activities (seminal and blood plasma) in winter than in the other two seasons. Both the turkey and egg type chicken breeders exhibited superior seminal characteristics, sex hormone profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity during winter seasons.

Microbiome: A Discrete Influencer of Running Behavior?

IntroLiterature establishes conserved changes in the gut microbiome (GMB) correlated with behavior.1 Using voluntary running, we tested if GMB variability explains differences in voluntary exercise using a rat model.MethodsCohabitating male rats were randomized into running (n=8) and sedentary (n=3) groups and placed in individual cages. Running wheel access was withheld for a week. The running group received free access to the wheels for 27 days. Daily and cumulative distances were recorded with weekly fecal collection for 16s amplification and sequencing. Terminal seven‐day distances stratified rats into high (8341‐10209 m/wk) and low (1763‐5201 m/wk) groups. Analysis was done in QIIME2 and R.ResultsAt randomization, alpha‐diversity (AD) was similar between sedentary, low, and high runners (ANOVA, F = 2.812, Pr(&gt;F) = .065). Shannon diversity showed significant correlation with daily distance and an interaction running subgroup (high v. low, MLM, int = ‐6,778, Shannon est. = 2498±118, low running interaction = ‐2135±217). Across all samples, there was a significant correlation between AD and distance (Pearson correlation, p &lt;0.001, corr = 0.41).Fixed slope random intercept modelling showed a significant relationship between distance and phyla abundance. Verrucomicrobia (MLM, int = 3610, est. 294925±142844, p = 0.048), and Saccharibacteria (MLM, int = 3342, est. 3830783±1245092, p = 0.005) showed significant increases in beta‐diversity. Actinobacteria (MLM, int 5634, est. =45608±13682) was negatively associated with distance.DiscussionOur findings that voluntary distances run was associated with increases in microbiome richness supports the importance of ecosystem diversity to support host function. This is consistent with previous research which establishes the role of increasing AD with broad improvements in performance.Decreased Verrucomicrobia is associated with the development of metabolic diseases, which are associated with decreased running behaviors.2 Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria impact gut homeostasis by modulating permeability, immune and inflammatory responses at the mucosal level.3 Analysis is ongoing and may influence these findings. Further research is needed on the impact of these changes to determine their effect on the overall health of the organism.

Using egg production longitudinal recording to study the genetic background of resilience in purebred and crossbred laying hens

BackgroundThere is growing interest in using genetic selection to obtain more resilient farm animals (i.e. that are minimally affected by disturbances or rapidly recover from them). The aims of this study were to: (i) estimate the genetic parameters of resilience indicator traits based on egg production data, (ii) assess whether these traits are genetically correlated in purebreds and crossbreds, and (iii) assess the genetic correlations of these traits with egg production (EP) as total number of eggs between 25 and 83 weeks. Purebred hens (33,825 from a White Leghorn (WA) line and 34,397 from a Rhode Island (BD) line were housed in individual cages, while crossbred hens were housed in collective cages of 6 to 8 paternal half-sibs (12,852 WA and 3898 BD crossbred groups, where the name of the group refers to the line used as the sire). Deviations of a hen’s weekly egg production from the average of the corresponding batch were calculated. Resilience indicator traits investigated were the natural logarithm of the variance (LNVAR), the skewness (SKEW), and the lag-one autocorrelation (AUTO-R) of these deviations.ResultsIn both purebred lines, EP was estimated to be lowly heritable (WA: 0.11 and BD: 0.12). Resilience indicators were also estimated to be lowly heritable in both lines (LNVAR: 0.10 and 0.12, SKEW: 0.04 and 0.02, AUTO-R: 0.06 and 0.08 in WA and BD, respectively). In both crossbred groups, EP, AUTO-R, and SKEW were estimated to be less heritable than in purebreds (EP: h^{2} ≤ 0.07; and resilience indicator traits: h^{2} ≤ 0.03), while LNVAR had an h^{2} estimate that was similar to or higher in crossbreds (h^{2} ranged from 0.13 to 0.21) than in purebreds. In both purebreds and crossbreds, resilience indicator traits were estimated to have favorable genetic correlations with EP and between each other. For all traits and in both lines, estimates of genetic correlations between purebreds and crossbreds (r_{pc}) differed from 1 and ranged from 0.16 to 0.63.ConclusionsThese results show that selection for resilience based on EP data can be considered in breeding programs for layers. Genetic improvement of resilience in crossbreds can be achieved by using information on purebreds, but would be greatly enhanced by the integration of information on crossbreds in breeding programs.

Ways to improve the quality of livestock products by feeding natural BUMVD

Relevance. More protein is required for the formation of meat than for obtaining high weight gain of pigs, many scientific papers and experimental studies have been devoted to optimizing metabolism and increasing animal productivity through the use of nontraditional sources of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, but there are poorly studied feed products. Soy okara is of scientific interest as a multicomponent proteincarbohydrate-mineral-vitamin supplement (BUMVD). It is of natural origin, non-toxic, urease is not active in it, that is, it does not require special treatment for feeding pigs. In comparison with soy, which contains anti-nutritional substances — toxic substances, trypsin inhibitor and urease, which reduce the use of protein by all kinds of animals, and in monogastric animals can even cause poisoning.Methods. Production tests were carried out for 180 days in the pig farm of the Ulyanovsk region on 1560 pigs. The object of the study was pigs of a large white breed, of different ages and physiological conditions. For physiological experiments, 5 animals per group were selected according to the method of analogues. Single sows were inseminated and the supplement was fed 30 days before the piglets were born. Piglets and suckling sows were kept in individual cages. Weaning was carried out in 45 days. Piglets on cultivation and fattening were kept in a group way. Two groups of animals were formed: the 1st (control) received the main ration (OR), the 2nd (experience) — with BUMVD. The conditions of keeping pigs in the control and experimental groups were the same, the difference between the groups was in feeding, the additive was fed at a dose of 100 to 500 g/head/day according to the scheme.Results. The introduction of natural BUMVD (soy okara) into the diet of pigs contributes to an increase in the level of their productivity: suckling of sows; large-fruited piglets; the intensity of growth of young pigs; improving the meat-sucking qualities of carcasses; reducing feed costs, improving the quality of pork, its energy value.

Grandmaternal exercise improves metabolic health of second-generation offspring

ObjectiveA major factor in the growing world-wide epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is the increased risk of transmission of metabolic disease from obese mothers to both first (F1) and second (F2) generation offspring. Fortunately, recent pre-clinical studies demonstrate that exercise before and during pregnancy improves F1 metabolic health, providing a potential means to disrupt this cycle of disease. Whether the beneficial effects of maternal exercise can also be transmitted to the F2 generation has not been investigated. MethodsC57BL/6 female mice were fed a chow or high-fat diet (HFD) and housed in individual cages with or without running wheels for 2 wks before breeding and during gestation. Male F1 offspring were sedentary and chow-fed, and at 8-weeks of age were bred with age-matched females from untreated parents. This resulted in 4 F2 groups based on grandmaternal treatment: chow sedentary; chow trained; HFD sedentary; HFD trained. F2 were sedentary and chow-fed and studied up to 52-weeks of age. ResultsWe find that grandmaternal exercise improves glucose tolerance and decreases fat mass in adult F2 males and females, in the absence of any treatment intervention of the F1 after birth. Grandmaternal exercise also improves F2 liver metabolic function, including favorable effects on gene and miRNA expression, triglyceride concentrations and hepatocyte glucose production. ConclusionGrandmaternal exercise has beneficial effects on the metabolic health of grandoffspring, demonstrating an important means by which exercise during pregnancy could help reduce the worldwide incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Production Performance and Carcass Quality of Male Bali Cattle by Feeding Fermented Pineapple Peel

Bali cattle are local Indonesian cattle that were first developed on the island of Bali with unique properties, namely resistance to heat grip and not selective for feed. This research was conducted to assess the production performance and carcass quality of male Bali cattle by feeding fermented pineapple peel. The materials and methods used were twelve male Bali cattle with an average initial weight of 168.46 ± 11.95 kg placed in individual cages randomly based on a Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments and 4 tails as replications. namely: T0=Native grasses +(39% milled corn+61% rice bran+0% fermented pineapple peel); T1=Native grasses +(10% milled corn+70% bran+20% fermented pineapple skin with tape yeast); and T2=Native grasses +(15% milled corn +65% bran+20% pineapple peel fermented by lactic acid bacteria). The research data consisting of production performance and carcass quality were analyzed by analysis of variance using the SPSS version 16 software program and continued with Duncan's test at the 5% confidence level. The results showed that the addition of pineapple peel fermented by lactic acid bacteria as much as 20% in the ration could provide the highest daily body weight gain of male Bali cattle (0.66 kg/head/day), low FCR (8.01), high protein consumption (630.18g/head/day), high carcass percentage (55.17%), high meat index (1.00) with large rib eye area (55.97 cm2). Conclusion: The addition of pineapple peel fermented by lactic acid bacteria in the ration of as much as 20% can improve the production performance and carcass quality of male Bali cattle.

Effectiveness of FOS (Fructo Oligo Saccharide) from Banana Peel on Total Bacterial Count of Rabbit Meat Jerky

This study was conducted to determine the production performance (growth performance and carcass production) of New Zealand White (NZW) male rabbits fed FOS (fructooligosaccharides) isolated from Ambon banana peel (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum (L.) Kunt. A total of 50 crossbreed rabbits NZW aged 8 weeks, mean initial weight 496.12±10.61 g, were placed in individual cages, randomly divided into, and each treatment was repeated five times, each replication consisted of two rabbits.The treatment used was P1 (without FOS), P2 (Given FOS for 7 days), P3 (Given FOS for 14 days). FOS with a concentration of 3%, dose 2 mg/kg body weight ad libitum. Drinking water The ingredients used at this stage were rabbit meats in the sun drying (T1), and meat containing FOS from rearing in the dry oven (T2). The feed used was commercial feed, given in the morning and evening. The data obtained were analyzed by means of variance. The similarity of variance was tested using the Duncans. Based on the result showed the growth of bacteria in the rabbit meat jerky can be inhibited. Rabbit jerky given FOS from Ambon banana peel isolation for 7 days did not give a significant difference with FOS from Ambon banana peel isolation for 14 days (P> 0.01) which could inhibit bacterial growth and that the non of FOS isolated from Ambon banana peel has the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria in rabbit meat jerky, and administration for 7 days can be used to inhibit bacterial growth.

Effect of flaxseed oil drench with different ratio of concentrate to roughage on some blood parameters of Iraqi Awassi lambs

This experiment was conducted in the Hawija district which is located in the southwest of Kirkuk city, 48 km away. It aimed to determine the effect of the concentrated feed ratio to roughage feed (Alfalfa ) with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid oil (flaxseed oil) on some blood parameters indicative of the nutritional effect in Iraqi Awassi lambs. The experiment lasted for 106 days from September 18, 2020 to December 31, 2020, in which 20 lambs aged 5-6 months with a mean initial weight of 29.60±1.88 kg were used. The lambs were placed in individual cages within a semi-open barn, then divided into four groups (29.15, 30.13, 29.62, 29.52) kg. then the four treatments were randomly distributed to the groups. The lambs were fed on one diet of concentrated feed with a protein content of 15.4% and a feeding level of 3% of body weight, then calculated The ratios of concentrated feed at a level of 40/60% to roughage for the first and second treatments and 60/40% to roughage for the third and fourth treatments and the four treatments were equal in the amount of protein intake, each of the first and third treatments drenched with flaxseed oil 0.8% of body weight and 0% each the second and fourth treatments, the animals were weighed weekly to estimate the weight gain. as well as at the end the experiment, blood samples were collected from all animals for the purpose of conducting laboratory tests for the studied traits.The results of the experiment showed that the numbers of white blood cells were significantly (P≤0.05) superior in the treatment drench with flaxseed oil, and the interaction between the treatments had a significant effect in increasing the numbers of white blood cells, as the first and third treatments outperformed (9.33 ± 0.17 and 9.86 ± 0.61 x 103) cells/ml of blood, respectively, on the second and fourth treatments. The triglyceride concentration was significantly increased (P≤0.05) under the influence of the level of concentrated to roughage feed, which reached 83.83 ± 5.38 mg/100 ml of blood (40:60 roughage/concentrated) compared to the treatment 60:40 roughage/concentrated (59.50 ± 7.50) mg/ 100 ml of blood, and the interaction between the factors had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on the blood urea concentration, as the first treatment was the highest (44.66±0.66) mg/100 ml blood. Also, the treatment with flaxseed oil and its interaction with different diets led to a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of liver enzymes and the proportion of feed intake. It was concluded from the experience that increasing the proportion of rough feed (alfalfa ) within the studied level did not negatively affect the performance of physiological lambs and therefore it can be provided for fattening purposes because it is low cost and available locally.

Pemanfaatan Bambu Lokal Sebagai Struktur Kandang Ayam Sistem Baterai Di Kelurahan Kelayu Utara Kabupaten Lombok Timur

Currently, due to the low production of eggs in Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, most eggs on the market are brought in from other region. Despite it’s huge population, representing 24,6% population of Nusa Tenggara Barat, East Lombok could supply 2% of market demand at most. The high cost of chicken coop construction is one of the main reasons of this low production. Meanwhile, Bamboo is abundant in East Lombok, it’s thrive along Tojang River Bank. Bamboo could be use as substitute material for battery cages. Cost production of battery cages from bamboo is relatively lower than the one made from hardwood, steel, light steel, and baton. Considering accessible substitute materials at lower price are available, the cost production could be reduced. This community service is aiming for local community cognition of local bamboo as low priced material. This community service is implemented by discourse, which done by a number of survey, survey of the community service location, and discourse to give information of how to utilize local bamboo as battery cages material, size of the cages including size of individual cage, gap between column, column’s height, local bamboo as material for frame and purlin, bamboo as economy and environmental friendly material, preservation method, suitable bamboo joint model for battery cages structure. Due to COVID-19, The battery cages constructed in the community service location was evaluated through zoom meeting.

Hypo-Hydroxymethylation of Nobox is Associated with Ovarian Dysfunction in Rat Offspring Exposed to Prenatal Hypoxia

Prenatal hypoxia (PH) is a common feature of a suboptimal intrauterine environment affecting the development of fetuses. Whether PH leads to abnormal ovary development is not yet clear. This study investigated ovarian function in offspring exposed to PH and the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. SD female rats (n = 12 per group) at 9 weeks of age were housed in individual cages (21% O2). After the pregnant rats were exposed to hypoxia (10.5% oxygen) from embryonic day (E) 5 to E21, PH offspring were generated. All animals maintained normoxia during lactation. The number of follicles was counted in female offspring at 3 months under an optical microscope. The expression of Nobox, Gdf9, and Tets was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. Global DNA hydroxymethylation was measured by dot blot. The hydroxymethylation level of the Nobox gene was evaluated with an NGS-based multiple targeted CpG hydroxymethylation analysis method. Body weight and ovary weight were significantly decreased in the PH group compared with the control group. PH offspring have abnormal estrous cycle, decreased serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), and increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and follicular atresia, which are consistent with the clinical manifestations in patients with ovarian dysfunction. In terms of mechanism, the expression of Nobox was significantly decreased in the PH group. Subsequent high-throughput sequencing results showed that the level of hydroxymethylation in the candidate region of the Nobox gene was reduced. Cultured cells treated with hypoxia exhibited lower levels of both 5hmC and Nobox, while vitamin C, a coactivator of Tets, rescued hypo-hydroxymethylation and increased the expression level of Nobox. This study indicated that PH could cause hypo-hydroxymethylation of Nobox through epigenetic regulation and may consequently contribute to ovarian dysfunction in adult rat offspring.

Effects of different degrees of deacetylation and levels of chitosan on performance, egg traits and serum biochemistry of laying hens

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate whether the deacetylation degree of chitosan (low: 70% vs. high: 90%) and its dietary level (0, 200, 400, 800, 1600 mg/kg diet) would affect laying performance, faeces viscosity, egg quality, egg and serum biochemistry of layers. For the experimental feeding period of 8 weeks, 140 four weeks old Hisex Brown layers were divided into 10 treatment groups, comprising 14 birds each. The birds were housed in individual cages in a complete randomised design. Performance was assessed by recording feed intake, egg weight, daily egg production, egg quality and egg biochemistry. Serum biochemistry parameters were determined at the beginning and end of the experiment and faeces viscosity at the end of the experiment. Feed conversion ratio and faeces viscosity were deteriorated by increased level of chitosan. Lightness of egg yolk was significantly increased in animals receiving high-degree deacetylated chitosan compared to low-degree deacetylated chitosan. Yellowness of egg yolk was affected by interaction of deacetylation degree and level of chitosan. Yolk cholesterol concentration was lower in groups receiving high deacetylated chitosan by increasing chitosan level, while laying hens fed low deacetylated chitosan had a higher level of yolk cholesterol. A significant interaction between degree of deacetylation and chitosan level was determined for serum glucose and calcium concentration. Serum total antioxidant content increased with higher levels of dietary chitosan. In conclusion, dietary level or different degrees of deacetylated chitosan may reduce yolk cholesterol and improve serum antioxidant status. However, feed conversion ratio and faeces viscosity were impaired by increasing levels of chitosan supplementation, and lightness of yolk was increased by supplementation of chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation.

Intake, total apparent digestibility, and microbial efficiency of sheep fed pineapple waste silage in different planes of nutrition

The study aimed to nutritionally evaluate the silage of pineapple crop waste in sheep feeding in different planes of nutrition (L). We used eight growing sheep and four male castrated adults, in individual metabolic cages distributed in a switch-back design with two treatments and three periods. The treatments were the different planes of nutrition: L = MEI⁄Mm, MEI⁄1.5Mm, and MEI⁄2.5Mm, in which L = MEI/Mm, MEI is the energy amount of the feed intake and Mm is the maintenance. [...]

인분해효소를 급여한 산란계에서 배출되는 계분의 성상과 비료화에 관한 연구

This study was conducted to produce a nutrient-balanced complex fertilizer using compost from laying hens fed with phytase levels. A total of 30 laying hens were randomly assigned in individual cages. The dietary treatments were fed from 51 to 60 wks of age, and included a phytase; 0, 1,000, and 2,000 FTU/kg in basal diets. Fresh feed (110 g) and drinking water were supplied to the laying hens every day. Feces from hens were collected daily and analyzed for N, P₂O₅, and K₂O after compost maturity. This result showed there was no difference on the fecal excretion per feed intake of laying hens supplemented with phytase levels in the diets. On the other hand, the excretions of dried feces, N, P₂O₅, and K₂O were significantly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) reduced in 2,000 FTU/kg treatment than 0, 1,000 FTU/kg treatments. There was no difference on the compost composition and nutrient contents in compound fertilizer using compost from hens fed dietary phytase levels. However, compost content in the fertilizer was 69.6~71.6% when compost of 25~30% moisture content was used, and 13.0~47.1% at compost of 40~60% moisture content. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that hen’s compost controlled moisture content could be produced as a nutrient-balanced compound fertilizer.

Effects of supplemented Sauropus androgynus leaves powder on reproductive traits of Indonesian indigenous hens

The aim of this study was to analyze of Sauropus androgynus (SA) leaves powder supplementation on kampung hens reproductive traits. Forty kampung hens aged 4-5 months were distributed randomly into 4 treatments with 10 replications. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used as research design. Samples were placed in individual postal-litter system cages. The four groups were fed diets supplemented with 0, 4, 8, and 12% SA leaves powder for 8 weeks, respectively. The supplementation of SA leaves powder affected serum steroid hormone progesterone (P4) metabolite (P &lt; 0.05), serum steroid hormone estradiol-17β (E2) metabolite concentration and a number of medium follicles yield significantly (P &lt; 0.01). Concentration levels of serum steroid hormone E2 and P4 metabolites were 1 to 5-fold and 2 to 14-fold higher in supplemented hens than non-supplemented, respectively. In conclusion, supplementation of SA leaves increased serum steroid hormone E2 and P4 metabolite concentration, number, and weight of follicles. The role of precursor contained in SA leaves powder detected on Indonesia kampung hen’s reproductive traits.

Impacts of Age, Genotype and Feeding Low-Protein Diets on the N-Balance Parameters of Fattening Pigs

The effects of feeding low-protein (LP) diets and the age and genotype of fattening pigs were evaluated in an N-balance trial. Sixty weaned piglets of two genotypes were allotted to three different diets. Besides the control diets for the crossbred Topigs 20 × DanBred Duroc (TD) and Hungarian Large White (HLW) pigs, two LP diets were fed containing 1.5 (T1.5) and 3% (T3) less dietary protein than the control. The LP diets were supplemented with crystalline lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and methionine to equalize their digestible amino acid contents. Starter diets were fed between 20–30, grower I between 30–40, grower II between 40–80 and finisher between 80–110 kg live weights. Pigs were kept in floor pens, with 10 animals per pen. In all phases, six pigs with similar live weight were placed into individual balance cages and in the frame of a seven-day long balance trial, the daily N-intake, fecal and urinary N-excretion were measured. From the data N-digestibility, the total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and N-retention were calculated. All the investigated main factors, the genotype and age of pigs and the protein content of the diets had significant effects on the N-balance of fattening pigs. The determinacy of the factors depended on the investigated parameter. Fecal N-excretion and N-digestibility were steadier compared with the urinary N-exertion and TAN percentage. N-digestibility increased and the urinary N-excretion decreased when LP diets were fed. The urinary N-decreasing effect of LP diets was not linear. Compared with the control (19.6 gN/day), T1.5 treatment resulted in 14.5, treatment T3 in 12.4 g daily urinary N-excretion. The TAN and the N-retention of HLW pigs were more favorable than those of TD pigs. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the accuracy of the nitrogen and TAN excretion values of pigs, used in the calculation of the national NH3 inventories, could be improved if the genotype, the more detailed age categories and the different protein levels of feeds are considered.

Effects of two-species probiotic combinations on production performance at peak lay, sulfur compounds in manure, and selected serum profile

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of various 2-species combinations of probiotics ( Lactobaccillus paracasei, Lactobaccillus plantarum , and Lactobaccillus rhamnosus at 3.33 × 10 11 cfu/kg of each species) on egg quality, serum parameters, and sulfur containing compounds in manure of laying hens. A total of 240 (32-wk-old) White Leghorn W36 laying hens were randomly separated into 5 treatments with 6 replicates. Each replicate was composed of 8 hens in individual cages. They were fed the following diets: T 1 , Control (16% Hi-Energy Layer crumble); T 2 , Control + L. paracasei + L. plantarum ; T 3 , Control + L. paracasei + L. rhamnosus ; T 4 , Control + L. plantarum + L. rhamnosus ; and T 5 , Control + L. paracasei + L. plantarum + L. rhamnosus , delivering 3.33 × 10 11 cfu/kg feed of each species for eight weeks. Combination of probiotics did not significantly affect egg quality, serum parameters, or sulfur containing gaseous compounds (hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methyl mercaptan, carbon disulfide, and carbonyl sulfide). However, these gaseous compounds were always numerically higher in manure of hens fed probiotics than the Control, suggesting that, possibly, some probiotics passed through the gut and were active in manure. Temporal fluctuations in hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were observed.

Sayısal Yöntemlerle Belirlenen Yumurta Parametreleri Üzerine Yumurtalama Zamanı ve Kafes Katı Farklılığının Etkisi

In this study, the White Layer Pure Line that housing as individual cage system at the Poultry Research Institute in Ankara was used. Eggs obtained from 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 weeks old eggs were collected 3 times a day in the morning (10:00), noon (12:00) and evening (15:00). Egg Size and Egg Width (YBE), Shape Index and Elongation (SIE), Egg Surface Area and Volume (YAH), Shell Weight and Shell Thickness (CAS), Number of Pores and Pore Density (GSY), Yellow Ratio and Yellow Weight (SOA), Albumen Weight and Albumen Ratio (AO) were examined in 438 eggs obtained from these chickens found in these cages which are three tiers as upper, middle and bottom. The difference in cage layer did not have a significant effect on the calculated properties. On the other hand, the effect of on all traits obtained from these calculations based on egg weight was found to be significant.