Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Research Articles

Transient Adsorption Behavior of Single Fluorophores on an Electrode-Supported Nanobubble.

Here we report the use of a Langmuir isotherm model to analyze and better understand the dynamic adsorption and desorption behavior of single fluorophore molecules at the surface of a hydrogen nanobubble supported on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Three rhodamine dyes, rhodamine 110 (R110, positively charged), rhodamine 6G (R6G, positively charged), and sulforhodamine G (SRG, negatively charged) were chosen for this study. The use of the Langmuir isotherm model allows us to determine the equilibrium constant and the rate constants for the adsorption and desorption processes. Of the three fluorophores used in this study, SRG was found to have the greatest equilibrium constant. No significant potential dependence was observed on the adsorption characteristics, which suggests the nanobubble size, geometry, and surface properties are relatively constant within the range of potentials used in this study. Our results suggest that the use of the Langmuir isotherm model is a valid and useful means for probing and better understanding the unique adsorption behavior of fluorophores at surface-supported nanobubbles.

A photoelectrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive dopamine detection based on composites of BiOI and Au-Ag nanoparticles

A photoelectrochemical dopamine sensor based on BiOI and AuAgNPs nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was prepared successfully. The noble metal material AuAg significantly improved the shortcomings of poor surface conductivity and easy recombination of photogenerated electron holes in BiOI. The prepared electrode generated a significantly enhanced and stable photocurrent signal under Xe lamp irradiation. In addition, in weak acidic electrolyte solution, dopamine molecules were protonated and preferent existed in the form of cations, which were easily attracted by electrostatic and adsorbed on the surface of negatively charged AuAgNPs. As an electron donor, DA is vulnerable to oxidation to DA+ by BiOI holes, resulting in an increased anodic photocurrent. The detection limit was 0.3 pM (S/N = 3) and the dopamine concentration exhibited a nice linear relationship between 1 pM and 0.1 μM under ideal circumstances. The dopamine photoelectrochemical sensor shown strong sensitivity, a broad linearity range, and good selectivity against potential uric acid and ascorbic acid interference. This work provides a promising PEC detection platform for the detection of small and medium-sized molecules in biological analysis.

Probe-integrated electrochemical immunosensor based on electrostatic nanocage array for reagentless and sensitive detection of tumor biomarker.

Sensitive detection of tumor biomarkers is crucial for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of cancer. Owing to no need of labelled antibody, formation of sandwich immunocomplexes and additional solution-based probe, probe-integrated electrochemical immunosensor for reagentless detection of tumor biomarkers is highly desirable. In this work, sensitive and reagentless detection of a tumor biomarker is realized based on fabrication of a probe-integrated immunosensor by confining redox probe in electrostatic nanocage array modified electrode. Indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode is employed as the supporting electrode because it is cheap and easily available. The silica nanochannel array consisted of two layers with opposite charges or different pore diameters was designated as bipolar films (bp-SNA). In this work, Electrostatic nanocage array is equipped on ITO electrode by growth of bp-SNA with two layered nanochannel array having different charge properties including a negatively charged silica nanochannel array (n-SNA) and a positively charged amino-modified SNA (p-SNA). Each SNA can be easily grown with 15s using electrochemical assisted self-assembly method (EASA). Methylene blue (MB) is applied as the model electrochemical probe with positive charge to be confined in electrostatic nanocage array with stirring. The combination of the electrostatic attraction from n-SNA and the electrostatic repulsion from p-SNA endows MB with highly stable electrochemical signal during continuous scanning. When the amino groups of p-SNA are modified using the bifunctional glutaraldehyde (GA) to introduce aldehydes, the recognitive antibody (Ab) of the most commonly used tumor biomarker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), can be covalently immobilized. After the non-specific sites are blocked, the immunosensor is successfully fabricated. As the formation of antigen-antibody complex decreases electrochemical signal, the immunosensor can achieve reagentless detection of CEA ranged from 10pg/mL to 100ng/mL with a low limit of detection (LOD, 4pg/mL). Determination of CEA in human serum samples is realized with high accuracy.

Electrochemiluminescence Imaging of Liposome Permeabilization by an Antimicrobial Peptide: Melittin.

The permeabilization of liposomes by melittin, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), has been studied by an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging strategy. The methodology consisted first of encapsulating ECL reagents in sealed giant asymmetrical liposomes (100 μm in diameter) made of DOPG/DOPC phospholipids (i.e., 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) sodium salt/1,2-dioleolyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Then liposomes were placed on an indium tin oxide electrode coated with poly-l-lysine to avoid any membrane poration/permeabilization through polarization of the electrode surface. Finally, the addition of melittin (from 10 μM to 100 nM in concentration) enabled the permeabilization of the lipid membrane followed by the liposome content release and subsequent light generation through the ECL reagents oxidation processes. Interestingly, at a melittin concentration of 10 μM, two successive leakages occurring on the same liposome could be imaged. Combination of ECL and photoluminescence imaging allowed comprehensive monitoring of the permeabilization and content release of a single liposome. This ECL imaging approach opens interesting perspectives to characterize the instant release of vesicle content upon permeabilization by AMPs or other membrane-active species.

Complementary Inverter Based on n‐Type and p‐Type OFETs with the Same Ambipolar Organic Semiconductor and ITO S/D Electrodes

AbstractBottom‐gate and bottom‐contact n‐type and p‐type organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are simultaneously obtained by combining the ambipolar semiconductor film of diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based conjugated polymer (P4FTVT‐C32) with indium tin oxide (ITO) source/drain (S/D) electrodes. P4FTVT‐C32 thin film exhibits n‐type unipolar property with the low work functional (WF) ITO S/D electrodes modified by polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) and it exhibits p‐type unipolar property with the high WF ITO S/D electrodes modified by HCl:InCl3. Hence, complementary inverters with transition voltages near VDD/2 and the maximum gain of 138 converting “1” state input into “0” state output are achieved by two different modifications via screen printing on ITO electrodes and then, only one‐time bar coating of P4FTVT‐C32. To further improve the performance and the uniformity of the OFET devices, the modification of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) is also introduced. This work provides an easy‐handling method for the fabrication of low‐cost, high performance organic electronic devices and integrated circuits.

Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution at Full Atomic Utilization over ITO-Supported Sub-nano-Ptn Clusters: High, Size-Dependent Activity Controlled by Fluxional Pt Hydride Species.

A combination of density functional theory (DFT) and experiments with atomically size-selected Ptn clusters deposited on indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes was used to examine the effects of applied potential and Ptn size on the electrocatalytic activity of Ptn (n = 1, 4, 7, and 8) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Activity is found to be negligible for isolated Pt atoms on ITO, increasing rapidly with Ptn size such that Pt7/ITO and Pt8/ITO have roughly double the activity per Pt atom compared to atoms in the surface layer of polycrystalline Pt. Both the DFT and experiment find that hydrogen under-potential deposition (Hupd) results in Ptn/ITO (n = 4, 7, and 8) adsorbing ∼2H atoms/Pt atom at the HER threshold potential, equal to ca. double the Hupd observed for Pt bulk or nanoparticles. The cluster catalysts under electrocatalytic conditions are hence best described as a Pt hydride compound, significantly departing from a metallic Pt cluster. The exception is Pt1/ITO, where H adsorption at the HER threshold potential is energetically unfavorable. The theory combines global optimization with grand canonical approaches for the influence of potential, uncovering the fact that several metastable structures contribute to the HER, changing with the applied potential. It is hence critical to include reactions of the ensemble of energetically accessible PtnHx/ITO structures to correctly predict the activity vs Ptn size and applied potential. For the small clusters, spillover of Hads from the clusters to the ITO support is significant, resulting in a competing channel for loss of Hads, particularly at slow potential scan rates.

High-performance fully transparent Ga2O3 solar-blind UV photodetector with the embedded indium–tin–oxide electrodes

Transparent ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have attracted the increasing attention due to their giant potential in integrated transparent electronics applications. In this work, a fully transparent metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) solar-blind UV photodetector with embedded indium–tin–oxide (ITO) electrodes based on Ga2O3 films was successfully designed and constructed for the first time. A novel method to prepare a MSM photodetector with embedded electrode structure is proposed by selective epitaxying β-Ga2O3 thin films on c-plane sapphire substrate with ITO inter-digital electrodes prepared in advance. An ultra-low dark current of 1.6 pA, a superb UV-to-visible rejection ratio of 1.3 × 106 (R250/R400), a high specific detectivity of 7.4 × 1015 Jones and a large responsivity of 74.9 A/W can be observed in our device at 10 V, which are superior to those of other reported transparent UV photodetectors based on Ga2O3 films. The strong and uniform electrical field in β-Ga2O3 between two adjacent embedded ITO electrodes, and the high quality of β-Ga2O3 films should be responsible the excellent solar-blind photodetection performance. Our findings pave a new way to realize a high-performance fully transparent Ga2O3 solar-blind UV photodetector, which has the giant potential for applications in future transparent electronics.

Ohmic-contacted WSe2/MoS2 heterostructures for broadband photodetector with fast response

A broadband photodetector based on WSe2/MoS2 van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) contacted to indium tin oxide (ITO) is demonstrated. The spectral response range covers the visible to near-infrared wavelengths. The highest performances of the fabricated device with a responsivity of 1392 mA W−1 and specific detectivity of 7.78 × 1012 Jones are achieved operating at room temperature under 532 nm. Moreover, the WSe2/MoS2 vdWHs using an ITO electrode with Ohmic contact exhibits a fast response time of 9.6 μs which is almost 10 times faster than that using an Au/Ni electrode with Schottky contact. These could help to realize the key role of contacts in two-dimensional vdWHs-based photodetectors.

Asymmetric Electrode Influence upon Ferroelectric Switching Dynamics in Ag/PVDF‐HFP/ITO Capacitor Structures

Asymmetric electrode (Ag and indium tin oxide (ITO)) influence upon ferroelectric switching dynamics in polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) thin films across Ag/PVDF-HFP/ITO capacitor structures is systematically investigated. Grazing incidence X-Ray diffraction (GI–XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV–visible spectroscopy are utilized to comprehend the structural and microstructural characteristics of PVDF–HFP thin films upon ITO interface. Low voltage rectified and asymmetric current–voltage (I–V) curves reveal the varied barrier potential due to the asymmetric electrodes. Typical squared hysteresis loops along with uniform domain growth model are verified from quasi-static and dynamic ferroelectric loop measurements. Further, from low-frequency (10 and 15 mHz) quasi-static and dynamic (100–1000 Hz) triangular pulses, the switching time, domain dimension with respect to frequency, and amplitude of the electric field are separately evaluated and noted that smaller switching times when electron traverses from Ag to ITO electrode.

Large-scale fabrication of CMOS-compatible silicon-OLED heterojunctions enabled infrared upconverters

Infrared-to-visible upconverters have widespread application prospects, including bioimaging, night vision, and defense security. A typical upconverter is generally constructed by integrating an infrared photodetector (PD) detecting low-energy infrared with a visible light-emitting diode (LED) emitting high-energy visible light. However, when photocarriers transport through the interface between PD and LED, lateral current spreading is inevitably present, which leads to optical cross-talking and hinders the realization of high-resolution and large-area infrared imaging. Here, near-infrared (NIR) upconverters are fabricated via the integration of silicon (Si) NIR detectors with organic LED (OLED) by complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatible manufacturing processes. The pixelated indium tin oxide electrodes introduced as the interfacial carrier transfer channel effectively suppress the lateral current spreading and ensure that the photogenerated carrier of PD could transport into the OLED with a well-defined spatial resolution. The Si-OLED upconverters possess a wafer-level luminous area and large-scale fabrication capacity and realize high-resolution infrared imaging with a resolution as high as 3629 dpi. By changing the organic luminescent layer of OLED, the Si-OLED upconverters could emit red/green/blue visible light under NIR illumination with a low turn-on voltage of 3 V and an excellent upconversion efficiency of 9.2%. Furthermore, the large-area Si-OLED upconverters exhibit flexibility with an infrared upconversion ability even under bending.

Hydrogen Bond Organic Frameworks as Radical Reactors for Enhancement in ECL Efficiency and Their Ultrasensitive Biosensing.

Nowadays, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency of an organic emitter is closely related with its potential applications in food safety and environmental monitoring fields. In this work, 2,4,6-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TATB) was self-assembled to form hydrogen bond organic frameworks (HOFs), which worked as ideal reactors to generate highly active oxygen-containing radicals, followed by linking with isoluminol (ILu) via amide bond (termed ILu-HOFs). After covalent assembly with aminated indium-tin oxide electrode (labeled NH2-ITO), the ECL efficiency of the ILu-HOFs NH2-ITO showed about a 23.4-time increase over that of ILu itself in the presence of H2O2. Meanwhile, the enhanced ECL mechanism was mainly studied by electron paramagnetic resonance, theoretical calculation, and electrochemistry. On the above foundation, an aptamer "sandwich" ECL biosensor was constructed for detecting isocarbophos (ICP) via in situ elimination of H2O2 with catalase-linked palladium nanocubes (CAT-Pd NCs). The as-built sensor showed a broad linear range (1 pM to 100 nM) and a low limit of detection (LOD) down to 0.4 pM, coupled with efficient assays of ICP in lake water and cucumber juice samples. This strategy provides an effective way for the synthesis of advanced ECL emitter, coupled by showing promising applications in environmental and food analysis.

Spectral Singularities of the Photoelectric Effect in a Zinc Phthalocyanine–Fullerene (ZnPc:C70) Donor–Acceptor Blend

Spectral singularities of the ampere–watt sensitivity of photoelectric structures consisting of a transparent indium–tin oxide electrode, a photosensitive organic layer, and an aluminum electrode have been studied. The structures have been formed on a quartz glass substrate. The photosensitive layer has been vacuum-evaporated either from zinc phthalocyanine ZnPc (exhibiting donor properties) and C70 fullerene (acceptor) organic precursors or from a ZnPc:Cr70 donor–acceptor blend. Using computer simulation, the structure of absorption bands has been determined in a wide spectral range for all three above systems. This has made it possible to calculate the absorbed and reflected fractions of radiation incident on the sample and explain the singular spectral behavior of the ampere–watt sensitivity of the ZnPc:C70 blend. It has been shown that the photosensitivity of the blend reaches a maximum near the overlap of the absorption bands of donor and acceptor molecules

Non-Conjugated Copoly(Arylene Ether Ketone) for the Current-Collecting System of a Solar Cell with Indium Tin Oxide Electrode

The mechanism of charge carrier transport in the indium tin oxide (ITO)/polymer/Cu structure is studied, where thin films of copoly(arylene ether ketone) with cardo fluorene moieties are used. This copoly(arylene ether ketone) is non-conjugated polymer which has the properties of electronic switching from the insulating to the highly conductive state. The dependence on the polymer film thickness of such parameters as the potential barrier at the ITO/polymer interface, the concentration of charge carriers, and their mobility in the polymer is studied for the first time. The study of this system is of interest due to the proven potential of using the synthesized polymer in the contact system of a silicon solar cell with an ITO top layer. The parameters of charge carriers and ITO/polymer barrier are evaluated based on the analysis of current-voltage characteristics of ITO/polymer/Cu structure within the injection current models and the Schottky model. The thickness of the polymer layer varies from 50 nm to 2.1 µm. The concentration of intrinsic charge carriers increases when decreasing the polymer film thickness. The charge carrier mobility depends irregularly on the thickness, showing a maximum of 9.3 × 10-4 cm2/V s at 210 nm and a minimum of 4.7 × 10-11 cm2/V s at 50 nm. The conductivity of polymer films first increases with a decrease in thickness from 2.1 µm to 210 nm, but then begins to decrease upon transition to the globular structure of the films at smaller thicknesses. The dependence of the barrier height on polymer thickness has a minimum of 0.28 eV for films 100-210 nm thick. The influence of the supramolecular structure and surface charge field of thin polymer films on the transport of charge carriers is discussed.

Label-Free Sensing of Cell Viability Using a Low-Cost Impedance Cytometry Device.

Cell viability is an essential physiological status for drug screening. While cell staining is a conventional cell viability analysis method, dye staining is usually cytotoxic. Alternatively, impedance cytometry provides a straightforward and label-free sensing approach for the assessment of cell viability. A key element of impedance cytometry is its sensing electrodes. Most state-of-the-art electrodes are made of expensive metals, microfabricated by lithography, with a typical size of ten microns. In this work, we proposed a low-cost microfluidic impedance cytometry device with 100-micron wide indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes to achieve a comparable performance to the 10-micron wide Au electrodes. The effectiveness was experimentally verified as 7 μm beads can be distinguished from 10 μm beads. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest geometry ratio of the target to the sensing unit in the impedance cytometry technology. Furthermore, a cell viability test was performed on MCF-7 cells. The proposed double differential impedance cytometry device has successfully differentiated the living and dead MCF-7 cells with a throughput of ~1000 cells/s. The label-free and low-cost, high-throughput impedance cytometry could benefit drug screening, fundamental biological research and other biomedical applications.

Droplet-free digital immunoassay based on electrochemiluminescence

Here, we report a droplet-free digital immunoassay for goat immunoglobulin G (IgG) based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for simplified digital immunoassay. Digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enabled ultrasensitive detection using digital counting immuno-reaction-induced femtoliter-sized droplets. However, the complicated preparation process of femtoliter-sized droplet assay limits the simplicity of digital ELISA. In this study, droplet-free digital ELISA using ECL was developed with digital counting ECL-induced beads instead of droplets along with a labeling reaction of immuno-reacted beads with ECL luminophore of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in bulk solution. After antigen–antibody reaction on the beads using poly horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a label, HRP reaction with [Ru(bpy)3]2+-conjugated tyramide was induced to modify the bead with [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The number of beads emitting ECL was counted on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode using tri-n-propylamine as a co-reactant. From result of poly HRP assay, our digital assay system required two poly HRP molecules on the bead to confirm ECL. Finally, a digital immunoassay was performed. The limit of detection for goat IgG was 0.7 pg/mL (4.7 fmol/L). Our simplified digital ELISA was less sensitive than conventional digital ELISA by 10-100-fold, however, we successfully performed digital ELISA based on ECL without complicated procedures for droplet array.

A Study on Mechanisms Underlying Proton Transport in Proton Pump-type Microbial Rhodopsins

Microbial rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins composed of seven transmembrane α-helical apoproteins (opsin) and a covalently bound retinal chromophore. Microbial rhodopsins exhibit a cyclic photochemical reaction referred to as photocycle when illuminated. During their photocycles, these proteins perform various functions such as ions transport and photosensing. Among the various functional types of rhodopsins found to date, we have focused on the utility of proton pump-type microbial rhodopsins as optogenetic tools for optical pH control in cells or organelles. To develop effective toolkits for this purpose, a deeper understanding of the proton-pumping mechanism in these rhodopsins may be required. In this review, we first introduce a useful experimental method for measuring rapid transient pH changes with photoinduced proton uptake/release using transparent tin oxide (SnO2) or indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. In addition, we describe the unique pH-dependent behavior of the photoinduced proton transfer sequence as well as the vectoriality of proton transportation in proteorhodopsin (PR) from marine eubacteria. Through intensive ITO experiments over wide pH range, including extremely high or low pH values, in combination with photoelectric measurements using Xenopus oocytes or a thin polymer film "Lumirror," we encountered several interesting observations on photoinduced proton transfer in PR:1) proton uptake/release sequence reversal and potential proton translocation direction reversal under alkali conditions, and 2) fast proton release from D227, a secondary counterion of the protonated retinal Schiff base at acidic pH values.

Hybrid potentiodynamic/potentiostatic electrodeposition of thin and compact tin dioxide on indium tin oxide electrodes

Electrodeposition of conformal and compact SnO2 films on transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) has been hardly achieved thus limiting its application in fully solid solar cells such as those based in perovskite absorbers. Here are presented high-quality n-type semiconducting tin (VI) oxide (SnO2) thin films, successfully grown using a hybrid potentiodynamic/potentiostatic approach on both ITO and FTO coated glass substrates after a detailed optimization that included both annealing steps between eletrodepositions. A solution chemistry study together with a spectrophotometric analysis was useful to determine the one-hour time window of stability for the chosen electrolyte as source of tin. Formation mechanisms based in thermodynamic data and accumulated mass measurements using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) are discussed. From the EQCM study the growth rate of films was also estimated in good agreement with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed that substrates are well-covered, crystalline, conformal and free of defects (e.g. without pinholes). The absence of these defects was also well supported by cyclic voltammetry measurements using the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox couple. XPS also confirmed the presence of Sn4+ in optimized films. From the optical properties, after carefully eliminating the influence of oscillations due to interference, a direct bandgap energy at 3.60 eV can be deduced. Another indirect bandgap energy at 3.30 eV can also be possible. The hybrid potentiodynamic/potentiostatic protocol to prepare SnO2 paves a way to prepare compact, transparent and well covering films suitable as electron transporting layer (ETL) for applications in both photoelectrochemical and solid-state solar cells.

Highly sensitive and selective microRNA photoelectrochemical assay with magnetic electron donor–acceptor covalent organic framework as photoactive material and ZnSe QDs as photocurrent-polarity-switching factor

Herein, taking microRNA-138 (miRNA-138) as a model due to its important role in pre-diagnosis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease, a highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor was developed based on the magnetic electron donor–acceptor (D–A) covalent organic framework (COF), Fe3O4 @D–A COF, as the photoactive material and ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) as the photocurrent-polarity-switching factor. Fe3O4 @D–A COF, which contained the structure of D–A with a fast separation and transportation of photogenerated carriers, showed a large cathodic photocurrent. ZnSe QDs, as a photosensitive material, matched with D–A COF in energy level and could change the photocurrent polarity of D–A COF. Finally, the obtained Fe3O4 @D–A COF-hairpin DNA1/ZnSe QDs-hairpin DNA2 complex, which was formed through the miR-138-induced catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) reaction, was adsorbed magnetically on the surface of the magnetic indium tin oxide electrode, producing a large anodic photocurrent. Based on the CHA reaction amplification, magnetic separation, D–A structure of COF and photocurrent-polarity-switching strategy, miRNA-138 was selectively and sensitively assayed (linear range, 1 fM to 10 nM; detection limit, 45 aM). The proposed sensor shows its great prospects in clinical analysis and early diagnosis of disease.

Hierarchically self-constructed alignment layer of comb-shaped amphiphilic copolymers for spontaneous and stable vertical orientation of liquid crystals

Hierarchically self-constructed ordered nanoarchitectures for precise control of molecular alignment has received much attention in a wide range of applications from optoelectronic devices to flexible biosensors. Herein, we present a facile and effective fabrication strategy to create a hierarchically constructed self-alignment layer of comb-shaped amphiphilic copolymers for spontaneous vertical molecular orientation of liquid crystals (LCs). Amphiphilic poly(vinyl 4-heptylbenzoate)-g-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVHB-g-PVA) as a comb-shaped copolymer was doped to an LC medium, and its interfacial self-assembly on indium tin oxide electrode induced the hierarchical self-constructed alignment layer through hydrophilic interactions of hydroxy groups. In addition, hydrophobic and cooperative interactions of alkyl phenyl moieties in amphiphilic copolymers ensured the stable vertical self-alignment of LC molecules. Compared to conventional polyimide layer, the proposed self-constructed alignment layer afforded high vertical alignment ability for LCs and outstanding device performance in terms of the threshold voltage and response speed. Furthermore, the long-term alignment reliability of the proposed copolymeric self-assemblies was comparable to that of commercial alignment layer.

Surface Functionalization of Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes by Self-assembled Monolayers for Direct Assembly of Pre-synthesized SnO2 Nanocrystals as Electron Transport Layers

Surface Functionalization of Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes by Self-assembled Monolayers for Direct Assembly of Pre-synthesized SnO2 Nanocrystals as Electron Transport Layers