Extraction Of Indium Research Articles

Separation of indium from lead smelting hazardous dust via leaching and solvent extraction

A separation and extraction of indium from lead smelting hazardous dust (LSHD) was studied systematically. The novel technological keys included the pressure sulfuric acid leaching of LSHD, precipitation and enrichment of indium, atmosphere sulfuric acid leaching of indium-enriched residues and solvent extraction of indium. The optimum parameters of each procedure were obtained. More than 99% zinc and 95% indium were leached from LSHD by two-stage countercurrent pressure sulfuric acid leaching using the initial CH2SO4 of the 1st stage 30–50g/L, the initial CH2SO4 of the 2nd stage 120–150g/L, temperature 413–433K, total pressure 0.6–1.0Mpa, time 1–1.5h,L/S ratio 3–5/1 and agitation speed 400 r/min respectively. More than 97% indium was precipitated from the 1st pressure sulfuric acid leaching solution under the terminal neutralization pH 4.0, temperature 343–353K and time 1h. More than 96% indium was re-leached by two-stage countercurrent atmosphere sulfuric acid leaching from the indium-enrichment residues using L/S ratio 3–5/1, temperature 363–368K, agitation speed 500 r/min, time 0.75–1.5h, the initial CH2SO4 of the first stage and the second stage atmosphere sulfuric acid leaching with 40–50g/L and 90–110g/L, respectively. More than 98% indium was extracted by three-stage solvent extraction using 30% (v/v) di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), phase ratio 1/6, time 1min and temperature 298K.

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid-solidified floating organic drop microextraction and ETAAS for the preconcentration and determination of indium.

A new, simple and efficient method, including dispersive liquid-liquid-solidified floating organic drop microextraction and then electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, has been developed for the preconcentration and determination of ultratrace amounts of indium. The method was applied to preconcentrate the indium-1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol complex in 25μL 1-undecanol. The various factors affecting the extraction efficiency, such as pH, type and volume of extraction solvent, type and volume of disperser solvent, sample volume, ionic strength, and ligand concentration, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, an enrichment factor of 62.5, precision of ±4.75%, a detection limit of 55.6 ng L-1, and for the calibration graph a linear range of 96.0-3360 ng L-1 were obtained. The method was used for the extraction and determination of indium in water and standard samples with satisfactory results. Graphical Abstract Preconcentration of indium ions via liquid-liquid-solidified floating organic drop microextraction method and determination by ETAAS.

Sorption technology of indium extraction from zinc production solutions

The article studies the dynamic sorption of indium ions from polycomponent solutions with pre-reduced iron (III) containing, g/dm3: 0,084 In3+, 6,2 Fe2+, 67,0 Zn2+ and 19,6 H2SO4, on the Metosol reagent. The latter is a montmorillonite with the following composition (Na,Ca)0,3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2(H2O)n, modified by di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. Its absorption dynamics of metal ions was studied by the method of frontal chromatography. The article determines the values of working (DEC) and total (TDEC) dynamic exchange capacities of the mineral sorbent depending on the specific throughput rate and the eluent temperature. The article justifies and calculates the basic parameters of the sorption technology of selective indium extraction from process solutions used for zinc production operations on the Metosol reagent in columns with subsequent desorption of metal by hydrochloric acid solution (1 : 1).

Selective Extraction of Indium(III) and Gallium(III) with 2-Ethylhexyl Thioglycolate

Selective Extraction of Indium(III) and Gallium(III) with 2-Ethylhexyl Thioglycolate

IMPACT OF SELECTED PARAMETERS ON EXTRACTION OF INDIUM FROM LCD SCREENS

Due to the minute availability of indium and its crucial importance to the world economy, it is necessary to find alternative sources of this metal. As a large proportion of indium production is consumed for the purpose of LCD screen manufacturing, it seems reasonable to investigate their recycling leading to the recovery of this metal. The present work investigates the impact of time, temperature, and the concentration of sulfuric acid on the effectiveness of indium extraction from milled LCD panel glass scrap originating from portable computers manufactured between 2005 and 2012. The conclusion of our research defines the optimal conditions for extraction.

The separation and recovery of indium, gallium, and zinc from spent GZO(IGZO) targets

As the waste of ZnO base display panel increased in recent years, it is a big issue to treat the spent gallium zinc oxides (GZO) and indium gallium zinc oxides (IGZO) targets. A recovery process of indium, gallium, and zinc has been studied. The process was arranged to leach the targets by nitric acid and extract the rare metal individually. To optimized the separation of indium and gallium, the pH value, concentration of extractant and stripping agents, organic-aqueous ratio and reaction time were investigated. In the first step, indium was extracted by Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) to the organic phase. By controlling the conditions, gallium and zinc remained in the aqueous. After indium extraction, gallium was extracted by same extraction agent in different conditions with almost no zinc extracted. Indium and gallium were then stripped by hydrochloric acid separately. With the optimal conditions, the recovery of both indium and gallium could be up to 99.9%. After separation, these three metals were recycled and reused by precipitation and calcination as metal oxides with the purity over 99.5% and then back to the manufacture processes eventually.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of indium present in liquid crystal displays from discarded cell phones using organic acids

The growth in the generation of the waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has won global importance. Cell phones are highlighted between these wastes because of its short life cycle and its great amount of hazardous materials. Thus, this work aims to obtain an effective method for indium extraction from liquid crystal displays (LCD) screens of cell phones using alternative organic acids. For comparative purposes, leaching tests are performed with supercritical CO2 and co-solvents, as well as under conventional conditions using citric and malic acids. The results showed that at atmospheric pressure, 76.5% of indium was extracted after 180min. The use of supercritical CO2 besides providing a reduction in extraction time also provides a higher extraction, reaching 94.6% in just 30min. In summary, a novel method for indium recovery was developed. Furthermore, the process was more efficient using supercritical CO2, increasing the extraction and turning the process 6 times faster than conventional extraction.

Secondary indium production from end‐of‐life liquid crystal displays

AbstractIn 2014, the European Union identified 20 raw materials critical for economic importance and high supply risk. Indium, used in several innovative technologies, is among such critical raw materials. Generally, it is mined as a by‐product of zinc from a mineral named sphalerite, with a concentration between 1 and 100 ppm. Currently, the largest producer of indium is China and about 84% of the worldwide indium consumption is used for liquid crystal display (LCD) production, in particular to form an indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) film with transparent conductor properties. The fast evolution of LCD technologies caused a double effect: the growth of indium demand and an increase of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Considering these two factors, the aim of this study is to make the end‐of‐life LCDs a secondary indium resource. With this purpose, an indium recovery process was developed carrying out an acidic leaching, followed by a zinc cementation. The first step allowed a complete indium extraction using 2M sulfuric acid at 80 °C for 10 min. The problem of low indium concentration in the scraps (around 150 ppm) was overcome using a cross‐current configuration in the leaching phase that allowed an increase of metal concentration and a decrease of reagents consumption. An indium recovery higher than 90% was obtained in the final cementation step, using 5 g/L of zinc powder at pH 3 and 55 °C for 10 min. Considering its high efficiency, this process is promising in a context of circular economy, where a waste becomes a resource. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Solid Phase Extraction and Preconcentration of Trace Gallium, Indium, and Thallium Using New Modified Amino Silica.

Amino silica gel functionalized with 2-hydroxy-5 -(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)benzoic acid was synthesized, characterized and used as adsorbent for the removal of Ga3+, In3+ and Tl3+ from aqueous solution prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Experimental parameters that affect the separation process were investigated in both batch and column modes. The maximum adsorption capacities of the sorbent are 61.7 mg g-1, 81.3 mg g-1 and 133.0 mg g-1 for Ga3+, In3+ and Tl3+, respectively. The preconcentration factor is 200 and the limits of detection of Ga3+, In3+ and Tl3+ are 4.10 μg L-1, 1.55 μg L-1 and 1.21 μg L-1, respectively. Interference by Al3+ can be masked by the addition of F-; and that of Fe3+ by its reduction to Fe2+ using 10% ascorbic acid. The method was successfully applied for the determination of these ions in water, sediments and liquid crystal display samples.

Recovery of indium and yttrium from Flat Panel Display waste using solvent extraction

Oxides of indium and yttrium are two of the key components in Flat Panel Displays (FPDs). In recent years the need to recycle these metal oxides from waste FPDs has been growing. In this work a process to recycle indium and yttrium based on acid leaching and solvent extraction was proposed and studied. Solid waste was leached by acid at S/L ratio = 0.1 g/ml, HCl was found to be more effective than HNO3, possibly due to the formation of soluble metal chloride complexes. The extraction of indium using Cyanex 923 and yttrium using DEHPA from chloride media studied using lab-scale mixer-settlers at a flow rate of 3 ml/min. Leachate of real FPD waste was used as aqueous feed. Good separation between indium, yttrium and other impurities such as iron, copper and aluminum could be achieved by extraction from 1 M HCl with 0.25 M Cyanex 923 diluted in kerosene, followed by stripping with 1 M HNO3 and further purification with 0.2 M DEHPA diluted in kerosene.

Beneficiation and recovery of indium from liquid-crystal-display glass by hydrometallurgy

Considering indium scarcity, the end-of-life (EOL) LCD, which accounts for up to 90% of market share can be a feasible secondary resource upon successful recycling. In the preferred hydrometallurgical process of such critical metals, leaching is the essential primary and essential phase has been investigated. In this process, LCD was mechanically separated along with other parts from EOL TVs through a smartly engineered process developed at our institute, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), the Republic of Korea. After removing plastics and metals from the LCD, it was mechanically shredded for size reduction. The mechanically shredded LCD waste was leached with HCl for recovery of indium. Possible leaching parameters such as; effect of acid concentration, pulp density, temperature and effect of oxidant H2O2 concentration were investigated to identify the best conditions for indium extraction. Indium (76.16×10−3g/L) and tin (10.24×10−3g/L) leaching was achieved at their optimum condition, i.e. lixiviant of 5M HCl, a pulp density of 500g/L, temperature 75°C, agitation speed of 400rpm and time for 120min. At optimum condition the glass, plastic and the valuable metal indium have completely been separated. From indium enriched leach liquor, indium can be purified and recovered through hydrometallurgy.

Recovery of indium from the etching solution of indium tin oxide by solvent extraction

The etching waste solution from the indium‐consuming fabrication processes is considered as the viable resource for indium recovery. The extraction equilibrium of indium(III) from a hydrochloride acid solution using di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as an extractant and dissolved in kerosene by solvent extraction was studied. To optimize the extraction and separation of indium from etching waste solution, the effects of O/A ratio, pH, and extractant concentration on the distribution ratios of In(III) and selective precipitation of alumina, cerium, and iron from indium were also investigated in this work. The experimental results showed that satisfactory separation of alumina, cerium, and iron from indium was achieved with 0.3 M D2EHPA at room temperature and pH values ranging from 1 to 1.5. In this process, 92% of indium could be extracted from 0.74 to 8.62 g/L at an O/A ratio of 1:1. Quantitative stripping experiments of indium by HCl showed that the preferred O/A phase ratio was 1:2 or less at HCl concentration of 2.0 M to attain a high indium recovery and minimum iron coextraction. Where maximum purity is desired, the extraction is desirably carried out in three theoretical extraction stages. Based on these results, the aqueous and organic phase parameters can be easily manipulated to attain a high separation efficiency of indium(III) from commonly associated elements. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 758–763, 2016

First evidence of metal transfer into hydrophobic deep eutectic and low-transition-temperature mixtures: indium extraction from hydrochloric and oxalic acids

This is the first report on metallic species transfer from aqueous hydrochloric and oxalic acid media into hydrophobic deep eutectic and low-transition-temperature mixtures composed of quaternary ammonium salts or menthol and carboxylic acids.

Indium Extraction from Reiche Zeche Sphalerite and Community Analysis of Acidic Mine Water

During the process of industrialization, the world-wide demand for resources steadily increases. Significant amounts of crucial metals and metalloids remain in low grade mineral deposits, however using conventional metal extraction methods on these minerals is not environmentally feasible. To overcome these problems, biohydrometallurgy has become the focus of recent research. Biohydrometallurgy utilizes the activity of iron-oxidizing bacteria to catalyze the dissolution of sulfide minerals, in our case local sphalerite (ZnS), with the aim of winning zinc and indium. To achieve this enrichment cultures originating from waters of the Reiche Zeche mine in Freiberg, Germany, were used as inoculum for two acidic growth media. To explore the efficiency of the bioleaching process leaching tests have been performed in shaking-flasks under laboratory conditions. Ground ore from Reiche Zeche is mainly comprised of the sulfide minerals sphalerite, galena and pyrite. After the leaching process both the solution and the residue were analyzed either by ICP-MS or XRD.The results clearly show that it is possible to leach indium and zinc from natural sphalerite, but that leaching efficiency is hindered, and dissolved indium removed, by the formation of iron-hydroxy precipitates. Hence, optimal conditions for maximum indium recovery with minimal precipitation have to be determined by variation of physico-chemical parameters. Furthermore, the microbial diversity of Reiche Zeche mine waters were studied with cultivation dependent and independent methods.

Extraction and separation of indium and copper from zinc residue leach liquor by solvent extraction

Abstract Solvent extraction and separation of indium and copper from zinc residue reductive leach liquor containing a high concentration of zinc (ca. 85 g/L) and iron (ca. 35 g/L) was studied. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and Acorga M5640 were used as extractants for indium and copper, respectively. Indium was preferentially extracted by 15%(v/v) D2EHPA with three-stage extraction using an aqueous/organic (A/O) phase ratio of 6/1. Indium was effectively stripped from the D2EHPA organic phase by 4 M HCl. Copper was subsequently extracted selectively from the indium-extracted solution using 15%(v/v) Acorga M5640 with three-stage extraction using an A/O phase ratio of 2/1. Copper in the loaded Acorga M5640 organic phase was stripped by a synthetic spent electrolyte solution containing 25 g/L Cu and 180 g/L H 2 SO 4 . Based on the experimental results, a flowsheet for the separation and recovery of indium and copper from the reductive leach solution was developed and tested. The results showed that 95.4% of indium and 95.5% of copper were extracted, and the measured separation factors β In/Zn , β In/Cu , β In/Fe , β CuZn , and β CuFe were 4979, 1975, 3719, 1719, and 2446, respectively.

Separation of In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions using D2EHPA in a laminar microreactor

A microfluidic solvent extraction method is put forward to solve the problems existing in the conventional solvent extraction of indium, such as large waste of extractant, fire hazards, etc. Experiments were performed in a series of microreactors to separate In3+ and Fe3+ from sulfate solutions using D2EHPA as the extractant. The effect of main parameters such as different contact times, microchannel sizes, interface to volume ratios and pH values on the indium extraction efficiency was investigated. The results show that the smaller the channel size, the more the beneficial diffusion and mass transfer. Specifically, in a microchannel, with a size of 100 μm × 50 μm × 120 mm, almost 100% extraction efficiency was reached with contact time about 0·5 s. The mean mass transfer rate can be as high as 0·291 g m− 2 s− 1, and the ratio of mean mass transfer rate of In3+ to that of Fe3+ can be as high as 29·76.

Kinetics of microwave roasting of zinc slag oxidation dust with concentrated sulfuric acid and water leaching

The microwave irradiation is used to roast zinc slag oxidation dust in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid with the aim of accelerating roasting process. The roasted material is leached with tap water for the recovery of zinc and indium. The influence of roasting temperature, particle size, and the ratio of acid to ZSOD mass on the rate of roasting reactions were investigated. The results show that the extraction rate of zinc and indium increases with increasing the roasting temperature and the ratio of acid to ZSOD mass, while decreases with increase in the particle size. The samples were characterized using XRD and SEM. Under the conditions employed in the present work a maximum recovery of 94% and 90% of zinc and indium could be achieved. Shrinking core model was used to describe the kinetic parameters and to identify the rate controlling step. Both zinc and indium extraction were controlled by the internal diffusion in the solid product layer, with the apparent activation energy of the roasting reaction were 15.94kJ/mol and 12.68kJ/mol respectively. The reaction order with respect to concentrated sulphuric acid was 1.75 and 1.59 for zinc and indium, respectively.

Resin Ion Exchange and Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Indium and Thallium from Chloride Media

Separation procedures of indium and thallium for both future investigation of superheavy element 113 and fundamental research of its light homologues have been developed. Two chemical methods, namely ion exchange and solvent extraction, have been applied. Cation exchange behavior in hydrochloric acid media and the reversibility of the In and Tl elution order due to oxidation state of the latter are described. Extraction of Tl(I), Tl(III), and In(III) from aqueous HCl solutions with and without tri-n-butyl phosphate into the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide has been investigated. The extraction efficiencies of Tl(I) and In(III) have been found to be much lower than those of Tl(III) both with and without an organic ligand. The extraction mechanism is suggested. Suggestions for both liquid and gas phase experiments aimed at element 113 studies have been considered based on the results observed.

Materials recovery from waste liquid crystal displays: A focus on indium

In the present work the recovery of indium and of the polarizing film from waste liquid crystal displays was experimentally investigated in the laboratory. First of all, the polarizing film was removed by employing a number of different techniques, including thermal and chemical treatments. Leaching of indium was then performed with HCl 6N, which allowed solubilisation of approximately 90% In (i.e. 260mg In per kg of glass) at room temperature, without shredding. Indium recovery from the aqueous phase was then investigated through solvent extraction with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based aqueous biphasic systems. Indium extraction tests through the PEG–ammonium sulphate–water system were conducted as a function of PEG concentration, salt concentration and molecular weight of PEG, using 1,10 phenanthroline as a ligand. The experimental results demonstrated that indium partitioning between the bottom (salt-rich) and the top (PEG-rich) phase is quite independent on the composition of the system, since 80–95% indium is extracted in the bottom phase and 5–20% in the top phase; it was also found that when PEG concentration is increased, the ratio between the bottom and the upper phase volumes decreases, resulting in an increase of indium concentration in the bottom phase (at [PEG]=25% w/w, indium concentration in the bottom phase is ∼30% higher than the initial concentration before the extraction).

Indium: key issues in assessing mineral resources and long-term supply from recycling

Indium and other geologically scarce metals are routinely integrated into green technologies and modern consumer electronics. The manufacture of solar cells and liquid crystal displays (LCDs) relies strongly on continued indium supply, yet very little research has been conducted to determine what total resources exist to meet future or even present needs. This paper provides an improved understanding of the nature of indium resources and the current and future production and supply of this critical metal through a summary of global trends in indium production and demand, and through a preliminary account of global code-based reporting of indium mineral resources. Authors also present an overview of the potential for indium extraction from mine wastes and recycled electronics using Canadian and Australian case studies. Our preliminary data suggest that considerable resources are likely to exist in a diversity of deposits globally, which have the potential to meet long-term demand for indium. However, it is clear that a secured future supply of this metal will require some shift of focus from conventional extraction practices. It will be necessary to revisit controls on the conversion of resources to reserves and to supply and the discovery of additional resources to replace those depleted by continuing production. The prospects for indium supply from mine wastes and recycled electronics are found to be substantial, and these sources warrant greater consideration given their probable environmental and social advantages over the discovery and development of new primary indium deposits.