Indirect Violence Research Articles

Overlap Between Exposure to Suicidal Behavior and Indirect Interpersonal Violence: Evidence for a More Integrated Approach to Violence Research.

This study examines the overlap between indirect exposure to forms of interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior, and the impact of the co-occurrence of these exposures on indicators of depressed mood and substance use among adolescents. Participants were a national sample of 3,917 youth aged 14-15 years, recruited online between June 2018 and March 2020, including an oversample of sexual and gender minority youth. Eight in ten (81.3%) youth reported exposure to indirect interpersonal violence and/or suicidal behavior in their lifetimes: 39.5% reported only interpersonal violence exposure, 5.9% only suicidal behavior exposure, and 35.9% reported both. Youth who reported exposure to interpersonal violence were almost three times more likely (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, p < .001) to also report suicidal behavior exposure. Compared with youth having no indirect violence exposure, those with only interpersonal violence exposure were 2.25 times more likely (p < .001), those with only exposure to suicidal behavior 2.93 times more likely (p < .001), and those with both were 5.63 times more likely to report recent depressed mood. The unadjusted odds of any substance use was significantly elevated for each type of indirect violence exposure, with the highest odds seen among youth with dual interpersonal violence and suicide exposure (OR = 4.87, p < .001). For both outcomes, significant findings remained but were attenuated after adjusting for demographic characteristics, non-victimization adversity exposure, and cumulative direct victimization. Findings suggest that the combination of exposure to interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior appears to be particularly impactful. Results highlight that assessment of trauma exposure among adolescents needs to be more comprehensive and include not only direct and indirect interpersonal violence, but also knowledge of other people's suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Media Capture and Journalism as Emotional Labor: How Do Media Professionals Manage Bureaucratic Violence in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq?

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the (in)direct tools of governmental bureaucracy used to control journalistic work in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). It calls for understanding media capture not only through structural-level consequences, but also through the methods used to create an environment of instability and unsafety. To make sense of these processes, and how they are experienced and negotiated by journalists, this paper combines scholarship on the emotional labor of journalism with scholarship on processes of media capture in deeply restrictive environments. The mixed-methods approach aims first to uncover structural conditions of media capture in the KRI through a document analysis of 21 public reports published by the Kurdistan Journalists’ Syndicate (KJS) and the Metro Center for Journalists’ Rights and Advocacy (MC) between 2014 and 2020. Second, it aims to reveal how journalists and editors-in-chief from diverse media organizations manage and negotiate these chronic conditions of precarity and instability, through 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews. The results show multiple strategies that have been developed by journalists and editors to mitigate or acclimate direct and indirect bureaucratic violence (e.g., editorial support, socialization skills and networks, understanding of unspoken and unwritten rules, etc.)

Experts and migrants – A survey experiment on public acceptance of violence and child protection interventions

Do experts influence public attitudes toward familial violence and child protection interventions? Are public attitudes on familial violence and child protection interventions biased against migrant families? I conduct a vignette experiment survey on the Norwegian population’s acceptance of psychological and indirect violence to determine whether acceptance increases or decreases due to causal claims credited to experts and/or alleged violence in migrant families, and whether these factors influence the population’s recommended intervention. The analysis shows that there is significant differential acceptance with regard to violence in the children’s environment in migrant and non-migrant families. Yet, concerning psychological violence and state interventions there appears to be little difference. The population attitudes appear unaffected by expert claims with regard to acceptance of violence and state interventions. The study contextualises criticism against the Norwegian child protection services that claims migrant children risks living longer under violent conditions in Norway, as well as claims about a lack of cultural sensitivity. Judicial decision-makers acting in this environment must balance allegations of violence with societal norms and the law, having to ensure equality and not legitimising potential discriminating attitudes.

A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Studies on Workplace Bullying among Nurses.

This study aimed to further understand and compare the phenomenon of workplace bullying (WPB) among clinical nurses in various sociocultural contexts. The study sought to determine appropriate interventions, examining how said interventions should be delivered at individual, work-unit, and institutional levels. Qualitative meta-synthesis was chosen to achieve the study aims. Individual qualitative research findings were gathered, compared, and summarized using the thematic analysis suggested by Braun and Clark. Based on the predefined analytic points, the findings included the following themes: horizontal yet vertical violence, direct and indirect violence on victims, nurses feed on their own, accepting and condoning WPB embedded in ineffective work systems, and rippling over the entire organization. The results showed that the phenomenon of workplace bullying shares quite a few attributes across cultures in terms of the characteristics, types, perpetrators, subjects, and consequences. The findings suggest that interventions to change and improve organizational work culture must be developed and implemented.

How to Start over: Coping Mechanisms during Individual Women Displacement by Organized Crime

Every year, thousands of innocent victims—often women—leave their communities individually and in silence to escape the direct and indirect violence that criminal organizations exert. We explore and catalog the coping strategies these victims implement during what we call individual displacement. Then, we analyze in-depth interviews with women in Mexico—a country going through a severe insecurity crisis—to illustrate how individual, familial, social, and institutional coping occurs. We conclude by discussing how making visible individual displacement and understanding coping strategies can help governmental and non-governmental organizations develop interventions aimed at helping women going through this harrowing experience.

Influence of Direct and Indirect Domestic Violence on Dating Violence Victimization.

This study investigated the relationship between domestic violence and dating violence victimization, and the mediating influence of the justification of dating violence among female Korean university students. The present study uses a cross-sectional survey (N = 550) to examine three research questions. First, does exposure to domestic violence during childhood predict dating violence victimization later in life? Second, does justifying violence mediate the relationship between domestic violence experience and dating violence victimization? Third, does justifying violence show a difference depending on the sexes of the perpetrator in influencing victimization of violence? A series of structural equation modeling analyses were conducted. The results showed that witnessing interparental violence and experiencing child abuse directly influenced dating violence victimization. Second, the justification of violence mediated the relationship between witnessing interparental violence and dating violence victimization. Third, justifying male to female violence influenced dating violence victimization. The study's findings emphasize the importance of the gender-specific justification of violence among young female adults. This study makes essential empirical and theoretical contributions. A more in-depth understanding of the justification of violence between their prior and present experiences of violence in different contexts would support victims to recover and prevent poly-victimization experiences. Significant implications for school counselors as well as practitioners are discussed.

Poly-victimization and opioid use during late adolescence and young adulthood: Health behavior disparities and protective factors.

Recent work has attempted to uncover heterogeneity in experiences of victimization. However, few studies have included important trauma-related characteristics such as known perpetrator, fear of life or injury, and negative reactions to disclosure. Little focus on potentially important subgroup differences including sexual/gender identity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status as well as protective factors have been assessed. Participants (N = 2,880) completed four annual surveys during late adolescence and the transition to young adulthood as part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Latent class analysis was used to extract classes of victimization and trauma-related characteristics. Latent class regression was used to understand how demographic covariates were related to class membership. Finally, discrete-time survival mixture analysis was used to assess latency to opioid use from ages 17 to 24 years, and how demographic and protective factors influenced opioid use across emergent classes. The four-class solution fit the data best: sexual abuse and indirect violence + high trauma characteristics (n = 79, 3.6%); high all + high trauma characteristics (n = 177; 8.1%); chronic emotional abuse + trusted perpetrator (n = 263; 12.1%); and low all (n = 1,656; 76.1%). Latent class regression results indicated differential risk of class membership by sexual/gender minority status, sex assigned at birth, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Survival analysis noted shorter latency to opioid use across all classes compared to the low all class. Self-efficacy and neighborhood cohesion emerged as important protective factors. Furthermore, results highlight key individual- and community-level protective factors that decrease the risk of opioid use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Direct and indirect family violence victimization and nutritional status in adolescents: A scoping review

To review and synthesize peer-reviewed research in scientific journals related to violence against children and adolescents (direct) and/or witness IPV (indirect) associated with nutritional status in adolescents. Seven electronic databases were searched. There was no limitation on the period of publication. Articles published in English, Portuguese or Spanish were included. The selection, data extraction and quality analyses were performed by three reviewers. A search retrieved 1634 references, and after applying the inclusion and eligibility criteria, 15 studies were included in this review. All studies were published between 2007 and 2021. Almost all research took place in high-income countries. The sample size ranged from 136 to 105,759. Fourteen studies focused on direct family violence. Only four studies evaluated indirect violence by witnessing IPV. The literature is mixed in relation to the association between direct and indirect family violence victimization and inadequate nutritional status in adolescents. The findings differed between the study design, sample sizes, measurement instruments, social and cultural contexts. Analyzing the existing literature so far, we consider that there is not enough evidence to affirm the existence or absence of this association. Further studies are important to explore these relationships better.

Émergence des mouvements ambazonien et de la brigade anti sardinards (b.a.s): entre quête de souveraineté anglophone et lutte pour le changement socio-politique au Cameroun

"Since the fall of 2016, Cameroon has been the scene of a fratricidal and separatist conflict in its English-speaking part known as North-west and South-west (NWSW). This war has to date caused more than 3,000 loss of human lives, 700,000 Cameroonian refugees, and the closure of nearly 80% of schools. This conflict, orchestrated by a group of secessionist fighters known as ""Amba-boys"", which constitutes the ""Ambazonian movement"", has made the English-speaking regions the most militarized part of Cameroon. At the same time, a protest movement against the capture of power by the Biya regime has been formed since 2018 within the Cameroonian diaspora: the Anti-Sardinards Brigade (B.A.S). The objective of this work is therefore to understand the logic of action and the protest strategies of these two movements. To achieve this, we used a qualitative research method. It appears that these movements are fighting against a common adversary, namely: the regime in power for 40 years. However, their divergence lies at the ideological level and in their conflicting strategies. The Ambazonian movement advocates, through direct violence, secession in order to promote Anglophone sovereignty. While the B.A.S fights for the socio-political change of the country, through indirect violence. Keywords: conflict strategy, protest, movement, Anti Sardinards Brigade, ambazonien movement, conflict, secessionist, sociopolitical change "

Building emotional-political communities to address gendered violence against women and girls during COVID-19 in the favelas of Maré, Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Although the intensification of direct and indirect gendered violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic has been extensively reported globally, there is limited research on women’s responses to it. Addressing calls to explore the relationships between emotional-affective atmospheres and politics during the pandemic as well as to centre analyses of gendered violence within geography, this paper explores how women in the favelas of Maré, in Rio de Janeiro have developed mutual support, (self)-care and activism in the face of the crisis. Engaging with nascent debates on responses to COVID-19, together with feminist geographical work on resistance to gendered violence, the article adapts the notion of ‘emotional communities’ developed by Colombian anthropologist, Myriam Jimeno, to examine how emotional bonds created among survivors of violence are reconfigured into political action. Drawing on qualitative research with 32 women residents and 9 community actors involved in two core community initiatives in Maré, the paper develops the idea of building reactive and transformative ‘emotional-political communities’ at individual and collective levels to mitigate gendered violence and wider intersectional structural violence. Emotional-political community building is premised on grassroots activism among women and organisations that develops as part of compassionate (self)-care and the quiet rather than spectacular politics of change.

Intimate Partner Violence in University Students- A Qualitative Study

Intimate partner violence is a major public health issue that has an impact on students' physical, mental and academic achievement. In order to define and understand the dating violence that students experience during the most productive times of their lives, it is necessary to examine the world they live in. This study was carried out in the phenomenology pattern of the qualitative study in order to examine the dating violence experiences of university students and the factors affecting them. The study was carried out with 30 students studying at a state university in Turkey. As a result of the data obtained as a result of the interviews with university students, 110 main codes, 6 sub-themes and two main themes as "direct violence" and "indirect violence" emerged. As a result of the study, while university students experience different forms of intimate partner violence, there are also more observed forms of violence than gender. Keywords: Intimate partner violence, University students, Qualitative study DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/98-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

Decolonizing the Mind: Amari’s Quest towards Allyship in Tomi Adeyemi’s Children of Blood and Bone

Decolonizing the Mind: Amari’s Quest towards Allyship in Tomi Adeyemi’s Children of Blood and Bone Sylvia Barnes (bio) Colonization isn’t a thing that happens just geographically. It also affects the mindset of the colonized and the colonizer. In Children of Blood and Bone by Tomi Adeyemi, Amari undergoes the process of decolonizing her mind. Once Amari can leave her home that she had been trapped inside, she is able to experience things from a different perspective and from a mindset that is not synonymous with the life that she had previously left. Amari’s relationship, or budding friendship, with Zelie is one that has growing pains. Zelie is quite hesitant and reluctant to get close to Amari, but as the novel progresses, their friendship sparks Amari’s transition from the mindset of a colonizer to one that instead considers the experiences of those who have been colonized. This is not a simple process for either Zelie or Amari. Zelie’s hesitancy towards Amari stems from being on the receiving end of the violence and the degradation that are imposed onto divîners from the Orïshans. The foundation for this violence is fear, which is connected to colonialism; however, fear is a double-edged sword. The colonizers have weaponized fear in order to make the colonized subordinates, yet at the same the colonizers themselves embody this fear; thus “colonial violence, seems to have given way to indirect violence, the colonial order has contaminated the land of the colonizers” (France 8). However, eventually it is actually this violence that allows Zelie and Amari to see that, despite their different backgrounds they in fact have more in common than not. Construction of the Novel Children of Blood and Bone was published in 2018 and created a world that captivated readers of various ages. The construction of Children of Blood and Bone itself is a large part of the allure of Adeyemi’s novel, with different chapters allowing for the voices of her characters, Amari, Inan, Tzain, and Zelie, to be heard individually in an overlapping fashion that emphasizes their different perspectives. It is through this overlapping and layering of first-person perspectives that the reader is able to see a shift in each of the character’s mindset. For example, Amari undergoes a process to free herself from the different restrictions that have been previously placed upon her by her father and his indoctrination. Her brother, Inan, will also undergo this shift in mindset. Whenever Inan witnesses Zelie being beaten and having the word “maggot” carved into her back by his father’s decree, he starts [End Page 50] to have both empathy and sympathy towards her. Thus, he will learn what truly happened and not blindly believe the information that his father has provided. This difference in perspective can be seen when Zelie explains to him the reality of how things are for those who are not of noble status: “You can’t. They built this world for you, built it to love you. They never cursed at you in the streets, never broke down the doors of your home. They didn’t drag your mother by her neck and hang her for the whole world to see” (Adeyemi 313). Zelie articulates her pain in this statement, thereby providing Inan with insight about her survived hardships and troubles based upon her status. At the moment of Inan and Zelie’s encounter, he has not been privy to this information. Given his noble status, he has only had access to information that has been censored by his father. Therefore, any information that contradicts his previous knowledge causes him to self-reflect. In the following chapter, the voice shifts from Zelie to Inan. Zelie states to Inan, “Fool yourself all you want, little prince, but don’t feign innocence with me. I won’t let your father get away with what he’s done. I won’t let your ignorance silence my pain” (315). Zelie uses her voice to articulate her opinion and her pain. She chooses to force herself, and her people, into the dominant narrative—a narrative that has created an image that is not entirely accurate...

Divide and cultivate: The role of prisons and Indian reservations in U.S. agricultural imperialism

This article examines the spatial history of U.S. food production through the evolution of two carceral spaces: rural penitentiaries and Indian reservations. These sites have long provided opportunities to spatially fix surplus labor and capital in U.S. agriculture: from the confinement of Indians during settler colonialism, through the regulation of labor surpluses after Reconstruction, to the present-day expansion of convict leasing to backfill migrant labor shortages. This article challenges traditional framings of prisons and reservations as peripheries excluded from core landscapes of food production and consumption. Instead, these “carceral fixes” participate in specially mediated relationships with “free” agriculture—relationships that respond to the crisis-driven demands of capital and currents of racism and nativism. Within the U.S. food system, this flexibility has made prisons and reservations indispensable for spatially fixing not only capital and labor, but racial violence. Through these relationships, the indirect violence of falling farm prices is translated into the direct violence of physical and mental abuse, exploitation, alienation, diabetes, and malnutrition. Critically, this state-mediated violence is redirected from white to nonwhite bodies.

The inhabitants of the border

In the midst of the so-called “crisis” of refugees in Europe, it is imperative to identify the particular challenges faced by refugee women and girls, in order to assess the effectiveness of public policies implemented for this social group. Assuming that there is specific violence suffered by refugee women, this article consists in a case study of refugee reception policies by European Union States between 2015 and 2021. Mobilizing Feminist and Decolonial theoretical approaches to International Relations and Subaltern Studies, it is concluded that direct and indirect violence is being perpetrated against refugees in EU countries. Thus, this work argues that public policies for refugees in the EU do not sufficiently reduce this situation of violence. The regional norms for the reception of refugees from the European Union, however, grant wide discretion to the Member States to implement public policies of this nature, which results in dissonances between the reception standards in each State. The reality of insufficiency and inefficiency of reception policies carried out by EU Member States on issues of gender-based violence, consists of a type of institutional silencing and the reproduction of subalternity.

Obstetric Violence in Childbirth Care in Baja California: Nursing Personnel Perceptions

This article aims to analyze nursing staff perceptions regarding the mistreatment of women during pregnancy and childbirth. A qualitative study was conducted using discourse analysis of 23 interviews with nursing staff in Baja California, Mexico. Two categories were identified: direct and indirect obstetric violence and institutional factors. The findings show that all study participants reported cases of obstetric violence against women. Factors such as the lack of medical equipment and trained professionals stand out as causes of stress that manifest as obstetric violence. Other causes are the culture of medicalization, limited knowledge of international and Mexican standards, and inadequate personnel training. In conclusion, it is essential to improve obstetric care by promoting the NOM-007-SSA2-2016 to achieve a woman-centered care model based on international recommendations. Furthermore, sufficient trained staff and medical equipment are imperative.

Kekerasan Verbal Pasangan Suami Istri di Daerah Ujungbatu Kabupaten Rokan Hulu

Verbal violence in husband-wife communication relationship is a phenomenon that is almost often found in every household with different intensity and levels. The purpose of this study was to describe the acts of verbal violence between husband and wife in Ujungbatu, Rokan Hulu district. The formulation of the problems studied in these study are: 1) knowing the form of verbal violence between husband and wife in the Ujungbatu area, 2) knowing the faktors that cause verbal violence between husband and wife couples in Ujungbatu area. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The source of the data was obtained through wives who experienced acts of verbal violence. Data collection methods used are observation, interviews, recording, and notes. The results of this study indicate that verbal violence by husband and wife consists of: 1. the forms of verbal violence experienced by married couples are 25 utterances. These forms can be categorized into 4 types, namely direct speech acts of violence consisting of 15 utterances, indirect violence of 4 utterances, speech acts of repressive violence consisting of 4 utterances, and speech acts of alienative verbal violence consisting of 2 utterances. 2. Factors that cause acts of verbal violence include what factors you want to convey, state factors, mood factors and environmental factors.

Patterns of Violence Exposure and Substance Use among Child Welfare Involved Youth.

Emerging research suggests an association between exposure to violence, specifically indirect forms, and substance use among youth involved in the child welfare (CW) system. However, this has only been recently and tentatively explored. This study examined the associations among various forms of indirect violence exposure and substance use among subgroups of youth involved in the CW system. The analytic sample consisted of participants (aged 11 years or older) in the baseline year of the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (2008-2012), including youth and their caregivers. Latent class analysis was used to examine associations among distinct forms of indirect violence exposure and substance use and the potential identification of unique at-risk groups. Models for the overall sample suggested two classes of at-risk youth, with the higher-risk class having higher probabilities of alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use, which coincided with higher probabilities of exposure to arrests, stealing, drug deals, and weapon use. However, stratified models suggested unique results for youth aged 13-14 and 15-17, suggesting that the confluence of these risks appears to differ developmentally. Prevention and intervention services for CW-involved youth should assess and address violence exposure types among youth as a potential opportunity to mitigate substance use and subsequent high-risk behavior.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Image Segmentation under Edge Detection Intelligent Algorithm in Diagnosis of Surgical Wrist Joint Injuries.

Background Wrist joint injury refers to the injury of the wrist joint caused by excessive stretching of the ligaments and joint capsules around the joint caused by indirect violence. The tissue structure of the wrist joint is complex, and the clinical diagnosis effect is poor. Methods The purpose of this study was to improve the diagnostic accuracy of wrist joint injuries and provide evidence for imaging analysis and automatic diagnosis of lesions in patients with wrist joint injuries. The Canny algorithm was adopted to extract the edge features of the patient's magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image, and the particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO-SVM) algorithm was applied to segment the lesion. The image processing effect of the algorithm was evaluated by taking peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), figure of merit (FOM), and structural similarity (SSIM) as indicators. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Dice similarity coefficient of the algorithm were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy in WJI. Results Compared with the Gradient Vector Flo (GVF) algorithm and the Elastic Automatic Region Growing (ERG) algorithm, the edge stability of the PSO-SVM algorithm was stable above 0.9. After the quality of images processed using different algorithms was analyzed, it was found that the PSNR of the PSO-SVM algorithm was 26.891 ± 5.331 dB, the MSE was 0.0014 ± 0.0003, the FOM was 0.8832 ± 0.0957, and the SSIM was 0.9032 ± 0.0807. The four indicators were all much better than those of the GVF algorithm and the EARG algorithm, showing statistically obvious differences (P < 0.05). Analysis on diagnostic accuracy of different algorithms for WJI suggested that the diagnostic accuracy of the PSO-SVM algorithm was 0.9413, the sensitivity was 0.9129, the specificity was 0.9088, and the Dice similarity coefficient was 0.8715. The four indicators all showed statistically great difference compared with those of the GVF algorithm and the EARG algorithm (P < 0.05). Conclusions The PSO-SVM algorithm showed excellent edge detection performance and higher accuracy in the diagnosis of WJI, which can assist clinicians in the clinical auxiliary diagnosis of WJI.

Exploring the functional distinction between Hindu religiosity and spirituality in direct and indirect domestic violence prevention PSAs: a study of bystander intervention in the era of COVID-19

Intervening in a domestic violence scenario is challenging, and the act of helping victims of abuse has become exceedingly difficult with the onset of COVID-19. During lockdowns, women end up trapped with perpetrators of domestic violence, severely restricting the means of seeking help. Bystanders can play an important role in providing assistance, and the motivation to intervene depends on various underlying factors. The uncertainty caused by the pandemic has encouraged people to find solace and hope in religion and spirituality. Using goal congruity and priming theories, we treated religiosity and spirituality as separate constructs and investigated their impact on attitude toward helping victims and intention to engage in direct intervention (i.e. knocking on the door) or indirect intervention (i.e. calling the advertised helpline) among Hindus in India. Findings show that only spirituality influenced intention, via attitude, to engage in indirect intervention, while only religiosity directly influenced intention to engage in direct intervention. In terms of goal congruity, priming the advertised intervention (i.e. direct or indirect) triggered the salience of one’s religious (i.e. ego-driven self-enhancement) or spiritual (i.e. altruism) goals. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Exploring exposure to intertwined community violence among Uruguayan adolescents using a mixed-method approach.

Building on the case of adolescents (aged 12-16 years) from underprivileged neighborhoods in Montevideo, two studies explore patterns of exposure to community violence among understudied South American youth. Applying a mixed-methods approach, the first study (n = 117) used principal component analysis to examine response patterns on a self-reported exposure to community violence scale. The second study examined subjective experience, drawing from focus group discussions with adolescents (n = 27) and their teachers (n = 22). Events were clustered into three components: indirect violence, traumatic violence, physical/verbal abuse, and robbery. Participants described the severity of violence in relation to chronic exposure, processes of naturalization, and permeable boundaries among the neighborhood, school, family, and social media networks. Violence chronicity and potential threats to life appear to be central dimensions in community violence reporting. Delimitating the study of community violence based on the setting or perceptual closeness has limited socioecological relevance.