Indirect View Research Articles

Kant and Animals ed. by John J. Callanan and Lucy Allais

Reviewed by: Kant and Animals ed. by John J. Callanan and Lucy Allais Gary Steiner John J. Callanan and Lucy Allais, editors. Kant and Animals. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. xii + 258. Cloth, $80.00. A well-known Kant scholar once said to me, "You know, I love to study Kant because I think he's right about everything!" While it may be unlikely that that or any other Kant scholar really believes that Kant was "right about everything," the statement reminds us that, roughly speaking, there are two kinds of philosopher: those who are fully invested in vindicating as much of Kant's thought as humanly possible, and those who are concerned that Kant's thought is in many respects the culmination of a historical line of thought that is based on some deeply troubling premises. The authors of this volume seek to span this divide but ultimately fall heavily into the former camp. This, however, does not keep this volume from being unusually informative and thought provoking. Perhaps the highest praise I can offer of it is that while I disagree with almost all of the major conclusions presented by the contributors, I nonetheless learned a great deal and gained inspiration for my own continuing work on Kant's views about nonhuman animals from reading this volume. Attention to language can prove to be highly revealing. Arthur Ripstein and Sergio Tenenbaum present a defense of Kant's indirect duties view in which there are numerous [End Page 517] references to "the brutes" (e.g. 150, 152). One might be inclined to accept these as a benign, conventional way of referring to nonhuman animals, or one might not even take notice of such references given their ubiquity in our historical discourse about nonhuman animals. Similarly, the contributors follow the convention of distinguishing "human beings" from "animals," with the obligatory footnote indicating that, yes, human beings are animals as well, but that the human-animal shorthand is simply intended to serve the interest of linguistic economy. Near the beginning of her essay on moral responsibility for nonhuman animals, Helga Varden invokes "the obvious, assumed presumption … that humans are a kind of animal" as the rationale for the prevailing shorthand (157n1). I myself used to do this when writing about the moral status of nonhuman animals, but decided to stop doing so when I realized that this abbreviated nomenclature simply reinforces the sense that we humans are not "really" animals after all, even though we insist that we indeed are. References such as "brute" and "human versus animal" prove to be highly instructive symptoms of a global set of presuppositions about the categorical superiority of human beings over nonhuman animals that have persisted in the Western philosophical tradition since Greek antiquity. This global set of presuppositions is one embraced not only by many of the contributors to this volume, but more importantly by Kant himself. The detailed display of this set of presuppositions puts readers of this volume in a position to take their own critical stand on them as well as on the specific commitments to which they lead Kant. In her essay on moral responsibility for animals, Varden acknowledges that moral duties are "anthropocentric in a certain sense" (160), but she maintains that the specific sense of anthropocentrism is eminently defensible inasmuch as nonhuman animals lack the rationally informed freedom requisite for being a member of the moral community (164). To the extent that nonhuman animals lack this capacity, Varden suggests, "moral duties are always directed at moral agents" (165). In this connection, Varden acknowledges Peter Singer's and Tom Regan's "anti-speciesist" efforts to challenge Kant's views, but she rejects these efforts on the grounds that the "supplied intuitions" are misguided (166). Varden devotes only a single sentence to a specific consideration of Singer's and Regan's views, so it does not become as clear as it might what these supplied intuitions are supposed to be. Here this reader wishes the author had gone a bit deeper than Regan's "subject-of-alife" criterion to address explicitly his powerful concept of the moral patient—a notion that squarely challenges the account of the...

The New Fiction View of Models

How do models represent reality? There are two conditions that scientific models must satisfy to be representations of real systems, the aboutness condition and the epistemic condition. In this paper, I critically assess the two main fictionalist theories of models as representations, the indirect fiction view and the direct fiction view, with respect to these conditions. And I develop a novel proposal, what I call ‘the new fiction view of models’. On this view, models are akin to fictional stories; they represent real-world phenomena if they stand in a denotation relation with reality; and they enable knowledge of reality via the generation of theoretical hypotheses, model-world comparisons and direct attributions.

The Impact Of Playground Green Space To Supply Physical And Mental Needs Of 9-12 Years Old Children For Their Emotional, Social And Cognitive Development

Childhood is a very important age period and often has been overlooked. As unawareness that many behavioral traits affect experiences of the early years of our lives so the environment in action and learning during the operation, play a crucial role. When it comes to in public areas and keeping with their peers, children could learn many life circums‌tances, known as social behaviors. This s‌tudy aims to inves‌tigate the role of green space playgrounds in children's development. For this s‌tudy, six playgrounds in Shiraz have been considered. This s‌tudy is combinational and has used the library method for data collection, the indirect and field view. In the indirect method, 200 ques‌tionnaires were randomly dis‌tributed between parents and children 9 to 12 years in playgrounds, residential complexes, schools, parks. And then we try to analyze the data by using s‌tatis‌tical methods and the SPSS20 software. The results of this research showed that green space in the playground has a great effect on the growth and development of children, and this has led to the emotional-social and cognitive development of children.

Comparing Emergency Department First-Attempt Intubation Success With Standard-Geometry and Hyperangulated Video Laryngoscopes

It is unclear whether laryngoscopy using a standard-geometry blade shape, able to obtain both direct and indirect views, is associated with different first-attempt success or adverse events during emergency intubation compared with using a hyperangulated blade capable of indirect laryngoscopy only. We sought to compare first-attempt intubation success between patients intubated with a standard geometry video laryngoscope versus a hyperangulated video laryngoscope. We analyzed data from the National Emergency Airway Registry from January 2016 to December 2018. Patients aged 14 years or older were included if the first attempt at oral intubation was performed with a standard-geometry or hyperangulated video laryngoscope. We used multiple logistic regression to determine whether blade shape was independently associated with first-attempt intubation success. During the study period, 11,927 of 19,071 intubation encounters met inclusion criteria, including 7,255 (61%) with a standard blade and 4,672 (39%) with a hyperangulated blade. Unadjusted analysis revealed higher success with a standard-geometry blade, 91.9% versus 89.2% (absolute difference 2.7% [95% confidence interval 1.6% to 3.8%]; odds ratio for standard-geometry laryngoscope compared with hyperangulated laryngoscope 1.37 [95% confidence interval 1.21 to 1.55]). The logistic regression model, however, demonstrated no association between blade shape and first-attempt success (adjusted odds ratio for standard-geometry laryngoscopy compared with hyperangulated laryngoscopy 1.32 [95% confidence interval 0.81 to 2.17]). In this large registry of patients intubated with video laryngoscopy in the emergency department, we observed no association between blade shape (standard-geometry versus hyperangulated laryngoscope) and first-attempt intubation success after adjusting for confounding variables.

Pragmatic recommendations for intubating critically ill patients with suspected COVID-19.

Pragmatic recommendations for intubating critically ill patients with suspected COVID-19.

Direct versus indirect laryngoscopy using a Macintosh video laryngoscope: a mannequin study comparing applied forces.

Upper airway injury and sympathetic activation may be related to the forces applied during laryngoscopy. We compared the applied forces during laryngoscopy using direct and indirect visualization of a standardized mannequin glottis. Force transducers were applied to the concave surface of a GlideScope T-MAC Macintosh-style video laryngoscope that can also be used as a conventional direct-view laryngoscope. Thirty-four anesthesiologists performed four laryngoscopies (two direct and two indirect views) on an Ambu mannequin in a randomized sequence. During each laryngoscopy, participants were instructed to obtain views corresponding to > 80% and 50% of the glottic opening aperture. Peak and impulse forces were measured for each view. To achieve a 50% glottic opening view, the top 10th percentile force was higher with direct vs indirect laryngoscopy in terms of peak (difference, 9.1 newton; 99% confidence interval [CI], 7.4 to 13.9) and impulse (difference, 56.4 newton·sec; 99% CI, 49.0 to 81.7) forces. To achieve >80% view of the glottic opening, median force was higher with direct vs indirect laryngoscopy in terms of peak (difference, 3.6 newton; 99% CI, 1.6 to 7.3) and impulse (difference, 20.4 newton·sec; 99% CI, 11.7 to 35.1) forces. In this mannequin study, lower forces applied during indirect vs direct laryngoscopy may reflect an advantage of video laryngoscopy, but additional studies using patients are required to confirm the clinical implications of these findings.

Moral Standing of Animals and Some Problems in Veterinarian Ethics

This paper discusses the Indirect Duties View implying that, when our actions have no negative effects on humans, we can treat animals any way we wish. I offer several criticisms of this view. Subsequently, I explore some implications of rejecting this view that rise in the contexts of animal research and veterinarian ethics.

Virtual pointer for gaze guidance in laparoscopic surgery.

A challenge of laparoscopic surgery is learning how to interpret the indirect view of the operative field. Acquiring professional vision-understanding what to see and which information to attend to, is thereby an essential part of laparoscopic training and one in which trainers exert great effort to convey. We designed a virtual pointer (VP) that enables experts to point or draw free-hand sketches over an intraoperative laparoscopic video for a novice to see. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the virtual pointer in guiding novices' gaze patterns. We conducted a counter-balanced, within-subject trial to compare the novices' gaze behaviors in laparoscopic training with the virtual pointer compared to a standard training condition, i.e., verbal instruction with un-mediated gestures. In the study, seven trainees performed four simulated laparoscopic tasks guided by an experienced surgeon as the trainer. A Tobii Pro X3-120 eye-tracker was used to capture the trainees' eye movements. The measures include fixation rate, i.e., the frequency of trainees' fixations, saccade amplitude, and fixation concentration, i.e., the closeness of trainees' fixations. No significant difference in fixation rate or saccade amplitude was found between the virtual pointer condition and the standard condition. In the virtual pointer condition, trainees' fixations were more concentrated (p = 0.039) and longer fixations were more clustered, compared to the Standard condition (p = 0.008). The virtual pointer effectively improved surgical trainees' in-the-moment gaze focus during the laparoscopic training by reducing their gaze dispersion and concentrating their attention on the anatomical target. These results suggest that technologies which support gaze training should be expert-driven and intraoperative to efficiently modify novices' gaze behaviors.

Real‐time Indirect Illumination of Emissive Inhomogeneous Volumes using Layered Polygonal Area Lights

AbstractIndirect illumination involving with visually rich participating media such as turbulent smoke and loud explosions contributes significantly to the appearances of other objects in a rendering scene. However, previous real‐time techniques have focused only on the appearances of the media directly visible from the viewer. Specifically, appearances that can be indirectly seen over reflective surfaces have not attracted much attention. In this paper, we present a real‐time rendering technique for such indirect views that involves the participating media. To achieve real‐time performance for computing indirect views, we leverage layered polygonal area lights (LPALs) that can be obtained by slicing the media into multiple flat layers. Using this representation, radiance entering each surface point from each slice of the volume is analytically evaluated to achieve instant calculation. The analytic solution can be derived for standard bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) based on the microfacet theory. Accordingly, our method is sufficiently robust to work on surfaces with arbitrary shapes and roughness values. In addition, we propose a quadrature method for more accurate rendering of scenes with dense volumes, and a transformation of the domain of volumes to simplify the calculation and implementation of the proposed method. By taking advantage of these computation techniques, the proposed method achieves real‐time rendering of indirect illumination for emissive volumes.

Augmented Reality Game for Anti Corruption Education in Behavior of Students of University

The behavior of students of university in their study have an effect in their character toward corruption. As motivation effects the behavior and the behavior effects the character of person [1]. Game is one of interactive digital media that can be used as educational tools. Game education is a digital game which structured for educational purpose [2]. Augmented Reality game is a live direct or indirect view from real word perspective whose elements are augmented by computer-generated in which a view of reality is modified even diminished by a computer [3]. This Journal contains the result of using Augmented Reality game as education media for anti corruption education in behavior of university students. Education materials consist of bad behavior of university students that appear on their study and their relation with corruption.Keywords – Augmented Reality, Game, Behavior, University, Student, Education

Seeing a Work of Art Indirectly: When a Reproduction Is Better Than an Indirect View, and a Mirror Better Than a Live Monitor.

Visiting a museum and seeing an original artwork can be a special experience. We use a survey and a set of hypothetical questions to explore how such experience would be affected by changes in how the artwork is seen. In a first study, participants imagined that they had traveled to see a painting that they particularly like. They discover that it is impossible to directly see the original painting. Three alternatives are offered: seeing an optical reflection (using a mirror), seeing a video screening (a closed-circuit camera), or seeing a reproduction. In all cases, it is made clear that the size, brightness, and resolution will match that of the original. In addition, these options could be within the same room as the original, in the room next door, or in a different building. Results show that physical distance did not affect significantly the responses. However, there was an overall preference for seeing a reproduction as opposed to an optical or digital image. Contrary to the idea that the original is always superior to a copy, many people felt that a direct view of a copy is a preferable experience than an indirect view. The second study was focused directly on the comparison between a mirror and a monitor. Here we highlighted the fact that for the mirror light coming from the mirror originated from the painting. Data were collected in Britain and in China. In both cases, there was a clear preference for the mirror over the monitor.

Leveraging core capabilities and environmental dynamism for food traceability and firm performance in a food supply chain: A moderated mediation model

This paper develops a moderated mediation model in which the interactive effects of food traceability and environmental dynamism on firm performance are mediated by the core capabilities (operating capabilities and marketing capabilities) in food supply chain context, by invoking the indirect view of organizational learning theory. Our hypotheses were tested using hierarchical regression and bootstrapping methods with a sample of 216 food manufacturing firms in China, and a survey-based, two-informant design was used to collect data. The results revealed that operating and marketing capabilities fully mediate the food traceability-performance link. In addition, environmental dynamism positively moderates the food traceability-core capabilities link. Moreover, it is found that operating and marketing capabilities transform the interactive impacts of environmental dynamism and food traceability into firm performance. Our study offers a fine-grained picture of the essential food traceability-performance link by revealing for the first time that there is an interactive impacts of food traceability and environmental dynamism on firm performance via core capabilities.

The Problem of Causality in Object-Oriented Ontology

Abstract Object-oriented ontologists understand relations of cause and effect to be sensory or aesthetic in nature, not involving direct interaction between objects. Four major arguments are used to defend an indirect view of causation: 1) that there are analogies between perception and causation, 2) that the indirect view can account for cases of causation which a direct view cannot, 3) an Occasionalist argument that direct interaction would make causation impossible, and 4) that the view simply fits better with object-oriented ontology’s own premises. However, each argument is fallacious or otherwise unconvincing. The first affirms the consequent. The second fails because the relevant cases can easily be accounted for with a direct view. The third makes false assumptions about the relation between parts and wholes. And the fourth can also be used to argue against object-oriented ontology. Many of these problems can be traced to the methodological aspects of object-oriented ontology and might be avoided by emphasizing the role of non-argumentative justification in metaphysics.

Comparision of Direct vs Indirect Laryngoscopic View by C-Mac Videolaryngoscope

Comparision of Direct vs Indirect Laryngoscopic View by C-Mac Videolaryngoscope

МОЖЛИВОСТІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ДОПОВНЕНОЇ РЕАЛЬНОСТІ В ТРАНСПОРТІ ТА ІНШИХ ВАЖЛИВИХ ГАЛУЗЯХ

Augmented Reality is a direct, or indirect view on real physical environment, which elements are augmented by computer calculations. The concept of augmented reality allows a computer to receive information from the environment to preform calculations and display the results in most simple way for a human - in physical space. Augmented reality has many scopes of application, it is used in design, in sports, military purposes, medicine and, of course, in games. The development of augmented reality technology leads to improving user experience, simplifying data input and output. It also makes it possible to use environmental data and augment it with information from external sources. As a result of the study, an application for the mobile iOS operating system was created as a video game with the use of augmented reality and technologies Apple ARKit on the base of 3D engine Unity. Video game clearly demonstrates the capabilities of AR, using a regular smartphone.

Information sharing, operations capabilities, market intelligence responsiveness and firm performance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer an alternative explanation for inconclusive results in the existing literature on the information sharing-firm performance link by examining a moderated mediation model in which operations capabilities mediate the interactive effects of information sharing and market intelligence responsiveness on firm performance within a supply chain context. Drawing on the indirect view of dynamic capability theory, the authors propose that information sharing redeploys and reconfigures operations capabilities, thus leading to superior firm performance, even with a high level of market intelligence responsiveness.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses were tested using hierarchical regression and bootstrapping methods with a sample of 154 Chinese manufacturing firms. A survey-based, two-informant design was used to collect data.FindingsThe results revealed that operations capabilities fully mediate the relationship between information sharing and firm performance. The information sharing-operations capabilities link is positively moderated by market intelligence responsiveness. Moreover, operations capabilities positively mediate the interactive effects of information sharing and responsiveness on performance.Originality/valueThe study shifts the research focus from the moderating effect of market intelligence responsiveness in the information sharing-performance link to the interactive effects between information sharing and responsiveness on performance via operations capabilities, thus offering a finer-grained picture of the essential information sharing-performance link. To the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to advocate and substantiate the theoretical claim that even with a high level of responsiveness, a firm’s performance relies on its operations capabilities, which are renewed and enhanced by information sharing, rather than on information sharing itself.

Animal Suffering and Moral Salience: A Defense of Kant’s Indirect View

Animal Suffering and Moral Salience: A Defense of Kant’s Indirect View

A real-time logo detection system using data offloading on mobile devices

ABSTRACTIn the past few years, mobile augmented reality (AR) has attracted a great deal of attention. It presents us a live, direct or indirect view of a real-world environment whose elements are augmented (or supplemented) by computer-generated sensory inputs such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data. Also, deep learning has the potential to improve the performance of current AR systems. In this paper, we propose a distributed mobile logo detection framework. Our system consists of mobile AR devices and a back-end server. Mobile AR devices can capture real-time videos and locally decide which frame should be sent to the back-end server for logo detection. The server schedules all detection jobs to minimise the maximum latency. We implement our system on the Google Nexus 5 and a desktop with a wireless network interface. Evaluation results show that our system can detect the view change activity with an accuracy of and successfully process 40 image processing jobs before deadline.

Augmented reality for history education

Augmented Reality is live, direct or indirect view of a physical real world environment whose elements are augmented by personal computers (PC) that produces the information such as sound, video, designs or GPS data. This paper shows an instructive mobile application based system model on Augmented Reality which is used to learn subjects like history through augmented videos. The objective of development of this system model is to make the learning interesting for the young generation. Unity 3D and Vuforia Augmented Reality Software Development Kit (SDK) is used for the development of this model. The prime purpose of this application model is to enhance the learning process with digital technologies. This paper has step by step implementation instructions for the development of augmented reality modeling that can supplement the current teaching-learning environment to generate interest among young generation in less interesting subjects such as History, Geography, etc.

Can Augmented Reality Be Helpful in Pelvic Bone Cancer Surgery? An In Vitro Study.

Application of surgical navigation for pelvic bone cancer surgery may prove useful, but in addition to the fact that research supporting its adoption remains relatively preliminary, the actual navigation devices are physically large, occupying considerable space in already crowded operating rooms. To address this issue, we developed and tested a navigation system for pelvic bone cancer surgery assimilating augmented reality (AR) technology to simplify the system by embedding the navigation software into a tablet personal computer (PC). Using simulated tumors and resections in a pig pelvic model, we asked: Can AR-assisted resection reduce errors in terms of planned bone cuts and improve ability to achieve the planned margin around a tumor in pelvic bone cancer surgery? We developed an AR-based navigation system for pelvic bone tumor surgery, which could be operated on a tablet PC. We created 36 bone tumor models for simulation of tumor resection in pig pelves and assigned 18 each to the AR-assisted resection group and conventional resection group. To simulate a bone tumor, bone cement was inserted into the acetabular dome of the pig pelvis. Tumor resection was simulated in two scenarios. The first was AR-assisted resection by an orthopaedic resident and the second was resection using conventional methods by an orthopaedic oncologist. For both groups, resection was planned with a 1-cm safety margin around the bone cement. Resection margins were evaluated by an independent orthopaedic surgeon who was blinded as to the type of resection. All specimens were sectioned twice: first through a plane parallel to the medial wall of the acetabulum and second through a plane perpendicular to the first. The distance from the resection margin to the bone cement was measured at four different locations for each plane. The largest of the four errors on a plane was adopted for evaluation. Therefore, each specimen had two values of error, which were collected from two perpendicular planes. The resection errors were classified into four grades: ≤ 3 mm; 3 to 6 mm; 6 to 9 mm; and > 9 mm or any tumor violation. Student's t-test was used for statistical comparison of the mean resection errors of the two groups. The mean of 36 resection errors of 18 pelves in the AR-assisted resection group was 1.59 mm (SD, 4.13 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-2.94 mm) and the mean error of the conventional resection group was 4.55 mm (SD, 9.7 mm; 95% CI, 1.38-7.72 mm; p < 0.001). All specimens in the AR-assisted resection group had errors < 6 mm, whereas 78% (28 of 36) of errors in the conventional group were < 6 mm. In this in vitro simulated tumor model, we demonstrated that AR assistance could help to achieve the planned margin. Our model was designed as a proof of concept; although our findings do not justify a clinical trial in humans, they do support continued investigation of this system in a live animal model, which will be our next experiment. The AR-based navigation system provides additional information of the tumor extent and may help surgeons during pelvic bone cancer surgery without the need for more complex and cumbersome conventional navigation systems.