Indirect Technique Research Articles

To measure is to know: Evaluating indirect measurement techniques for observing the damage tolerance behaviour of spot welded thermoplastic composites

In thermoplastic composite joints with a circular ultrasonic spot weld, the damage growth is located at the interface between the joined components. This means that any damage in these joints is invisible from the outside. This experimental study compares three different in-situ methods to measure the damage growth indirectly. The motivation lies in the potential benefits of using multi-spot welded joints for increased damage tolerance and the need to prove the damage arresting and damage progression behaviour for certification. The current study focused on measuring the damage in single-spot welded Single Lap Shear (SLS) joints during fatigue test with the global specimen compliance, the local out-of-plane displacement and the local strain on the surface. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements were used to obtain the local quantities. The results showed that the local quantities are better suited to obtain detailed information on the damage state. The local surface strain showed more distinct features that facilitate the recognition of damage locations. The benefits and challenges of all methods are discussed as well as the difference in the level of detail, generalization and the prior knowledge necessary to obtain the damage state.

Highly specific and non-invasive imaging of Piezo1-dependent activity across scales using GenEPi

Mechanosensing is a ubiquitous process to translate external mechanical stimuli into biological responses. Piezo1 ion channels are directly gated by mechanical forces and play an essential role in cellular mechanotransduction. However, readouts of Piezo1 activity are mainly examined by invasive or indirect techniques, such as electrophysiological analyses and cytosolic calcium imaging. Here, we introduce GenEPi, a genetically-encoded fluorescent reporter for non-invasive optical monitoring of Piezo1-dependent activity. We demonstrate that GenEPi has high spatiotemporal resolution for Piezo1-dependent stimuli from the single-cell level to that of the entire organism. GenEPi reveals transient, local mechanical stimuli in the plasma membrane of single cells, resolves repetitive contraction-triggered stimulation of beating cardiomyocytes within microtissues, and allows for robust and reliable monitoring of Piezo1-dependent activity in vivo. GenEPi will enable non-invasive optical monitoring of Piezo1 activity in mechanochemical feedback loops during development, homeostatic regulation, and disease.

MarketTrust: blockchain-based trust evaluation model for SIoT-based smart marketplaces

Due to the significance of trust in Social Internet of Things (SIoT)-based smart marketplaces, several research have focused on trust-related challenges. Trust is necessary for a smooth connection, secure systems, and dependable services during trade operations. Recent SIoT-based trust assessment approaches attempt to solve smart marketplace trust evaluation difficulties by using a variety of direct and indirect trust evaluation techniques and other local trust rating procedures. Nevertheless, these methodologies render trust assessment very sensitive to seller dishonesty, and a dishonest seller may influence local trust scores and at the same time pose a significant trust related threats in the system. In this article, a MarketTrust model is introduced, which is a blockchain-based method for assessing trust in an IoT-based smart marketplace. It has three parts: familiarity, personal interactions, and public perception. A conceptual model, assessment technique, and a global trust evaluation system for merging the three components of a trust value are presented and discussed. Several experiments were conducted to assess the model's security, viability, and efficacy. According to results, the MarketTrust model scored a 21.99% higher trust score and a 47.698% lower average latency than both benchmark models. Therefore, this illustrates that using the proposed framework, a potential buyer can efficiently choose a competent and trustworthy resource seller in a smart marketplace and significantly reduce malicious behavior.

Prevalence of Feeding Problems in Children and Associated Factors-A Cross-Sectional Study among Polish Children Aged 2-7 Years.

The study group consisted of 585 children: 299 boys (51.11%) and 286 girls (48.89%). The study was conducted using a questionnaire-based method, with an indirect survey technique using a web-based form (CAWI). The research tool used was the Montreal Children's Hospital-Pediatric Feeding Program. Groups with the lowest risk feeding problems, risk 0, comprised 445 children (76.06%); group 1, middle difficulties, 59 children (10.08%); group 2, moderate difficulties, 40 children (6.84%); and group 3, most difficulties, 40 children (7.01%). The mean MCH-FS score for the entire study group was calculated and was 37.29 points ± 12.02; for 2 year olds, 35.69 points; for 3 year olds, 37.41 points; for 4 year olds, 38.31 points; for 5 year olds, 38.46 points; for 6 year olds, 37.95 points; and for 7 year olds, 36.06 points. The mean value of the MCH-FS scale for girls was 37.44 points, and for boys, 37.32 points. None of the above parameters correlated with the risk of feeding problems, including age, except with a non-significative tendency to be higher in the youngest age. Breast milk feeding and the time of complementary feeding (CF) in the study group did not influence the risk of feeding problems. Using the full BLW method during CF can protect the child against the occurrence of feeding problems such a food selectivity or picky eating in the future. In our study, children with difficulties during CF, mainly the vomiting reflex, were more likely to develop feeding problems such as food neophobia. Based on our study, we did not observe a correlation between age, gender, and the occurrence of feeding problems, and there was only a non-significant tendency to be higher in the youngest age. However, further research needs to be undertaken to assess how such behaviour affects subsequent feeding difficulties.

A comparison of serum sodium levels measured using a colorimetric kit approach and those determined using direct and indirect ion selective electrode techniques- in a Hospital Central Lab

When electrolyte imbalances are not recognized, they are known to cause severe morbidity and mortality. Dyselectrolytemia is frequently curable. Hyponatremia is a common symptom seen in the elderly. Laboratory equipment may be lacking in rural healthcare settings. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of developing a screening technique that can aid in the detection of hyponatremia in such facilities. Serum sodium levels in 120 samples were determined by direct, indirect, and colorimetric ISE. SPSS version 17, NCSS 11, and MINITAB 18 software were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value of 0.05. While comparing the instruments, a basic linear regression analysis was performed, and a regression equation for sodium levels was established. The Bland-Altman analysis yielded a 95% agreement limit between the instruments, which is well within the CLIA-recommended target value of 4 mmol/L in the hyponatremic and normonatremic ranges. The resulting regression equation computes a predicted value for direct and indirect ISE using the colorimeter readings, making it similar to all three instruments in the hyponatremic and normonatremic ranges. The colorimetric method can be used as a low-cost screening technique to identify hyponatremic elderly people for whom a tertiary hospital may be inaccessible, allowing for early care.

Elaboration and development of a realistic 3D printed model for training in ultrasound-guided placement of peripheral central venous catheter in children.

Simulation for training is becoming a trend topic worldwide, even if its applications are commonly limited to adulthood. Ultrasound-guided procedures require practice and experience-especially in the pediatric field, where the small size of the involved anatomical structures poses major problems. In this context, a realistic 3D printed pediatric phantom for training of the ultrasound-guided placement of peripheral central venous catheters in children was developed. Starting from Computed Tomography scans of an 8 years-old girl, her left arm was virtually reconstructed-including bones, arteries, and veins-through a semi-automatic segmentation process. According to preliminary results, the most suitable 3D printing technologies to reproduce the different anatomical structures of interest were selected, considering both direct and indirect 3D printing techniques. Experienced operators were asked to evaluate the efficacy of the final model through a dedicated questionnaire. Vessels produced through indirect 3D printing latex dipping technique exhibited the best echogenicity, thickness, and mechanical properties to mimic real children's venous vessels, while arteries-not treated and/or punctured during the procedure-were directly 3D printed through Material Jetting technology. An external mold-mimicking the arm skin-was 3D printed and a silicone-based mixture was poured to reproduce real patient's soft tissues. Twenty expert specialists were asked to perform the final model's validation. The phantom was rated as highly realistic in terms of morphology and functionality for the overall simulation, especially for what concerns vessels and soft tissues' response to puncturing. On the other hand, the involved structures' US appearance showed the lower score. The present work shows the feasibility of a patient-specific 3D printed phantom for simulation and training in pediatric ultrasound-guided procedures.

Preparation for an unsupervised massive analysis of SPHERE high-contrast data with PACO

Context. Despite tremendous progress in the detection and characterization of extrasolar planetary systems in the last 25 yr, we have not pinpointed any Solar System analogues. In particular, Jupiter-like planets (either mature or old) are barely detectable beyond 5 au with indirect techniques and they are still out of the reach of direct imaging techniques. Aims. Our study is aimed at a search for exoplanets throughout the whole ESO/VLT-SPHERE archive with an improved and unsupervised data analysis algorithm that could allow us to detect massive giant planets at 5 au. To prepare, test, and optimize our approach, we gathered a sample of 24 solar-type stars observed with SPHERE using angular and spectral differential imaging modes. Methods. We used PACO, a recently developed new-generation algorithm that has been shown to outperform classical methods. We also improved the SPHERE pre-reduction pipeline and optimized the outputs of PACO to enhance the detection performance. We developed custom-built spectral prior libraries to optimize the detection capability of the ASDI mode for both IRDIS and IFS. Results. Compared to previous works conducted with more classical algorithms, the contrast limits we derived with PACO are more reliable and significantly improved, especially at short angular separations, where a gain by a factor ten has been obtained between 0.2 and 0.5 arcsec. Under good observing conditions, planets down to 5 MJup, orbiting at 5 au could be detected around stars within 60 parsec. We identified two exoplanet candidates that will require a follow-up to test for a common proper motion. Conclusions. In this work, we use a small sample to demonstrate the benefits of PACO in terms of achievable contrast and of control of the confidence levels. In addition, we have developed custom tools to take full advantage of this algorithm and to quantity the total error budget on the estimated astrometry and photometry. This work paves the way towards an end-to-end, homogeneous, and unsupervised massive re-reduction of archival direct imaging surveys in the quest for new exo-Jupiters.

Pengaruh Bahan Ajar Berbasis Potensi Lokal terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Sikap Peduli Lingkungan Siswa

This study aims to determine students' critical thinking skills and environmental care attitudes through teaching materials based on local potential. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 2 Labuapi for the 2021/2022 academic year. This type of research is a quasi-experimental with a population of all 111 class X students divided into 5 classes. The sampling technique used by researchers in this study was a purposive sampling technique by taking class X MIPA 1 as the experimental class, and class X MIPA 2 as the control class. Design research with a pre-test post-test control group design. The data collection techniques used were observation techniques, direct communication techniques, documentary study techniques and indirect communication techniques, namely, using essay tests for critical thinking skills and using questionnaires for environmental care attitudes. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. the results of the study show that there are differences in critical thinking skills and environmental care attitudes between the experimental class that uses teaching materials based on local potential, compared to the control class that uses TCL or conventional learning models. The results of this study were taken from the results of the final ability (post-test) of students from both classes, namely the experimental class, which scored higher than the control class, which indicates that teaching materials based on local potential affect critical thinking skills and environmental care attitudes of SMA Negeri 2 Labuapi students. This can be seen from the value of the t-test results of the critical thinking ability score, namely 9.708 and the t-test of the results of the environmental care attitude value, namely 7.124 and the ttable value is 2.3226. Then tcount > ttable which means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. it can be concluded that teaching materials based on local potential affect the ability to think critically and care for the environment of students.

Method of Measurement of Admittance of Composite Solid Propellants Using Impedance Tube Technique

ABSTRACT Mitigation of combustion instability of solid propellant rocket motors is ever being attempted by several researchers as the problem is very complicated in nature. The acoustic admittance of composite solid propellants (AP/HTPB/RDX/Al) is experimentally investigated using Impedance tube technique. It is one of the indirect experimental techniques to determine the combustion response of the solid propellants besides T-burner. The governing equations based on the conservation of mass, momentum and energy (reactive flow is simplified to have only the axial temperature gradient) are linearized and solved to determine the acoustic admittance of the burning propellant. Different methods of analysis were explored to validate/compare the results obtained and are matching well. Some of the unreported details of the analysis are brought out. A novel way of utilizing the outer tube besides the inner tube as against the literature (wherein the inner tube is kept inside the outer tube) to maintain the chamber pressure is explored. A test conducted at fundamental acoustic mode (110 Hz) at 2 MPa at room temperature (303 K) is considered for the analysis. A rotary valve capable of operating up to a mean chamber pressure of 12 MPa is developed in this work to act as an acoustic driver for the experiments. The advantage of the impedance tube technique over T-burner is that the former is capable of measuring both the real and imaginary part of combustion response whereas the latter can only measure the real part. The imaginary part of the combustion response besides the real part is useful to predict the stability characteristics of the solid propellant rocket motor.

Evaluation of the influence of correcting for gillnet selectivity on the estimation of population parameters.

Gill nets are a common sampling technique in inland and marine fisheries. However, gill nets are size selective and may result in bias estimates of population parameters. As such, selectivity is commonly assessed using indirect estimation techniques. Indirect estimates of gillnet selectivity have been suggested to improve estimates of important populations metrics (e.g., total annual mortality), but this assertion has not been assessed. In the current study, we simulated hypothetical populations of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, walleye Sander vitreus, and white crappie Pomoxis annularis and sampled the populations based on published gillnet encounter and retention probabilities. Total annual mortality and von Bertalanffy parameters were then estimated using unadjusted (not "correcting" for selectivity processes) and adjusted ("correcting" for selectivity processes) age and(or) length data to evaluate the value of accounting for gillnet selectivity when estimating these metrics. Our results indicate that adjusting for retention and encounter probabilities rarely leads to improved estimates of total annual mortality, K, and L∞. For instance, estimates of annual mortality of lake trout based on age data adjusted for retention probability resulted in an overestimate of A by 14.4%. As such, we suggest that analysis of gillnet selectivity only be used when specific questions are being addressed (e.g., catch-at-age models) or in situation when all processes contributing to gillnet selectivity (e.g., contact probability, size-specific availability) are known.

Development of Optical Label-Free Biosensor Method in Detection of Listeria monocytogenes from Food.

The present work describes an alternative method for detecting and identifying Listeria monocytogenes in food samples by developing a nanophotonic biosensor containing bioreceptors and optical transducers. The development of photonic sensors for the detection of pathogens in the food industry involves the implementation of procedures for selecting probes against the antigens of interest and the functionalization of the sensor surfaces on which the said bioreceptors are located. As a previous step to functionalizing the biosensor, an immobilization control of these antibodies on silicon nitride surfaces was carried out to check the effectiveness of in plane immobilization. On the one hand, it was observed that a Listeria monocytogenes-specific polyclonal antibody has a greater binding capacity to the antigen at a wide range of concentrations. A Listeria monocytogenes monoclonal antibody is more specific and has a greater binding capacity only at low concentrations. An assay for evaluating selected antibodies against particular antigens of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria was designed to determine the binding specificity of each probe using the indirect ELISA detection technique. In addition, a validation method was established against the reference method for many replicates belonging to different batches of meat-detectable samples, with a medium and pre-enrichment time that allowed optimal recovery of the target microorganism. Moreover, no cross-reactivity with other nontarget bacteria was observed. Thus, this system is a simple, highly sensitive, and accurate platform for L. monocytogenes detection.

Introduction to the Perspectives Forum on the Topic of Meta-Therapy in Speech-Language Pathology

Introduction to the <i>Perspectives</i> Forum on the Topic of Meta-Therapy in Speech-Language Pathology

Integration of Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Seismic Refraction Tomography to Investigate Subsiding Sinkholes in Karst Areas

Operational and safety issues associated with subsiding sinkholes in karst areas start with the definition of fractures and joints, causing ground weakness. Conventional geotechnical boreholes and geological mapping must be complemented with indirect subsurface exploration techniques to detail those structures. This work aims to use electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction tomography (SRT) near-surface geophysical techniques to infer the 2D and 3D geometry of sediment-infilled sinkholes formed by the conjunction of fractures and joints in karst areas. Geophysical surveys were performed in a sediment-infilled sinkhole area with two sectors of different subsiding and infilling degrees formed by the conjunction of two fault systems in an experimental research area in the Sierra de Gádor Mountains in southeastern Spain. The ERT survey delimited the geometry of the sinkhole area, including the main fault-boun4ded limits, other minor faults, buried epikarst forms, and the distribution of coarse and clay-rich infilling. The SRT survey corroborated the structure and disambiguated clay-rich and high-moisture-content structures giving similar velocity fields. The integration of the ERT and SRT techniques provides indirect 2D and 3D visualizations of the ground of interest in predicting weakness-triggering mechanisms associated with the regional karst structure. This trial in an experimental uninhabited area, with the possibility of exploring subsiding karst structures is of special interest for designing operational and safety measures in urban areas, where similar karst structures may go undetected and monitoring capability is often more limited. The technological development of the used techniques enables the periodical geophysical monitoring of karst structures, thus making the identification of structural changes modifying the land safety and hydrological mechanisms feasible over time.

Rapid detection of radiation susceptible regions in electronics

Radiation susceptibility of electronics has always been about probing electrical properties in either transient or time-accumulated phenomena. As the size and complexity of electronic chips or systems increase, detection of the most vulnerable regions becomes more time consuming and challenging. In this study, we hypothesize that localized mechanical stress, if overlapping electrically sensitive regions, can make electronic devices more susceptible to radiation. Accordingly, we develop an indirect technique to map mechanical and electrical hotspots to identify radiation-susceptible regions of the operational amplifier AD844 to ionizing radiation. Mechanical susceptibility is measured using pulsed thermal phase analysis via lock-in thermography and electrical biasing is used to identify electrically relevant regions. A composite score of electrical and mechanical sensitivity was constructed to serve as a metric for ionizing radiation susceptibility. Experimental results, compared against the literature, indicate effectiveness of the new technique in the rapid detection of radiation-vulnerable regions. The findings could be attractive for larger systems, for which traditional analysis would take —two to three orders of magnitude more time to complete. However, the indirect nature of the technique makes the study more approximate and in need for more consistency and validation efforts.

PREVALENSI INFEKSI SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH PADA PENGRAJIN GENTENG DI DESA WIRUN MOJOLABAN SUKOHARJO MENGGUNAKAN METODE DIRECT DAN INDIRECT

Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) is an intestinal nematode which in its life cycle requires soil for the egg maturation process. Included in this group are Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Hookworm. Lack of attention to clean living behavior can make a person easily infected with helminthiasis. One profession that is closely related to STH infection is work related to soil, including tile craftsmen.This study aims to determine the prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) using two methods, direct and indirect. The direct method is carried out to see the presence of eggs or STH larvae with a faster time. The indirect method is carried out by adding special ingredients that can catch worm eggs or larvae. The indirect technique used in this study was to use saturated NaCl flotation. Based on the research results, it can be seen that 6.67% of the respondents were positively infected with STH using either direct or indirect methods. The STH species found was Ascaris lumbricoides. Based on this, it can be seen that the use of the 2 methods does not affect the different results.     Â

Fold Surfaces of Polymer Crystals Are Nucleation Sites: The Link between Polymer Decoration, Secondary Crystallization, and the Rigid Amorphous Fraction (RAF)

The fold surfaces of polymer crystals may become suitable nucleating sites for uncrystallized material left over during the primary crystallization process. This “nucleation by the folds surface” (NFS) ability is highlighted in the so-called polymer decoration technique in which vapors of polyethylene condense and crystallize on a cold fold surface substrate to form edge-on lamellae that reveal the folds and loops orientations in different growth sectors. In bulk materials, the primary crystallization leaves confined and uncrystallized material between lamellae. NFS, based on epitaxy-type interactions, is expected to take place in these confined and supercooled melt fractions before “true” homogeneous nucleation sets in. The insights provided help elucidate the structural features of the interlamellar layers of crystalline polymers, which overcomes the limits of global, indirect investigation techniques (e.g., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) used in attempts to analyze their structure in situ. The interlamellar layer is known to be divided into a rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) located in contact with the fold surfaces and a mobile amorphous fraction (MAF) at its center. The nature of the RAF─amorphous but rigid above its Tg, or crystalline─is still debated. The NFS provides a structural identity for the RAF that associates conformation disorder with stem orientation: the RAF is actually a “condis oriented” fraction. On heating, the small endotherm observed in DSC curves corresponds to its isotropization. The RAF is also a protonucleus for secondary crystallization and induces the growth of edge-on lamellae on top and in the interlamellar spaces of the primary crystals. As such, the RAF has also a layered lamellar structure. Polymer decoration, the “condis oriented” RAF, and the specific edge-on lamellar secondary crystallization are manifestations of the nucleation by the fold surfaces.

Иммунные реакции при лимфоме Ходжкина

HL is characterized by significantly enlarged lymph nodes and the presence of rare Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Pathogenesis is not fully understood. The increase in the disease risk can be associated with immunosuppression, HIV, parenchymal organ transplantation, autoimmune disorders, etc. The possibility of differentiating pathogenetic and protective immune responses associated with this disease will help understand the causes of the disease and the treatment prognosis. The study was aimed to determine the features of immune responses in HL depending on the disease duration and the circulating lymphocyte counts. A total of 134 patients with HL were assessed. The cytogram and phagocytosis were assessed in blood smears stained by the Wright-Giemsa procedure. The expression of lymphocyte markers in lymphocytes was determined using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique and flow cytometry. Serum levels of cytokines, immunoglobulins, autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes were assessed by enzyme immunoassay. Comparative analysis of the immune responses depending on peripheral blood leukocyte counts is provided. It has been found that prolonged HL course is associated with the decrease in the functionally active T cell counts, progressive neutropenia and monocytopenia, along with the increased activity of the reaginic reactions and autosensitization. In individuals with lymphocytopenia, mainly small lymphocytes die, the 3-fold decrease in the counts of such lymphocytes is observed; lymphocytopenia is associated with the deficiency of circulating T cells, both mature and immature, the concentrations of which decrease by 2.5–3 times, while B cell counts show no dramatic changes. The disease progression is associated with reduction of the lymphocyte homeostasis control by granulocytes and monocytes, along with progressive neutropenia and monocytopenia.

Accuracy Assessment Of Bracket Placement By Indirect Bonding Technique Using Three-Dimensional Imaging And Steroelithographic Printing Technique

Accuracy Assessment Of Bracket Placement By Indirect Bonding Technique Using Three-Dimensional Imaging And Steroelithographic Printing Technique

Pengembangan Modul Ajar Berbasis Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi Pada Materi “Menggunakan Data”

This research is by using research and development (RnD) method. The model used is the 3-D model approach or development, which stands for Define, Design, and Development. The purpose of this research is to develop teaching modules based on differentiated learning on material using data. The research subjects were 20 students of class VII SMP Assalam Pontianak Islamic Boarding School. Data analysis techniques used are interviews, indirect communication techniques, and measurement techniques. The instruments used in this study were test sheets for learning outcomes, validation sheets, and response questionnaires. Differentiation-based teaching modules have media and material validity levels of 90.26% and 83.58%, respectively, in the "very valid" category. From the questionnaire filled out by the teacher and students, the practicality value of the teacher and student response questionnaire was 100% and 90.5% respectively with the "very practical" category. The effectiveness of the module is seen from the results of student learning using the t test. It can be seen from the results of the t test which shows that tcount (2.2202649) &gt; ttable (2.0930241) which means Ha is accepted where learning outcomes after being given learning with teaching modules based on learning differ beyond KKM score is 73..

The Implementation of the PCK-Based Electricity and Magnetism Textbook on Student Learning Outcomes

This study aims to investigate the implementation of electric-magnetic textbooks based on Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) on learning achievement in the physics education IKIP PGRI Pontianak. The problem is that there needs to be more consistency between the mastery of theory and practice of students, especially in practice in the laboratory. Students need help to implement the theory they have learned into practice. The electric magnetic textbook has advantages: the pedagogic structure and content balance theory with practice. It has been adapted to the learning achievement of the magnetic electricity course in the physics education study program of IKIP PGRI Pontianak. The sequential embedded mixed-method design was used in this study to extract information from the research subject. The research was conducted at the Physics Education IKIP PGRI Pontianak. The object of this research is the student of Physics Education IKIP PGRI Pontianak Semester VI Academic Year 2021/2022. The data collection technique used in this study is an indirect communication technique with research instruments such as pretest-posttest questions and response questionnaires and interviews. The first qualitative stage obtained an average response of all aspects of 79% with high criteria. Learning effectivity is obtained based on the average normalized gain &lt;g&gt; of 0.57 with medium criteria. There is an increase in student learning achievement obtained from the response questionnaire after treatment by 81%; the category is very high. The interview showed the consistency of increasing student learning achievement on magnetic electricity.