Indirect Sources Research Articles

The curious case of the jury-shaped hole: A plea for real jury research

Criminal juries make decisions of great importance. A key criticism of juries is that they are unreliable in a multitude of ways, from exhibiting racial or gendered biases, to misunderstanding their role, to engaging in impropriety such as internet research. Recently, some have even claimed that the use of juries creates injustice on a large scale, as a cause of low conviction rates for sexual criminality. Unfortunately, empirical research into jury deliberation is undermined by the fact that researchers are unable to study live juries. The indirect sources of evidence used by researchers suffer from various problems, the most important of which is dubious levels of ecological validity. Real jury research—studying live jury deliberation—is controversial. However, as I argue, the objections to it are unconvincing. There is in fact a moral imperative to facilitate real jury research.

Organizational Typology Role of the Niniok Mamak Traditional Tribe in Kanagarian Kuok

The typology of the organization is a form of Niniok Mamak’s role in carrying out existing policies for the Kampar indigenous people. The important role of Niniok Mamak is a leader who regulates and nurtures their nephew’s children following customary and religious rules. This research is qualitative research to collect written descriptive data and oral data from the observed object. Primary data sources are obtained by digging from the source directly to the respondent. In addition, data were obtained through interviews and direct observations in the field. The primary data sources in this study were the Ninik Mamak in the Kampar district community. The secondary data sources are indirect data sources that can provide data for research and were obtained from literature studies, documentation, print media, and electronic media. The results of the research on the role and function of the Niniok Mamak in Kanagarian Kuok in determining the customs have their respective functions which in this study, the total number of Niniok Mamak has 20 (twenty) Niniok Mamak tribal chiefs consisting of 4 (four) tribes: (1) Munip Melayu Nan 9 led by Datuk Penghulu Besar; (2) Munip Piliang Nan 7, led by Datuk Paduko Simarajo, in Piliang Nan 7 there are four Caniago; (3) Munip Domo Nan 3, led by Datuk Paduko Tuan; and (4) Petopang Nan Tunggal was led by Datuk Pakomo. In carrying out the role and function of the Niniok Mamak in the Kerapatan Adat Negeri (LAM/LAK), it is obligatory to take an oath of office as the children’s leader and the community in Kanagarian Kuok. Guidelines in carrying out the roles and functions of traditional leaders in Kanagarian Kuok adhere to: “adat yang bersendikan syarak, syarak bersendikan Kitabullah” (adat based on syarak, syarak based on the Book of Allah). Syarak said the custom of wearing would be accounted for in the hereafter.

The Unmasking of the “Second Kotzebue”: Background to a Spy Scandal 1831

In 1818–1819, a high-profile spy scandal broke out in Germany. The renowned German playwright August von Kotzebue was declared a “Russian spy” and murdered as a “traitor to the Fatherland” amidst a tide of rising anti-Russian sentiment. Twelve years later, in 1831, the publicist Harro Paul Harring initiated a similar press campaign against the poet Carl Friedrich von Schweitzer de Schweigrois, also denounced as a “Russian spy”, an “enemy of the German nation”, and a “second Kotzebue”, against the backdrop of the suppression of the Polish Uprising by the Russian Empire. In the present study, the author considers the spy scandal of 1831 not only as an attempt by Harro Harringa to recreate the 1819 scenario in similar political circumstances, but also as an example of purposeful inflaming of anti-Russian sentiments in the wake of the initiation of public hysteria associated with the search for external and internal enemies of the “German nation” in the context of political processes within Germany. To study the subject, which has never been addressed in the historiography before, the author analyses the sources that have not been consulted before, namely the publications for 1830–1831 in the central and regional German press, primarily of the Kingdom of Saxony and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, which covered the scandal with the exposure of the “Russian spy” von Schweitzer de Schweigrois, eyewitness accounts, correspondence and memoirs of Harro Harring, as well as a number of indirect sources to reconstruct the biography of his opponent, appointed by German society to the role of “the second Kotzebue”.

Concili perduti o censurati? I dibattiti smarriti su grazia e libero arbitrio (Gallia, secoli V e VI)

The article considers three episcopal assemblies held in Gaul, which the manuscript tradition has not preserved, all involved in doctrinal debates on grace and free will. The first two, the council of Arles and the synod of Lyon, took place in the second half of the fifth century and concerned the affair of the presbyter Lucidus. The third is the Council of Valence that met just before the Second Council of Orange (529), that is, the council that marks the “resolution” of the conflict and also the only documented. With the idea that the history of the councils occupies important points in the reconstruction of the debate on grace and free will, even in the case of councils whose acts have not been transmitted, the article seeks to enhance these three events by reconsidering indirect sources. The episcopal meetings of Arles, Lyon, and Valence are, indeed, an integral part of the doctrinal work on grace and free will, which for about a century interested monastic and ecclesiastical circles in Gaul. Moreover, the recovery of their history restores well the complexity of the cultural, religious and political climate in which they took place.

Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) Platform to Detect Vitreous Biomarkers of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness, affecting more than 100 million people worldwide. Currently, DR prognosis and management are based mainly on biomarkers identified by direct retinal fundus observation or by imaging devices. The use of molecular biology to discover biomarkers of DR has great potential to impact the standard of care, and the vitreous humor can serve as an indirect source for those molecular biomarkers because it is rich in proteins secreted by the retina. Proximity extension assay (PEA) is a technology that combines antibody-based immunoassays with DNA-coupled methodology to obtain information on the abundance of multiple proteins while using minimal sample volume, with high specificity and sensitivity. Matched antibodies labelled with a complementary sequence of oligonucleotides are used to simultaneously bind a target protein in solution, and when in proximity, the complementary sequences on each antibody hybridize, serving as template for DNA polymerase-dependent extension and the generation of a unique double-stranded DNA "barcode." PEA works well with vitreous matrix and has great potential to support the identification of novel predictive and prognostic biomarkers of DR.

Tradycja i innowacja w sztukach Seneki z perspektywy genologicznej: czas i miejsce

This article aims to provide a systematic description of Seneca’s approach to the categories of time and place as potentially rooted in the Attic tradition. With regard to these categories, there is indeed a certain generic consistency within the set of preserved serious Greek and Roman plays. The perspective adopted here sheds also light on a number of innovations, which suggest that great caution should be taken when considering the Greek tragedy as a direct or indirect source of inspiration for Seneca.

Identifying opportunities to deliver effective and efficient outcomes from business-biodiversity action

Business-biodiversity action is increasingly seen as critical for delivering conservation goals, but such action needs to be effective. Using detailed semi-structured interviews with leading business-biodiversity professionals and consultants we aimed to understand the actions currently taken and why, how actions are decided upon, and current challenges that hinder effective, efficient action.The scale and type of action varied by sector, driven largely by the risks (reputational, financial) of inaction. Cost-effectiveness was important to businesses, but the limited quantification of the economic consequences of biodiversity action hindered uptake. Indirect evidence sources were generally used to guide decision-making including using expert consultants, guidance, standards or certifications. Acquiring better evidence of cost-effectiveness, particularly if embedded within these indirect sources, could improve practice.A diverse set of challenges emerged that impeded business engagement with biodiversity, effective decision-making, and action implementation. We discuss opportunities to address them and thus improve the effectiveness of business-biodiversity action.

SERVICE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PT PNM (CIVIL NATIONAL CAPITAL) SERVICES ULAMM (MICRO CAPITAL SERVICES UNIT) LHOKSEUMAWE CITY

This study aims to determine how much influence Service Performance has on customers' decisions to use murabahah financing products in the Lhokseumawe sharia micro capital service unit (ULaMM). PT. Permodalan Nasional Madani (Persero), with a Sharia micro capital service unit (ULaMM) unit Lhoseumawe is ready to provide sharia micro business capital that will be given to the public starting from Rp. 1,000,000, - up to Rp. 200,000,000. After this research is carried out, it is hoped that it will provide benefits to several parties, including increasing knowledge and insight related to sharia labels, location, and the need for customer decision making to use murabahah financing products.Data Analysis Method The analysis used in this study is descriptive qualitative analysis. The type of data consists of qualitative data, which is data that is not in the form of numbers. The data sources consist of primary data which are data from the first source and secondary data which are data obtained from indirect or second sources

Modelling and simulation of crowd evacuation in terrorist attacks

PurposeIn recent years, terrorist attacks have gradually become one of the important factors endangering social security. In this context, this research aims to propose methods and principles which can be utilized to make effective evacuation plans to reduce casualties in terrorist attacks.Design/methodology/approachBy analyzing the statistical data of terrorist attack videos, this paper proposes an extended cellular automaton (CA) model and simulates the panic evacuation of the pedestrians in the terrorist attack.FindingsThe main findings are as follows. (1) The panic movement of pedestrians leads to the dispersal of the crowd and the increase in evacuation time. (2) Most deaths occur in the early stage of crowd evacuation while pedestrians gather without perceiving the risk. (3) There is a trade-off between escaping from the room and avoidance of attackers for pedestrians. Appropriate panic contagion enables pedestrians to respond more quickly to risks. (4) Casualties are mainly concentrated in complex terrains, e.g. walls, corners, obstacles, exits, etc. (5) The initial position of the attackers has a significant effect on the crowd evacuation. The evacuation efficiency should be reduced if the attacker starts the attack from the exit or corners.Originality/valueIn this research, the concept of “focus region” is proposed to depict the different reactions of pedestrians to danger and the effects of the attacker’s motion (especially the attack strategies of attackers) are classified. Additionally, the influences on pedestrians by direct and indirect panic sources are studied.

Determination of River Hydromorphological Features in Low-Land Rivers from Aerial Imagery and Direct Measurements Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Hydromorphology of rivers assessed through direct measurements is a time-consuming and relatively expensive procedure. The rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles and machine learning (ML) technologies enables the usage of aerial images to determine hydromorphological units (HMUs) automatically. The application of various direct and indirect data sources and their combinations for the determination of river HMUs from aerial images was the main aim of this research. Aerial images with and without the Sobel filter, a layer of boulders identified using Yolov5x6, and a layer of direct measurements of depth and streamflow velocity were used as data sources. Three ML models were constructed for the cases if one, two, or three data sources were used. The ML models for HMU segmentation were constructed of MobileNetV2 pre-trained on ImageNet data for the feature extraction part and U-net for the segmentation part. The stratified K-fold cross-validation with five folds was carried out to evaluate the performance of the model due to the limited dataset. The analysis of the ML results showed that the measured metrics of segmentation using direct measurements were close to the ones of the model trained only on the combination of boulder layer and aerial images with the Sobel filter. The obtained results demonstrated the potential of the applied approach for the determination of HMUs only from the aerial images, and provided a basis for further development to increase its accuracy.

CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INNOVATION SYSTEM IN THE PRC

The article is devoted to the process of transition of the People’s Republic of China from the position of a country successfully adapting and using modern foreign technologies to the state of a country with a domestic innovation system capable of independently creating its own breakthrough technologies and generating impulses of global development. The author shows a radical change in the position of science in the country over the past decade. The number of people employed in R&D has more than doubled with a 3.5-fold increase in research and development funding. The prestige and demand for researches and engineers have significantly increased in the Chinese society.
 
 Solving the above-mentioned tasks has required serious institutional innovations, including the implementation of numerous state R&D programs, the redistribution of functions and responsibilities between various participants in the innovation process (e.g. public research organizations, colleges and universities, state-owned and private companies), strengthening the role of the business sector in financing, development and commercialization of new technologies, the comprehensive development of international scientific and technological cooperation etc. Both direct and indirect sources of R&D financing as well as different forms of implementing investment projects in the field of R&D are considered in detail. Cases of the most successful innovative companies and projects are presented.
 
 Special attention is paid to the analysis of China’s success in creating a post-industrial knowledge society, including the country’s rising position in various international rankings reflecting innovative development in whole and its particularities. The problems and difficulties on this path are also characterized with a special accent on improving the quality and efficiency of scientific research, as well as a more effective protection of intellectual property rights in the country.

Long-term profound investigation of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and indirect pesticide pollution in jute-cropped environmental ecosystem for dietary and ecological risk assessment.

Jute is a healthy vegetable due to its high content of carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals, in addition to its industrial utility. The purpose of this study was to look into the dissipation of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and to track indirect sources of pesticide accumulation in jute ecosystems for three years in a row during tropical monsoon seasons. To avoid the intake of residues over approved limits, a rapid extraction technique was developed to evaluate the residues of this herbicide (Whip-Super 9% EC) in jute leaves, fiber, cropped soil, and water. A modified QuEChERS approach based on liquid chromatography and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) detection was developed and successfully validated in accordance with SANCO requirements. Gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to examine fish and water samples from jute fields and retting pond for twenty widely-used multi-class pesticide contaminations from indirect sources. Relative standard deviations (RSD) (≤ 20) and recoveries (100-115%) are observed to be within acceptable ranges. In edible jute leaves, independent of season, first-order kinetics of dissipation was recorded, with half-lives ranging from 0.61 to 0.68days. Based on the findings of the risk assessment, it is feasible to conclude that the consumer health risks of ingesting jute leaves are insignificant, even on day zero, when used at the recommended amount, and that using jute bags for food packaging and storage is safe. But jute field water was found to be less polluted with indirect pesticides than water from a nearby jute retted pond. Fish samples from this jute retted pond were also analyzed and found to be 26% contaminated. The presence of quinalphos and chlorpyriphos in jute retting water and fish might pose a concern to consumer health and environmental ecosystems.

From Durkheim to Jellinek

Abstract In his 1887 report about the positivist science of morals in Germany, Durkheim referred to two books: Der Zweck im Recht by Rudolf von Jhering and Die socialetische Bedeutung von Recht, Unrecht und Strafe by Georg von Jellinek. Despite the absence of commentary from Durkheim about this 1878 book from the ‘young’ Jellinek (later known as a master of public law), the analysis of this dissertation (rejected by the University of Vienna) shows that it contained a claim for a social-science-inspired understanding of crime and penalty and had some points of contact with Durkheim's argumentation, notably about the importance of religious feelings in the social reaction against crimes. The article proposes to deepen this comparison between Jellinek's and Durkheim's books with an investigation about their indirect sources.

Sara Levy i jej muzyczna kolekcja. Koncerty klawiszowe Carla Philippa Emanuela Bacha z Biblioteki Narodowej 1

ABSTRACT Sara Levy and Her Music Collection. Keyboard Concertos by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach from the National Library ofPoland The paper discusses musical sources kept in the National Library of Poland, namely a collection of handwritten copies of ten keyboard concertos by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, made by Georg Amft based on materials that originated from the music collections of Sara Levy and Zippora Wulff. This paper primarily focuses on the Concerto in A Minor Wq 26. Amft’s copy of that piece was likely made based on a Bach’s autograph kept in the Royal Library in Berlin (Königliche Bibliothek). Seeing as Amft’s Vorlage is now lost, the Warsaw document appears to be an important indirect source for an early version of Wq 26.

Technological avenues and market mechanisms to accelerate methane and nitrous oxide emissions reductions.

Strategies targeting methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are critical to meeting global climate targets. Existing literature estimates the emissions of these gases from specific sectors, but this knowledge must be synthesized to prioritize and incentivize CH4 and N2O mitigation. Accordingly, we review emissions sources and mitigation strategies in all key sectors (fuel extraction and combustion, landfilling, agriculture, wastewater treatment, and chemical industry) and the role of carbon markets in reducing emissions. The most accessible reduction opportunities are in the hydrocarbon extraction and waste sectors, where half (>3 Gt-CO2e/year) of the emissions in these sectors could be mitigated at no net cost. In total, 60% of CH4 emissions can be mitigated at less than $50/t-CO2. Expanding the scope of carbon markets to include these emissions could provide cost-effective decarbonization through 2050. We provide recommendations for carbon markets to improve emissions reductions and set prices to appropriately incentivize mitigation.

Sara Levy i jej muzyczna kolekcja. Koncerty klawiszowe Carla Philippa Emanuela Bacha z Biblioteki Narodowej 1

ABSTRACT Sara Levy and Her Music Collection. Keyboard Concertos by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach from the National Library ofPoland The paper discusses musical sources kept in the National Library of Poland, namely a collection of handwritten copies of ten keyboard concertos by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, made by Georg Amft based on materials that originated from the music collections of Sara Levy and Zippora Wulff. This paper primarily focuses on the Concerto in A Minor Wq 26. Amft’s copy of that piece was likely made based on a Bach’s autograph kept in the Royal Library in Berlin (Königliche Bibliothek). Seeing as Amft’s Vorlage is now lost, the Warsaw document appears to be an important indirect source for an early version of Wq 26.

Provenance Framework for Multi-Depth Querying Using Zero-Information Loss Database

Data provenance is a kind of metadata that describes the origin and derivation history of data. It provides the information about various direct and indirect sources of data and different transformations applied on it. Provenance information are beneficial in determining the quality, truthfulness, and authenticity of data. It also explains how, when, why, and by whom this data are created. In a relational database, fine-grained provenance captured at different stages (i.e., multi-layer provenance) is more significant and explanatory as it provides various remarkable information such as immediate and intermediate sources and origin of data. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-layer data provenance framework for Zero-Information Loss Relational Database (ZILRDB). The proposed framework is implemented on top of the relational database using the object relational database concepts to maintain all insert, delete, and update operations efficiently. It has the capability to capture multi-layer provenance for different query sets including historical queries. We also propose Provenance Relational Algebra (PRA) as an extension of traditional relational algebra to capture the provenance for ASPJU (Aggregate, Select, Project, Join, Union) queries in relational database. The framework provides a detailed provenance analysis through multi-depth provenance querying. We store the provenance data in both relational and graph database, and further evaluate the performance of the framework in terms of provenance storage overhead and average execution time for provenance querying. We observe that the graph database offers significant performance gains over relational database for executing multi-depth queries on provenance. We present two use case studies to explain the usefulness of proposed framework in various data-driven systems to increase the understandability of system’s behavior and functionalities.

Hybrid Electric AWD Vehicle Kit

Abstract: The environmental impact of ICE automobiles in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries prompted the development of electric vehicles. Electric vehicles have numerous advantages over traditional internal combustion engines (ICE) vehicles, including the fact that they emit no carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. With many advantages of electric vehicles over traditional ICE vehicles, the world is moving toward EVs as a new improved means of transportation. Electric vehicles' tank to wheel efficiency is three times larger than ICE vehicles', and electric vehicles have very low running and maintenance costs. Even though electric vehicles are the best alternative, they do have significant disadvantages that are listed in the problem statement. Our proposal aims to bridge the gap between pure electric and traditional ICE automobiles by combining the primary benefits and advantages of both technologies. The project's main goal is to convert any existing ICE car into the most efficient vehicle possible. Our car can basically run on two distinct independent sources of energy, or even a combination of both. It can function as a pure electric vehicle, a pure ICE vehicle, or a hybrid AWD vehicle (where high amount of power is required). It has been shown that the average city dweller does not drive his or her car for more than 25 kilometers per day, and that the vehicle is parked the majority of the time. As a result, that individual can traverse that distance in pure electric mode, and our vehicle's solar charging mechanism will recover/recharge the energy expended while on the road. As a result, the person will be able to use our vehicle for free to generate sustainable energy. The use of ICE vehicles is rapidly increasing pollution in the environment; even pure EVs are an indirect source of pollution because the bulk of power is still generated by burning coal, thus our vehicle's use will undoubtedly make a significant difference.

PENUNTUTAN PERAMPASAN HARTA BENDA TERDAKWA KORUPSI YANG DIDUGA BERASAL DARI HASIL KORUPSI

This study discusses the handling of corruption crimes that have been handled by the Central Aceh District Attorney with the formula for the problem: (1) how is the arrangement for prosecuting the confiscation of the property of the accused perpetrators of corruption which allegedly originates from the proceeds of criminal acts of corruption based on Law Number 20 of 2001 Regarding the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption, and (2) what is the legal procedure for confiscation of assets of perpetrators of corruption as determined by the Prosecutor's Office. This type of research is normative-empirical law research (applied law research), the data source is a direct source (primary data) or data obtained from indirect sources (secondary data). The method of collecting data is through document or literature research techniques (library research) and field research techniques (field research). Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude: (1) The mechanism for prosecuting the confiscation of the defendant's property from a criminal act of corruption is carried out by two mechanisms, namely criminal instruments (criminal charges) and civil instruments (civil lawsuits). (2) The process carried out by the Prosecutor in prosecuting the confiscation of the assets of the defendant in a criminal act of corruption is regulated through the Regulation of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2020. (3) The obstacles faced by the prosecutor in prosecuting the confiscation of the defendant's property resulting from a criminal act of corruption consist of assets resulting from the act of corruption. corruption crimes are obscured or transferred to other parties, corruption assets are exhausted, assets are pledged to other parties, the perpetrators of corruption crimes have died, assets resulting from corruption crimes have been transported abroad.

:Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean

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