Indirect Reaction Research Articles

Novel 3D analysis of reduction behavior of single iron-oxide particle in CO-CO2 gas atmosphere

The production of steel, which is achieved by the reduction of iron ores mainly through indirect reduction reactions in a blast furnace, is gradually increasing worldwide. Because the reducing gas diffuses three-dimensionally, irregular particle shapes influence the reduction through differences in the diffusion length. The analysis of actual irregularly shaped iron-ore particles using existing models is difficult because they are primarily effective for 1D systems. Therefore, a novel reduction model based on the 3D diffusion equation that accommodates irregular particle shapes and 3D systems was developed in this study. The established model was validated by reproducing experimental conditions and comparing the quantified effective diffusivity and chemical reaction rate constant using the shrinking core model. In addition, the model was used to investigate the reducing behavior of an actual sintered-ore particle and the effects of particle sphericity and macro pore content. The sintered-ore particle had a higher reduction rate than that of a spherical equivalent with the same volume because sections of the surface with shorter diffusion lengths facilitated the gas diffusion. Additionally, the particle sphericity was determined to be inversely proportional to the reduction rate because the rate of gas diffusion into the particle depended on the diffusion length. With respect to porous particles, the gas was found to readily diffuse into the particles through pores, leading to a higher reduction rate for higher pore numbers. Overall, the gas diffusion was confirmed to drive the reduction reaction.

Guest Ion-Dependent Reaction Mechanisms of New Pseudocapacitive Mg3 V4 (PO4 )6 /Carbon Composite as Negative Electrode for Monovalent-Ion Batteries.

Polyanion-type phosphate materials, such as M3 V2 (PO4 )3 (M = Li/Na/K), are promising as insertion-type negative electrodes for monovalent-ion batteries including Li/Na/K-ion batteries (lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs)) with fast charging/discharging and distinct redox peaks. However, it remains a great challenge to understand the reaction mechanism of materials upon monovalent-ion insertion. Here, triclinic Mg3 V4 (PO4 )6 /carbon composite (MgVP/C) with high thermal stability is synthesized via ball-milling and carbon-thermal reduction method and applied as a pseudocapacitive negative electrode in LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs. In operando and ex situ studies demonstrate the guest ion-dependent reaction mechanisms of MgVP/C upon monovalent-ion storage due to different sizes. MgVP/C undergoes an indirect conversion reaction to form Mg0 , V0 , and Li3 PO4 in LIBs, while in SIBs/PIBs the material only experiences a solid solution with the reduction of V3+ to V2+ . Moreover, in LIBs, MgVP/C delivers initial lithiation/delithiation capacities of 961/607 mAh g-1 (30/19 Li+ ions) for the first cycle, despite its low initial Coulombic efficiency, fast capacity decay for the first 200 cycles, and limited reversible insertion/deinsertion of 2 Na+ /K+ ions in SIBs/PIBs. This work reveals a new pseudocapacitive material and provides an advanced understanding of polyanion phosphate negative material for monovalent-ion batteries with guest ion-dependent energy storage mechanisms.

Assessment of Shaft Gas Injection Technology for Blast Furnace Ironmaking

Shaft injection of reducing gas into ironmaking blast furnaces (BF) helps mitigate BF carbon footprint. However, its effectiveness relies on the interaction between shaft-injected gas (SIG) and other phases. This paper numerically studies shaft gas injection operations based on a 380-m3 industrial BF. A recently developed three-dimensional process model has been adopted to do so. This model is extended to track SIG and hearth-generated gas (HGG), define SIG penetration, and quantify the respective contributions of the two gases to BF performance. After validation, the model is applied to study the effects of three variables related to SIG penetration into the particle bed: SIG flow rate, shaft tuyere number, and horizontal cavity depth. The detailed analysis of flow and thermochemical behaviors shows that increasing the SIG flow rate increases the gas penetration and indirect reduction rate by SIG and lifts the cohesive zone. However, it impedes the indirect reduction reaction by HGG and increases the bed pressure. These effects collectively identify an optimum SIG flow rate. In addition, as the shaft tuyere number or horizontal cavity changes, the SIG penetration zone size changes oppositely in radial and circumferential directions, leading to similar total penetration zone sizes. Consequently, these two variables can limitedly improve BF performance, especially compared with the effect of SIG flow rate. The results suggest that the model offers convenience for exploring the shaft gas injection technology.

Assessment of metabolic activity and energy supply of peripheral blood lymphocytes

BACKGROUND: T-cells have the capability to change their metabolism in response to activation signals. Resting T-cells primarily use the oxidation of higher fatty acids and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria for their energy needs, whereas activated T-cells switch to aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis, using glucose, and glutamine as substrates, respectively.
 AIM: To determine the metabolic activity and energy supply of peripheral blood lymphocytes in predominantly healthy northerners by measuring the intracellular content of HIF-1 (hypoxia-induced factor 1), SIRT3 (sirtuin 3), and ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: 39 volunteers, residents of the Arkhangelsk region (23 women and 16 men, 2362 years old), were selected, and examined for this experiment. We established the total number of peripheral blood lymphocytes with CD-typing of lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD71+) by indirect immunoperoxidase reactions, the content of HIF-1 and SIRT3 in the lymphocyte lysate employing enzyme immunoassay, the concentration of ATP by luminescent analysis through luciferin-luciferase reaction. Statistical analysis was conducted in "Statistica 10.0", cluster analysis was applied using the k-means method. Mean values (M) and standard deviations (SD) were calculated, the normal distribution was tested by the KolmogorovSmirnov and Lilliefors criterion. Student's t-test was calculated, and the differences were considered statistically significant at p 0.05.
 RESULTS: The study revealed that the metabolic activity of lymphocytes associated with HIF-1 regulation differs significantly in the examined volunteers,, while in the group with a lower total number of lymphocytes and their subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD71+) there is a predominant glycolytic orientation of metabolism with proliferated cells energy supply.
 CONCLUSION: Metabolic activity which can be determined by the HIF-1/SIRT3 ratio, and the energy supply of lymphocytes have a substantial impact on their differentiation, proliferation, and functioning.

CARME — The CRYRING Array for Reaction MEasurements: A new approach to study nuclear reactions using storage rings

The low-energy CRYRING@ESR storage ring, recently commissioned at GSI@FAIR (Germany), is a world-unique facility able to decelerate and store beams produced in-flight to energies E≤10 MeV/u. CRYRING@ESR offers the unique opportunity to exploit high quality, pure, radioactive beams of species difficult to produce via the ISOL method for reaction studies directly at energies of astrophysical interest. The use of thin, pure, windowless in-ring targets combined with the re-circulating beam also presents significant advantages in terms of background and luminosity. This paper describes a new modular nuclear and atomic physics detection array, CARME (CRYRING Array for Reaction MEasurements), specifically designed to allow these investigations to be carried out for the first time in the Extreme High Vacuum (XHV) environment of the CRYRING@ESR. CARME mounts a high granularity silicon strip detector system adapted for XHV conditions, and will be used for high resolution direct and indirect charged particle reaction studies.

Study on the Mechanism and Control Strategy of Advanced Treatment of Yeast Wastewater by Ozone Catalytic Oxidation

In this paper, the yeast wastewater secondary treatment effluent using catalytic odor oxidation treatment, using an orthogonal reaction experiment to determine the best reaction conditions, and the online monitoring of the pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and liquid ozone concentration monitoring, to the catalytic odor oxidation reaction, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color removal effect were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal reaction condition for the advanced treatment of yeast wastewater by catalytic ozonation was accomplished with manganese dioxide used as the catalyst and a catalyst dose of 6 g·L−1, pH of 12, and catalytic ozonation reaction time of 20 min. The COD was effectively reduced from 880 mg·L−1 to 387 mg·L−1 under this condition, the chroma was reduced from 700 times to 40 times, and these two parameters of the effluent could meet the standard of GB25462-2010. The real-time monitoring system showed that the whole reaction can be divided into two processes. The first 14 min was the indirect reaction of ozone and then the direct oxidation reaction of ozone. This process was further verified by the change trend of COD and the amount of ozone depletion by COD removal. The average ozone consumption levels of the two stages were 1.97 and 4.91 mgO3·mgCOD−1. This system can effectively monitor the reaction of the catalytic odor oxidation in the complex system to guide the effective use of ozone in practical engineering applications.

Generalized form of tularemia in pediatric surgeon practice: Difficulties of diagnosis and treatment

Tularemia in the practice of a pediatric surgeon is a rare disease, and abdominal and generalized forms of it are not detected without specific laboratory diagnostics. The long-term serious condition of patients, intoxication, abdominal pain with excluded acute surgical pathology in children force differential diagnosis with rare infectious diseases, including tularemia. In the Russian Federation, up to 30 children a year are diagnosed with tularemia, with the exception of outbreaks of the disease in some years. At the same time, the generalized form is detected in no more than 10% of patients. The authors presented a clinical case of a generalized form of tularemia in a 17-year-old patient. The disease started with abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting. At the beginning of the disease, a diagnostic error was made — suspicion of ovarian inversion and laparotomy according to Pfannenstiel. In the further development of the disease, pronounced ascites were detected with the production of up to 5 liters of effusion per day, damage to the kidneys, liver, heart, gastrointestinal tract. Laboratory data revealed leukocytosis up to 89×109, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased levels of creatinine, urea, transaminases, C-reactive protein, proteinuria persisted for a long time. Indirect hemagglutination reaction with tularemia diagnosticum made it possible to establish the diagnosis of tularemia, generalized form. During two weeks of the disease, an 8-fold increase in the titer of antibodies was noted. Syndrome therapy and specific antibacterial therapy made it possible to stop the infectious process and discharge the patient home on the 44th day of the illness with recovery.

Vanadium as co-catalyst for exceptionally boosted Fenton and Fenton-like oxidation: Vanadium species mediated direct and indirect routes

In this study, vanadium powder (V) was employed as a cocatalyst to enhance the Fenton-like system. The V-Fe(III)/H2O2 system can rapidly produce hydroxyl radicals and completely oxidize chloramphenicol with exceptionally high stability for long-term operation. The low-valent vanadium sites on the surface during the stepwise oxidation of vanadium from V0 to V(IV) can donate electrons for direct H2O2 activation and indirect Fenton reaction by reducing Fe(III) to produce hydroxyl radicals. Meanwhile, density functional theory (DFT) calculation unveils that low-valent vanadium sites of vanadium can lengthen Fe-O bonds of FeOH2+ to elevate the oxidation potential of Fe(III) and promote Fe(III) reduction induced by H2O2. The self-cleaning effect of vanadium under acidic conditions can maintain reactive sites for sustainable electron donation and long-lasting enhanced Fenton oxidation. This study provides a novel enhanced Fenton oxidation for water remediation and the first mechanistic insights into the origins of V-based advanced oxidation technologies, it may also be beneficial to treat vanadium-contained wastewater.

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Abstract. Recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has united researchers from all over the world. However, despite their efforts, many questions remain unsolved: how the immune system is effective against this viral infection, how long the immunity persists in convalescents, what are the consequences of the disease. The inflammatory process, which is based on multicomponent immunological disorders, is one of the leading pathogenetic links of the disease caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus. In this regard, a precise study of the immune status peculiarities in patients � convalescents after COVID-19 and their possible role in the further development of chronic pathology are relevant. The aim of the work is to investigate peculiarities of immune disorders in convalescents after acute respiratory disease COVID-19 in relation to the severity of the disease and the timing of the examination after the acute period. Methods. We examined 91 convalescents after COVID-19, aged 21-67 years, treated as inpatients during the acute period of the disease. After the acute period these patients received a course of rehabilitation treatment in the Government Institution �The Scientific-Practical Medical Centre �Rehabilitation��. For comparison, a group of 45 patients with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia of medium severity were examined. As a control for laboratory indices, 24 practically healthy persons were examined. Cytokine status was studied by determining the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines using immunoenzymatic method. Non-specific resistance was investigated on the base of phagocytic activity and phagocytic number of monocytes. Indicators of cellular immunity were evaluated using an indirect immunofluorescence reaction using monoclonal antibodies (CD3+, CD22+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+) and on this basis index values were calculated that characterize the relationships of the studied subpopulations. When analyzing these data, the severity of the COVID-19 and the time of examination after the acute period of the disease were taken into account. Results. At the beginning of the course of recovery treatment, a pronounced imbalance in the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines with a significant predominance of the first one, was revealed. These changes can contribute to the persistence of the inflammatory process with further formation of the chronic pathology. This imbalance did not depend significantly on the severity of COVID-19, persisted for a long time and was 1.9 times more pronounced than in bacterial community-acquired pneumonia. In the period of convalescence, suppression of the monocytes� phagocytic activity and significant changes in the T-cells link of immunity were also revealed. It should be noted that disorders of cellular immunity depended on the severity of COVID-19 and were most pronounced in patients with its severe course. These changes persisted for a long time (examinations were carried out 2-3 weeks and 2-3 months after the acute period), which determines the need for recovery treatment during the convalescence period. Conclusions. 1. In convalescents after acute respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, certain disturbances of the immune status remain, which significantly affect the functional state of the organism as a whole and may be the basis for a persistent inflammatory process and the development of chronic pathology in the future. 2. Immune defense of convalescents after COVID-19 is characterized by a significant decrease in non-specific protection indices and the cellular link of immunity with manifestations of cytokine imbalance and these changes persist for a long time, which can contribute to the formation of post-COVID syndrome. 3. The obtained data serve as a pathogenetic basis for carrying out complex immunorehabilitation measures in convalescents after COVID-19 in order to recover the normal functioning of immune system, correcting protective reserves of the organism and preventing the development of chronic pathology. Key words: COVID-19, cytokine status, non-specific defense, cellular immunity

Seroprevalence and associated factors with Neospora caninum infection in sheep and goats slaughtered in the state of Paraíba, Brazil.

The objective was to describe the seroprevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in goats and sheep slaughtered in the state of Paraíba and to identify possible associated factors with the infections. Two hundred twenty-nine samples from goats and two hundred five from sheep were analyzed by Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IFAT) using a cutoff point of 1:50. The presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was identified in 28.4% (65/ 229; 95% Confidence Interval: 22.6-34.2) of the goat samples and in 12.7% (26/ 205; 95% CI: 8.2 - 17.2) of the sheep samples. Contact between goats and dogs (Odds ratio 4.81; CI 1.13 - 2.67; p = 0.041) and cattle (OR. 1.87; CI 1.13 - 2.67; p = 0.002) was identified as a risk factor for goats and contact between sheep and dogs (OR 2.32; CI 1.58 - 3.14; p = 0.026) and history of abortion (OR 1.94; CI 1.28 - 2.90; p = 0.001) was considered a risk factor for sheep. The study revealed a high seroprevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in slaughtered goats and sheep in Paraíba. Risk factors such as contact with dogs/cattle and abortion history underscore the need for preventive measures to control infection and enhance animal health management.

Особенности математического моделирования ГТД непрямой реакции

The article presents the developed mathematical model for calculating the parameters and characteristics of an indirect reaction gas turbine engine, which is implemented in asoftware environment and embedded in the general algorithm of the pro-gram "Calculation of traction-economic and mass-specific characteristics of a power plant and aircraft motion parameters". At the same time, special attention is paid to the features ofmathematical modeling of indirect reaction gas turbine engines with respect to turbojet engines. A description of a mathematical procedure for solving systems of nonlinear algebraic equations in determining the parameters and characteristics of a power plant in off-design modes of operation using a modified Newton's method is presented. The results of verification of the modified program are also shown by comparing the parameters and char-acteristics of the power plant based on the AI-24VT turboprop engine calculated with its help, with the characteristics taken from the technical description, with a detailed analysis of the qualitative and quantitative flow of throttle characteristics in accordance with the generally accepted theory of aviation engines

Mechanistic insight into the degradation of ciprofloxacin in water by hydroxyl radicals

Ciprofloxacin (CIP), an effective antibacterial drug, is widely used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. However, drug pollution from residues and the development of resistant genes may pose serious ecological risks. Among the known methods of CIP degradation, advanced oxidation technology initiated by hydroxyl radicals exhibits great potential. However, an in-depth study of the degradation mechanism is difficult because of the limitations of the testing methods. In this study, CIP oxidation by hydroxyl radicals was evaluated using density functional theory (DFT), and the thermodynamics, kinetics, and toxicity were investigated. The results show that CIP oxidation occurs mainly through the piperazine ring, benzene ring, and CC. High reactivity is achieved in the initial reactions, where only five reactions are not thermodynamically spontaneous. Reactions involving direct hydrogen abstraction by oxygen in this system are superior to the indirect reactions. Some theoretically predicted products, such as P6 and P11, are consistent with those reported in previous experiments, indicating that the theoretical study can provide supplementary information about the oxidation paths. The branching ratios for the hydrogen atom abstraction and addition reactions were 37. 45% and 62.55%, respectively. Finally, this reaction system is completely nontoxic based on toxicity assessment.

Imaging the Complex-Forming Reaction Dynamics in Al + CO2 → AlO + CO.

For indirect reactions involving more than one intermediate complex from reactant valley to product valley, the reaction dynamics becomes very complicated for researchers due to competition between pathways. In order to resolve the large discrepancy between theoretical and experimental studies on the linear or bent structures of complexes involved in the title endothermic reaction, we performed a crossed-beam experiment at a large collision energy (Ec) range with mapping of the velocity distributions of Al reactants and AlO products. We found that the reaction proceeds through different complex-forming mechanisms with the increase of Ec: at low Ec near the reaction threshold, only low impact-parameter collisions contribute through a collinear Al-OCO short-lived complex, and at high Ec, the bent-structure complexes, formed by either isomerization or noncollinear collisions, come into play.

The role of herpesviruses and pneumocysts in infectious complications in children during liver transplantation

Infections occupy one of the central places among the complications of transplants. The frequency of fatal infectious complications during the first twelve months after transplantation ranges from 2.6 to 51.7%. Identifying markers of opportunistic infections before transplantation will help reduce the likelihood of developing these infections after induced immunosuppression. The aim of the study was to study the role of herpesviruses and pneumocysts in the occurrence of infectious complications in children before and after liver transplantation based on the detection of markers of a number of herpesvirus infections and pneumocystosis. The article presents the results of a comprehensive examination for markers of herpesvirus infections and pneumocystosis of 70 children who were treated at the Shumakov Transplantation Research Center. It should be noted that 55 patients (78.6%) were diagnosed with infectious complications, of which 46 people (65.7%) had pneumonia. To detect IgM and IgG antibodies to herpesviruses and pneumocysts, peripheral blood serum samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Detection of common HBV antigens was carried out by indirect immunofluorescence reaction (NRIF). Early antigens and reproduction of herpesviruses were detected by rapid culture method (BCM) on Vero and M-19 cell cultures for CMVI. In the event of infectious complications (pneumonia) in children who underwent related liver transplantation, the number of patients with active EBI markers increased almost 7 times and active HCV-6 markers increased 3.5 times. The paper shows the need for a broader laboratory screening of opportunistic infections, which will serve to achieve better clinical results, contribute to the formation of more advanced diagnostic algorithms, as well as improve epidemiological surveillance of these infections.

Lassa fever. Part 2. Laboratory diagnostics, treatment, development of medications

Globalization and high-speed means of transportation contribute to the spread of infections dangerous to humans. Airborne pathogens have pandemic potential as currently shown in case of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Natural focal Lassa fever (LF) common in West African countries, in 35 cases was registered in non-endemic geographical areas because any person infected with Lassa virus (LASV) is a long-term source of infection (up to two months). Cases of person-to-person infection in endemic territories are described. In Germany, the facts of secondary virus transmission from patients to doctors have been recorded during the examination and blood collection from an apparently healthy person as well as during the autopsy of a deceased subjects due to severe LF course. Nonspecific malaise symptoms in LF are also characteristic of numerous other diseases common on the African continent, e.g., malaria and typhoid fever or viral infections such as yellow fever, Chikungunya, dengue and Zika, monkey pox and Ebola virus disease. In this regard, there may be similar dermatological manifestations. Timely detection of cases and differential diagnosis are crucial to ensure safe patient care and use of affordable antiviral therapy for LL provided by the drug Ribavirin. Research methods for studying LASV use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting viral RNA, electron microscopy, isolation of infectious virus cultured sensitive cells, indirect immunofluorescence reaction, enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic assays for the detection of antibodies and/or antigen as well as immunoblotting. Currently, test kits based on molecular and genetic methods are mainly used for LF laboratory diagnostics. Since the 1980s, ribavirin has been used to treat patients with LF. The serum accumulation of the drug in large quantities causes hemolysis, development of anemia and impaired renal function. In this regard, treatment options are being considered with decline in its concentration due to combined use with other antiviral drugs. A search for new therapeutic agents capable of inhibiting viral replication at disease early stage has been in progress due to lack of any approved vaccines.

Diagnostic value of screening methods for the determination of antinuclear antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells and enzyme immunoassay in autoimmune liver diseases.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that react with various components of the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. ANA is the main serological marker for autoimmune liver disease (AILD). The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic value of two methods of screening for the determination of ANA (indirect immunofluorescence reaction on HEp-2 cells (IIF -HEp-2) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the sera of AILD patients. The sera of 118 patients with AILD (51 with autoimmune hepatitis - AIH, 19 with primary biliary cholangitis - PBC, 48 with overlapping syndrome - OVERLAP), 30 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and 30 healthy donors (HD) were studied. Determination of ANA by the IIF-HEp-2 method was carried out by visual assessment of samples under an AXIOSKOP 40 microscope, by ELISA - on an Alegria automatic analyzer. A weak degree of agreement between the positive and negative results of the ANA screening study using IIF-HEp-2 and ELISA (Cohen's kappa coefficient æ=0.4) was noted. Screening determination of ANA in patients with AILD by the IIF-HEp-2 method was distinguished by greater diagnostic sensitivity (DS) (68.6%) and a lower frequency of false negative results (31.4%) compared with ELISA (35.6% and 64.4 % respectively, p<0.05). The overall diagnostic specificity (DS) of the ANA study in IIF-HEp-2 was lower than with ELISA (66.7% and 86.7%, respectively, p<0.05). Both screening methods for determining ANA (IIF-HEp-2 and ELISA) were useful for diagnosing AILD (positive likelihood ratio - LR+: 2.1 and 2.6, respectively). In terms of the negative likelihood ratio (LR-), screening for ANA by the IIF-HEp-2 method, in contrast to ELISA, served as a "useful" test to exclude the diagnosis of AILD (0.5 and 0.8, respectively). The determination of ANA using IIF-HEp-2 is the most sensitive and "useful" screening test for the diagnosis of AILD, and ELISA is classified as a less "useful" screening method due to low diagnostic sensitivity and a high false-negative rate.

Selective extraction and separation of REEs from NdFeB magnets scrap using co-chlorination and water leaching

An approach of co-chlorination followed by water leaching to achieve the selective extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) from NdFeB magnets scrap (scrap) was studied. Co-chlorination refers to the synergistic effect of direct and indirect chlorination reactions. The feasibility of direct and indirect chlorination was explored from both theoretical and practical standpoints. The transformation between NdCl3 and NdOCl during the chlorination roasting process was discovered by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis combined with Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) as well as chemical analysis. The formation of NdOCl was prevented by regulating FeCl3·6H2O dosage, chlorination temperature and chlorination time, then the negative impact from the hydrolysis of NdOCl was avoided. As a result, the complete chlorination of REEs was successfully achieved by using co-chlorination and water leaching. The results showed that 96.51% REEs and 64.29% Co can be synchronously extracted into the leaching solution under appropriate conditions. After the separation of REEs and iron, 92 wt% iron oxide was obtained. This work offers an effective method for recovering REEs from NdFeB magnets scrap.

Recent Application of Core-Shell Nanostructured Catalysts for CO2 Thermocatalytic Conversion Processes.

Carbon-intensive industries must deem carbon capture, utilization, and storage initiatives to mitigate rising CO2 concentration by 2050. A 45% national reduction in CO2 emissions has been projected by government to realize net zero carbon in 2030. CO2 utilization is the prominent solution to curb not only CO2 but other greenhouse gases, such as methane, on a large scale. For decades, thermocatalytic CO2 conversions into clean fuels and specialty chemicals through catalytic CO2 hydrogenation and CO2 reforming using green hydrogen and pure methane sources have been under scrutiny. However, these processes are still immature for industrial applications because of their thermodynamic and kinetic limitations caused by rapid catalyst deactivation due to fouling, sintering, and poisoning under harsh conditions. Therefore, a key research focus on thermocatalytic CO2 conversion is to develop high-performance and selective catalysts even at low temperatures while suppressing side reactions. Conventional catalysts suffer from a lack of precise structural control, which is detrimental toward selectivity, activity, and stability. Core-shell is a recently emerged nanomaterial that offers confinement effect to preserve multiple functionalities from sintering in CO2 conversions. Substantial progress has been achieved to implement core-shell in direct or indirect thermocatalytic CO2 reactions, such as methanation, methanol synthesis, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and dry reforming methane. However, cost-effective and simple synthesis methods and feasible mechanisms on core-shell catalysts remain to be developed. This review provides insights into recent works on core-shell catalysts for thermocatalytic CO2 conversion into syngas and fuels.

Дискурс государственного антисемитизма в СССР (на материале документов 1946-1953 годов)

The aim of the study is to describe the features of the discourse of state anti-Semitism in the USSR during the period of late Stalinism. The paper characterises the commonality of institutional anti-Semitic texts as a means of protecting the Soviet ideological ideal from the harmful effects of Jews. The Soviet ideological ideal is an axiological category that opposes everything false, vicious and therefore hostile. The hostile nature of Soviet documents towards Jews is realised through the strategy of accusing Jews of professing the ideology of national struggle against the “Soviet”. The discourse of state anti-Semitism in the USSR is presented in the form of an accusation ritual consisting of requests addressed to the highest state authorities and indirect reactions to such requests aimed at endowing Jews with a state of guilt. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that the anti-Semitic discourse as a part of the USSR totalitarian discourse is highlighted as a separate object of study. As a result, the specifics of the expression of the Soviet ideological ideal have been determined, the discursive scheme and techniques for achieving a common intentional attitude of anti-Semitic documents have been described.

Features of immunological reactivity in Sami women

BACKGROUND: The Sami are a small group of indigenous people of the Russian Federation. The Sami have one of the lowest birth rates among all the peoples of the North of Russia. They often have more health problems than residents of other nationalities in the Murmansk region, due to a high incidence of acute respiratory infections. Extreme climatic and geographical conditions of the Arctic have a negative impact on immunological reactivity.&#x0D; AIM: To identify the features of immunological reactivity in Sami women.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine practically healthy Sami women aged from 21 to 44 years living in the Lovozero Village in the Murmansk region were examined. A control group consisting of 50 practically healthy Russian women of the Arkhangelsk region of the same age range was used. The hemogram, phagocytic activity of neutrophils of peripheral venous blood, and the content of lymphocytes with CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD10 phenotypes were studied by indirect immunoperoxidase reaction (Sorbent, Moscow) and flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter Immunotech, France). Additionally, concentrations of IgM, IgG, IgA, sCD54, and sCD62L (Bender MedSystems, Austria) were determined by enzyme immunoassay, circulating immune complexes (CIC) were determined by the precipitation method. The total amount of microflora, cytogram, phagocytic activity of neutrophils, the sorption capacity of epithelial cells, the content of sIgA and CIC IgG were studied in the separated mucous membranes of the pharynx, intestines, and urine. For comparison between groups, the independent samples t-test or the nonparametric MannWhitney U-test was used depending on the distribution.&#x0D; RESULTS: In Sami women, the frequency of deficiency of phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and mucosal secretions was higher than in the control group. Increased reactions of cell-mediated and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of lymphocytes were recorded. The frequency of elevated concentrations of CIC was higher in the Sami women than in the control group. A remarkable feature of the Sami immune reactivity was high concentrations of IgA and IgM against a background of low IgG content.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: In Sami women, the percentage of actively phagocytic neutrophil granulocytes of peripheral venous blood and mucous membranes was lower than in the control. A distinctive feature of the immunoglobulin profile of the blood serum of Sami women was the low IgG content against the background of increased concentrations of CIC, including immunoglobulins of this class. Sami women had higher levels of leukocyte migration into mucosa-associated mucosal tissue, which was correlated with a decrease in the sorption capacity of epitheliocytes, phagocytic activity of neutrophils, and concentrations of secretory immunoglobulins.