Indirect Ones Research Articles

Cluster Analysis and Classification Model of Nutritional Anemia Associated Risk Factors Among Palestinian Schoolchildren, 2014.

Nutritional inadequacy has been a major health problem worldwide. One of the many health problems that result from it is anemia. Anemia is considered a health concern among all ages, particularly children, as it has been associated with cognitive and developmental delays. Researchers have investigated the association between nutritional deficiencies and anemia through various methods. As novel analytical methods are needed to ascertain the association and reveal indirect ones, we aimed to classify nutritional anemia using the cluster analysis approach. In this study, we included 4,762 students aged between 10 and 17 years attending public and UNRWA schools in the West Bank. Students' 24-h food recall and blood sample data were collected for nutrient intake and hemoglobin analysis. The K-means cluster analysis was used to cluster the hemoglobin levels into two groups. Vitamin B12, folate, and iron intakes were used as the indicators of nutrient intake associated with anemia and were classified as per the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values. We applied the Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) model for studying the association between hemoglobin clusters and vitamin B12, folate, and iron intakes, sociodemographic variables, and health-related risk factors, accounting for grade and age. Results indicated that 46.4% of the students were classified into the low hemoglobin cluster, and 60.7, 72.5, and 30.3% of vitamin B12, folate, and iron intakes, respectively, were below RDA. The CRT analysis indicated that vitamin B12, iron, and folate intakes are important factors related to anemia in girls associated with age, locality, food consumption patterns, and physical activity levels, while iron and folate intakes were significant factors related to anemia in boys associated with the place of residence and the educational level of their mothers. The deployment of clustering and classification techniques for identifying the association between anemia and nutritional factors might facilitate the development of nutritional anemia prevention and intervention programs that will improve the health and wellbeing of schoolchildren.

A comparative study on hybrid power-to-liquids/power-to-gas processes coupled with different water electrolysis technologies

Recently, Power-to-Liquids (PTL) and Power-to-Gas (PTG) processes have been attracting extensive attentions as carbon-neutral technologies because they transform wasted CO2 into sustainable liquid fuels and synthetic natural gas, meanwhile storing the excess and intermittent renewable energies into stable chemical energies. In both PTL and PTG processes, hydrogen production is a key step, which can be achieved by using different water electrolysis technologies, such as alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEM), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEM) and solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC). In this work, to implement a systematic comparison of the effects of different water electrolysis technologies on the technical performances of the PTL/PTG hybrid process, we proposed four PTL/PTG hybrid process cases coupled with the aforementioned water electrolysis technologies, and conducted a detailed comparative technical analysis in terms of energy efficiency, carbon efficiency, net CO2 reduction rate and exergy efficiency. The results revealed that all the proposed process cases can be considered as essential candidate technologies for CO2 transformation, and the PTL/PTG hybrid process combined with SOEC is more competitive in terms of energy and exergy efficiencies, whereas that combined with AEM shows higher carbon efficiency and net CO2 reduction rate. Moreover, we also compared the process performances of the PTL/PTG hybrid processes combined with SOEC via the direct and indirect routes. It seems that both the indirect and direct ones are comparable in energy and exergy efficiencies. However, the direct one benefits CO2 mitigation, while, the indirect one favors syncrude production.

მოსახლეობის მიერ ბიო-პროდუქტების გამოყენების ანალიზი ზუგდიდისა და ქუთაისის მუნიციპალიტეტების მაგალითზე

The UN recognizes Green Growth and Green Economy as important factors for sustainable development. The Government of Georgia considers the Green Economy as one of the main means of the future development of the country and announces an initiative to implement voluntary measures to promote sustainable development. In this regard, it is essential to promote the ecosystem services, clean production, environmental education and green jobs. Green Economy and Green Growth require the involvement of the whole community. The transition to environmentally friendly activities is not carried out rapidly as Green Growth is a versatile and complex issue and requires a certain level of public awareness together with other factors. In recent years, the awareness of the population of different countries has shown a growing interest towards the problem of damaging the nature caused by the production, exploitation and utilization of various goods. From an ecological point of view, change of structures of irrational production and consumption will become one of the strategic directions of social development. However, the focus on eco-friendly production must be strengthened by recognizing its profitability and enabling the enterprise to receive both direct financial benefits - through the reduction of raw material costs, waste recycling, insurance and liability, and indirect ones - through more efficient environmental marketing and public opinion. Green marketing strategies are expensive and complicated and its successful implementation requires a lot of effort. Firms with green strategies can make a profit if they are able to attain the desired target positions in the minds of consumers towards the green brand in the market. Those green strategies tend to become more successful which are oriented on association, more credibility, enhanced perception of brand quality and brand loyalty among the target groups. It is no coincidence that the effects of these four communications (i.e., brand associations, credibility (or trust), quality, and loyalty) represent the customer-based brand equity.

Economic burden of low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour in Finland

BackgroundLow physical activity and high sedentary behaviour are unquestionably relevant for public health while also increasing direct and indirect costs.MethodsThe authors examined the direct and indirect costs attributable to low...

Practical application of the PGRCC in constructions in the city of Recife

The importance of civil construction for the global economy with multiplier effects is indisputable, generating, for each direct employment, at least four indirect ones, bringing positive effects to the trade balance of the countries (ABIKO et al, 2005), however, it is considered as a which accounts for 50% of the CO2 released into the atmosphere and approximately half of the solid waste generated in the world.
 In Brazil, in order to improve waste management, specific legislation was created through CONAMA Resolution 307/2002 and Law 12,305 / 2010, bringing, among others, the Integrated Program for the Management of Construction Waste and Rationalization of Production Processes, inducing a improving the quality of life of the population by controlling pollution and contamination of air, water and soil caused by inadequate removal, treatment and final disposal of solid wastes.

Large-scale empirical evaluation of DNS and SSDP amplification attacks

Reflection-based volumetric distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks take advantage of the available to all (open) services to flood and possibly overpower a victim’s server or network with an amplified amount of traffic. This work concentrates on two key protocols in the assailants’ quiver regarding DoS attacks, namely domain name system (DNS) and simple service discovery protocol (SSDP). Our contribution spans three axes: (a) We perform countrywide IP address scans (probes) across three countries in two continents to locate devices that run open DNS or SSDP services, and thus can be effectively exploited in the context of amplification attacks, (b) we fingerprint the discovered devices to derive information about their type and operating system, and (c) we estimate the amplification factor of the discovered reflectors through a dozen of diverse, suitably crafted DNS queries and a couple of SSDP ones depending on the case. The conducted scans span fifteen months, therefore comparative conclusions regarding the evolution of the reflectors population over time, as well as indirect ones regarding the security measures in this field, can be deduced. For instance, for DNS, it was calculated that the third quartile of the amplification factor distribution remains more than 30 for customarily exploited queries across all the examined countries, while in the worst case this figure can reach up to 70. The same figures for SSDP range between roughly 41 and 73 for a specific type of query. To our knowledge, this work offers the first full-fledged mapping and assessment of DNS and SSDP amplifiers, and it is therefore anticipated to serve as a basis for further research in this ever-changing and high-stakes network security field.

Unveiling spin-flip processes in a neutral quantum dot using an anisotropic photonic structure

We introduce a method to investigate excitonic spin flips in a neutral quantum dot (QD) that is driven nonresonantly. By inserting the QD in an anisotropic photonic structure, one creates an imbalance between the radiative decay rates of the two bright excitons. Direct spin flips between the bright excitons as well as indirect ones (via a dark exciton) mix the level populations and profoundly affect the degree of linear polarization of the excitonic emission. Measuring this quantity under continuous wave optical excitation yields the spin-flip rate over a broad range of excitation powers. Additional time-resolved experiments allow disentangling the contributions of bright-bright and dark-bright spin flips in the low-excitation regime. After providing theoretical background, we demonstrate the method on a self-assembled InAs QD embedded in a GaAs photonic wire featuring an elliptical cross section. For low-excitation power and at $T=5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, bright-bright spin flips are much slower than dark-bright spin flips, which, in turn, remain much slower than the radiative decays. Upon increasing the temperature, we observe a superlinear increase in the bright-bright spin-flip rate which completely reverses the rate hierarchy above $T=50\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Moreover, polarization measurements reveal a dramatic increase in the spin-flip rate with the pumping power. Our findings are relevant to spontaneous emission control by anisotropic photonic structures and to the spectral coherence of QD-based quantum light sources.

Microbiome-by-ethanol interactions impact Drosophila melanogaster fitness, physiology, and behavior

SummaryThe gut microbiota can affect how animals respond to ingested toxins, such as ethanol, which is prevalent in the diets of diverse animals and often leads to negative health outcomes in humans. Ethanol is a complex dietary factor because it acts as a toxin, behavioral manipulator, and nutritional source, with both direct effects on the host as well as indirect ones through the microbiome. Here, we developed a model for chronic, non-intoxicating ethanol ingestion in the adult fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and paired this with the tractability of the fly gut microbiota, which can be experimentally removed. We linked numerous physiological, behavioral, and transcriptional variables to fly fitness, including a combination of intestinal barrier integrity, stored triglyceride levels, feeding behavior, and the immunodeficiency pathway. Our results reveal a complex tradeoff between lifespan and fecundity that is microbiome-dependent and modulated by dietary ethanol and feeding behavior.

Surface termination dependence of electronic and optical properties in Ti2CO2 MXene monolayers

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes are a rapid growing family of 2D materials with rich physical and chemical properties where their surface termination plays an essential role. Among the various 2D MXenes, functionalization of the Ti$_{n}$C$_{n-1}$ phase with oxygen (O) atoms makes them attractive for optoelectronic applications due to their optical gap residing in the infrared or visible region. In this manuscript, we theoretically investigate the electronic and optical properties of four different O-atom-functionalized Ti$_{n}$C$_{n-1}$ MXene monolayers using state-of-the-art, first-principles techniques. In particular, we calculate the quasiparticle corrections on top of density functional theory (DFT) at the GW level and the exciton-dominated optical spectra by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) also at finite momentum. We find that all but one of the monolayer models are indirect band gap semiconductors where quasiparticle corrections are very important ($\sim 1$ eV). The optical spectra are instead dominated by direct and indirect excitons with large binding energies (between $0.5$ and $1$ eV). Most direct excitons lie above $1.5$ eV, while the indirect ones are below: therefore, we conclude that Ti$_{n}$C$_{n-1}$ should display strong absorption in the visible region, but phonon-assisted emission in the infrared. Our work thus reveals the potential usage of surface terminations to tune the optical and electronic properties of Ti$_{n}$C$_{n-1}$ MXene monolayers, while emphasizing the pivotal role of many-body effects beyond DFT to obtain accurate prediction for these systems.

Current strategies and progress for targeting the "undruggable" transcription factors.

Transcription factors (TFs) specifically bind to DNA, recruit cofactor proteins and modulate target gene expression, rendering them essential roles in the regulation of numerous biological processes. Meanwhile, mutated or dysregulated TFs are involved in a variety of human diseases. As multiple signaling pathways ultimately converge at TFs, targeting these TFs directly may prove to be more specific and cause fewer side effects, than targeting the upfront conventional targets in these pathways. All these features together endue TFs with great potential and high selectivity as therapeutic drug targets. However, TFs have been historically considered "undruggable", mainly due to their lack of structural information, especially about the appropriate ligand-binding sites and protein-protein interactions, leading to relatively limited choices in the TF-targeting drug design. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of TF-targeting drugs and highlight certain strategies used for targeting TFs, with a number of representative drugs that have been approved or in the clinical trials as examples. Various approaches in targeting TFs directly or indirectly have been developed. Common direct strategies include aiming at defined binding pockets, proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC), and mutant protein reactivation. In contrast, the indirect ones comprise inhibition of protein-protein interactions between TF and other proteins, blockade of TF expression, targeting the post-translational modifications, and targeting the TF-DNA interactions. With more comprehensive structural information about TFs revealed by the powerful cryo-electron microscopy technology and predicted by machine-learning algorithms, plus more efficient compound screening platforms and a deeper understanding of TF-disease relationships, the development of TF-targeting drugs will certainly be accelerated in the near future.

EFL Agreeing and Disagreeing Discourses in Facebook

Agreeing and disagreeing are two common speech acts that occur in social conversations. Driven by the fact that there are direct and indirect way for expressing agreement and disagreement, and there are also mitigating strategies to protect interlocutors from face-threatening in disagreeing discourses, this study examined EFL students’ use of discourse strategies in their Facebook interaction. Thirty-four pre-intermediate EFL students at a university in Vietnam took part in this study. Data analysis shows that direct discourses is linguistically limited while indirect ones exhibit wider language use. Students also demonstrate two different directions of using mitigating strategies for their disagreeing discourses. Some pedagogical implications are also suggested in this study. Keywords: agreeing, disagreeing, direct, indirect, strategies DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/86-03 Publication date: February 28 th 2022

Modeling of the Point Defect Migration across the AlN/GaN Interfaces-Ab Initio Study.

The formation and diffusion of point defects have a detrimental impact on the functionality of devices in which a high quality AlN/GaN heterointerface is required. The present paper demonstrated the heights of the migration energy barriers of native point defects throughout the AlN/GaN heterointerface, as well as the corresponding profiles of energy bands calculated by means of density functional theory. Both neutral and charged nitrogen, gallium, and aluminium vacancies were studied, as well as their complexes with a substitutional III-group element. Three diffusion mechanisms, that is, the vacancy mediated, direct interstitial, and indirect ones, in bulk AlN and GaN crystals, as well at the AlN/GaN heterointerface, were taken into account. We showed that metal vacancies migrated across the AlN/GaN interface, overcoming a lower potential barrier than that of the nitrogen vacancy. Additionally, we demonstrated the effect of the inversion of the electric field in the presence of charged point defects and at the AlN/GaN heterointerface, not reported so far. Our findings contributed to the issues of structure design, quality control, and improvement of the interfacial abruptness of the AlN/GaN heterostructures.

Sevantics of passive structures in English scope

The passive voice is viewed as an integral part of the English language functioning and is used as an indicator of efficient writing and information presentation. Texts written in the passive voice are perceived as more objective, but can also be said to be ambiguous. The article outlines the importance of the passive voice structures in the English language context. The authors focus on the cases of appropriate use of passive structures in the English language. Theoretical analysis and practical study of passive constructions peculiarities in the English language allow us to claim that the English passive form of verbs differs from the passive constructions of the Ukrainian language. This proves the relevance of translation knowledge for the most sufficient interpretation of these constructions. The fact is that the passive construction is widely used in English is shown via English examples. The authors outline the division of English passive constructions into direct and indirect ones. The samples of structures with direct application, indirect application and prepositional application are presented. The given examples lead to an active understanding of passive structures functioning in the English language. The verbs in the English language, which can be used only with certain passive constructions, have become essential for us to mention from the point of view of grammar structures. We provide a reader with significant examples of their functioning in these structures as well. We aim to explain the use of various verb categories in several passive constructions. Recommendations for the use of the above verbs in the passive voice are represented and detailed examples are given. The percentage reliably indicates the importance of using passive constructions with certain verbs.

Health Technologies Assessment for Orphan Diseases. Example of Social and Economic Burden of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Background. Studies of the economic impact of disease on society or the social and economic burden, known as developmental disease cost analysis, are equivalent to public health epidemiological studies. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has significant social and economic burden according to various studies.Objective. The aim of the study is to compare Russian and international methodological approaches and results of health technology assessment (HTA) of SMA from the perspective of social and economic burden. Materials and methods. Literature searches were conducted using the Medline, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library databases. Keywords and criteria for inclusion and exclusion have been used. The following parameters were used: costs, year of calculation, assessment method, primary and secondary results, type of economic assessment, perspective, time horizon, intervention, analysis of the sensitivity of the results. Both direct medical and non-medical costs were taken into account, as well as indirect costs.Results. The analysis of SMA burden the USA, Germany, Spain, Australia, France, Great Britain, and the Russian Federation was carried out based on 8 international studies and one Russian study that described the costs of SMA. All costs, including indirect ones, were estimated only in 4 international studies and in Russian one. The main source of information was either patient registers or cross-sectional retrospective studies of patients diagnosed with SMA. The costs were higher for type I SMA in all countries. The highest total SMA costs were in the United States, and the lowest in Russian Federation and Spain. Costs excluded new disease-modifying drugs such as nusinersen, risdiplam, and onasemogen abeparvovec in all conducted studies.Conclusions. The social and economic burden of SMA in Russian Federation in 2020 before the introduction of pathogenetic therapy into practice was 2.38 billion RUR/year. The costs of inpatient treatment and rehabilitation were 30.8 and 32.3% of total costs, respectively. These costs, before the introduction of pathogenetic therapy into practice, are lower than in Western Europe and United States, which is most likely since domestic studies used the standards of primary health care for children with SMA implemented in 2012, as well as low indirect costs for SMA in Russian Federation. Unified methodology for assessing the socio-economic significance of orphan diseases is required to carry out HTA of orphan diseases in Russian Federation. It should be based on domestic registries, otherwise on valid data, including those based on data from real clinical practice (RWD /RWE).

A review of characterization techniques of heterocoagulation between mineral particles in mineral separation process

In mineral separation process, the heterocoagulation between mineral particles is extensive in both spontaneous (such as slime coating) and controlled processes (such as the carrier and coating methods). Various characterization techniques have been developed to provide better understanding of heterocoagulation mechanism. The paper reviews the characterization techniques of heterocoagulation between mineral particles, which are divided into indirect and direct ones. The working principle, consideration, merits and demerits of each technique are discussed in detail. Various characterization methods provide a wealth of options for the study of mineral heterocoagulation. Moreover, multiple characterization methods can be used together to verify each other in single study to enhance the persuasibility of the viewpoints. Developing in-situ and quantitative characterization techniques will further assist the fundamental understanding of heterocoagulation. Combining the heterocoagulation characterization results with the DLVO calculation results can provide complementary information and deep insights into the heterocoagulation mechanism between mineral particles.

Paradigm of Family and Community Resilience in the Context of Ideology and Education during the Covid 19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has severely hit the world since 2020 to this day, significantly impacting the life of communities and nation. Such significant impacts can be seen from two main aspects, namely direct and indirect ones. Direct impacts can be identified from economy and healthcare quality. In terms of economic impacts, the pandemic has caused more people to be into economic distress and economic uncertainty, unemployment to rise, and many to lose a decent everyday life. In terms of impact on healthcare, many have a great difficulty accessing a good healthcare quality and the healthcare quality has decreased in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the indirect impact can be seen from multiple conditions, starting from education, social issue, ideology, politics, and security. This research focused on the efforts to build family and community resilience amidst the pandemic while radicalism, fundamentalism, and terrorism are still an issue. The aim of this paper was to describe and offer a paradigm of family and community resilience as an effort to reinforce Pancasila ideology in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. The method employed for this research was a qualitative approach through literature studies and empirical research or observation, and hence the analysis used was interpretation and critical discourse analysis. A limitation of this research was only focusing on Pancasila as well as family and society resilience during Covid-19. The result of this study expectedly can be a clear recommendation to family and community resilience paradigm.

Top predator introduction changes the effects of spatial isolation on freshwater community structure.

Current conceptual metacommunity models predict that the consequences of local selective pressures on community structure increase with spatial isolation when species favored by local conditions also have higher dispersal rates. This appears to be the case of freshwater insects in the presence of fish. The introduction of predatory fish can produce trophic cascades in freshwater habitats because fish tend to prey upon intermediate predatory taxa, such as predatory insects, indirectly benefiting herbivores and detritivores. Similarly, spatial isolation can limit dispersal and colonization rates of predatory insects more strongly than of herbivores and detritivores, thus generating similar cascading effects. Here we tested the hypothesis that the effect of introduced predatory fish on insect community structure increases with spatial isolation by conducting a field experiment in artificial ponds that manipulated the presence/absence of fish (the redbreast tilapia) at three different distances from a source wetland. Our results showed that fish have direct negative effects on the abundance of predatory insects but probably have variable net effects on the abundance of herbivores and detritivores because the direct negative effects of predation by fish may offset indirect positive ones. Spatial isolation also resulted in indirect positive effects on the abundance of herbivores and detritivores but this effect was stronger in the absence rather than in the presence of fish so that insect communities diverged more strongly between fish and fishless ponds at higher spatial isolation. We argue that an important additional mechanism, ignored in our initial hypothesis, was that as spatial isolation increases fish predation pressure upon herbivores and detritivores increases due to the relative scarcity of predatory insects, thus dampening the positive effect that spatial isolation confers to lower trophic levels. Our results highlight the importance of considering interspecific variation in dispersal and multiple trophic levels to better understand the processes generating community and metacommunity patterns.

Comprehensive evaluation of the efficiency of investment projects under concession agreements in the Russian regions with mineral and raw materials specialization

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the methodology for a comprehensive evaluation of the efficiency of investment projects in the format of concession agreements implemented in Russia’s regions specializing in mineral and raw materials development by considering the direct economic results of investment and indirect ones aimed at assessing the social and environmental indicators of industry production. Author’s results. The current state of the methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of investment projects based on PPP principles in the Russian Federation and abroad was analyzed reflecting the economic aspects of the liberal concept of development, the provisions of the theory of stakeholders and based on the principles of public-private partnership. Methodological approaches were developed for evaluating comprehensively the efficiency of investment projects in the format of concession agreements implemented in the Russian regions of mineral and raw materials specialization, which considers both direct investment results and indirect, environmental and social ones.

Direct but Not Indirect Methods Correlate the Percentages of Sperm With Altered Chromatin to the Intensity of Chromatin Damage.

Although sperm chromatin damage, understood as damage to DNA or affectations in sperm protamination, has been proposed as a biomarker for sperm quality in both humans and livestock, the low incidence found in some animals raises concerns about its potential value. In this context, as separate methods measure different facets of chromatin damage, their comparison is of vital importance. This work aims at analyzing eight techniques assessing chromatin damage in pig sperm. With this purpose, cryopreserved sperm samples from 16 boars were evaluated through the following assays: TUNEL, TUNEL with decondensation, SCSA, alkaline and neutral sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) tests, alkaline and neutral Comet assays, and chromomycin A3 test (CMA3). In all cases, the extent of chromatin damage and the percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA were determined. The degree of chromatin damage and the percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) in direct methods (TUNEL, TUNEL with decondensation, and alkaline and neutral Comet) and CMA3, but not in the indirect ones (SCD and SCSA). Percentages of sperm with fragmented DNA determined by alkaline Comet were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with TUNEL following decondensation and CMA3; those determined by neutral Comet were correlated with the percentage of High DNA Stainability (SCSA); those determined by SCSA were correlated with neutral and alkaline SCD; and those determined by neutral SCD were correlated with alkaline SCD. While, in pigs, percentages of sperm with fragmented DNA are directly related to the extent of chromatin damage when direct methods are used, this is not the case for indirect techniques. Thus, the results obtained herein differ from those reported for humans in which TUNEL, SCSA, alkaline SCD, and alkaline Comet were found to be correlated. These findings may shed some light on the interpretation of these tests and provide some clues for the standardization of chromatin damage methods.

Dynamic of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in a domestic-wildlife interface: Domestic sheep and guanaco as reservoir community.

Natural herbivore populations have experienced uninterrupted pressures from direct and evident domestic-wildlife interactions and competition, to indirect or less obvious ones such as pathogen transmission. Thus, pathogen spillover between wild and domestic animals is a constant concern because the domestic-wildlife interface represents the ecological frontier in which pathogen transmission takes place in both directions. In Patagonian steppe communities, extensive sheep ranching and guanaco (Lama guanicoe) populations coexist, and guanaco have shown to be infected by pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) likely transmitted from livestock. MAP causes chronic enteritis and affects mostly domestic ruminants. We evaluated MAP prevalence and pathogen shedding in both species' faeces collected in non-shared and shared sites according to presence/absence of sheep and guanaco along a year, in four different seasons (autumn, winter, and spring 2018, and summer 2019). Our results indicate that MAP circulates in both sheep and guanaco populations with self-sustained transmission; however, both species differ in their levels of competence. We detected higher pathogen shedding in sites occupied by sheep, suggesting that sheep populations may be the main source of infection for susceptible animals due to their large numbers which drive MAP dynamics.