Indirect Field-oriented Control Research Articles

Design and Analysis Models with PID and PID Fuzzy Controllers for Six-Phase Drive

Due to their reliability, design and analysis models with PID and PID fuzzy controllers for six-phase drive are being applied in new areas in various industries, including transportation. First, the development of any system with multiphase motors requires an elaborate model to define the control mode and controllers. The modeling of a control system for six-phase drive is based on its conventional d-q mathematical model and indirect field-oriented control. In this study, a Simulink six-phase drive model is designed with indirect field-oriented control and simulated with two types of fuzzy controller, PID and PID fuzzy. The simulation results are presented and analyzed; these results reflect the step response and performance at the provided speed reference law while keeping the load application at a constant speed. A fuzzy controller with 49 rules is considered and applied. With field-oriented control and a well-tuned PID controller, the six-phase electric drive has good step response specifications: a short settling time when starting without a load, no overshoot in the step response, small size, and a slight decrease in speed when loaded. The system employing a PID fuzzy controller shows slightly better results in response to the application of torque: the decrease in speed is eliminated more quickly. The simulation results were tabulated with the PID and with the results of previous research that rearranged some models to only operate in the classical controller mode. The simulation results indicate the robustness to disturbance of both the systems with six-phase drive and provide high-quality transient specifications at the provided reference speed.

Indirect Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor

The various control strategies for the control of the inverter-fed induction motor have provided good steady-state but poor dynamic response. In the last decades, many control techniques have been developed providing good performance. Field-oriented control is one of the most significant control methods for high performance AC electric machines and drives. In particular, for induction machines, indirect field oriented control is a simple and highly reliable scheme which has essentially become an industry standard. With the advent of the vector control methods, an induction motor can be operated like a separately excited dc motor for high performance applications. The speed control is observed in closed-loop control applications. The speed regulation is achieved with a PI controller which converts the command speed into the command torque and therefore the speed of the drive. In this paper PI controller base indirect field orientation control of 3-phase 415V, 50Hz Induction motor using cascaded multilevel inverter is proposed in MATLAB/SIMMLINK 7.10.0 (R2010a).

Robustness Enhancement of Fractionalized Order Proportional Integral Controller for Speed Control of Indirect Field-Oriented Control Induction Motor

Robustness Enhancement of Fractionalized Order Proportional Integral Controller for Speed Control of Indirect Field-Oriented Control Induction Motor

Driving an asynchronous motor powered by PV‐MPPT using equivalent RST controller of fractional order PI and IP, based on generalized predictive control

AbstractThe article introduces a new model of a Reference Signal Tracking (RST) controller for the fractional order quantities. The controller is applied to an indirect field‐oriented control (IFOC) system used for the speed control of an asynchronous motor powered by a photovoltaic (PV) generator with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. This model utilizes two fractional order controllers: the fractional order proportional‐integral (FOPI) regulator and the fractional‐order integral‐proportional (FOIP) regulator. These controllers are used with the generalized predictive control (GPC) technique. The first step in the approach is to derive the equivalent digital RST controller's model from the FOPI and FOIP controller's transfer functions. The GPC technique converts the continuous‐time FOPI (and FOIP) controller into a discrete‐time version. This conversion ensures a fast response and effective disturbance rejection. Simulation tests are conducted to analyze the rotor speed and stator current ripples to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the introduced scheme in achieving improved control performance in terms of response speed and disturbance rejection. The article presents a modified RST controller model based on the fractional order approach applied to an IFOC system for motor speed control driven by a photovoltaic generator. Using FOPI, FOIP controllers, and GPC contributes to enhanced control performance, as evidenced by the simulation results.

Design and Analysis Models With PID and PID Fuzzy Controllers for Six-Phase Drive

The multiphase motors due to their reliability find new areas of application in the industry and transportation. Developing of any system with multiphase motors at first requires elaborate model of the system, define control mode and controllers. The model of control system for the sixphase drive is based on its conventional d-q mathematical model and indirect field-oriented control. Simulink model of six-phase drive with indirect field-oriented control and simulated with two types PID and PID fuzzy controllers. The simulation results, reflecting step response and provided speed reference law as well as load application at constant speed, are presented and analyzed. Fuzzy controller with 49 rules is considered and applied. Six-phase electric drive with field-oriented control at well-tuned PID controller has good step response specifications: settling time 0.13 s at starting without load, step response has no overshoot, small about 1% short time decrease of speed at load of 5 Nm application. The system employing PID fuzzy controller shows slightly better results in response to torque application: the decrease in speed 1% is eliminated in shorter time. Simulation results indicate the robustness of both systems with six-phase drive to disturbance and provide high quality transient specifications at provided reference speed.

Implementation of Indirect Field Oriented Control Using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation for the Control of Induction Motor

For the efficient speed control of three phase Induction motor, the Vector control or Field oriented control (FOC) technique is used for the Voltage source inverter. In implementing FOC the angular position of the rotor flux vector is to be determined. There are two methods (direct and indirect) of vector control for the evaluation of rotor angle. In an Indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) method rotor angle is estimated from slip frequency and rotor frequency without using a sensor (sensors are used in direct FOC) which are achieved in a synchronously rotating frame. IFOC produces high performance in induction motor drives by decoupling rotor flux and torque, so it can be separately controlled by stator direct-axis current and quadrature-axis current respectively, like in a DC motor. The rotor flux orientation method is used for incorporating PI control system using the Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique. The Induction motor drive control generally involves three different PI controllers for torque, speed, and flux respectively. Through the simulation result, varying the load torque, and reference speed is achieved within a few milliseconds, and the behavior of the separately excited DC motor is observed.

Control of Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor by Field Acceleration Method (FAM) for E-Mobility

The rapid electrification of mobility systems has fuelled the demand for advanced control techniques that can enhance the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs). In this context, this paper introduces the Field Acceleration Method (FAM) as a control strategy for three-phase squirrel cage induction motors, specifically tailored for e-mobility applications. FAM has not been previously simulated or tested practically in the context of electric mobility, making this study a pioneering effort. Induction motors are widely employed in electric vehicles, and various control methods such as the Indirect Field-Oriented Control (IFOC) gained popularity for its effectiveness in achieving precise and efficient motor control. In this research, FAM is simulated using MATLAB, and the results demonstrate its suitability for electric vehicle control applications. FAM exhibits the potential to achieve rapid speed responses, making it a promising alternative to established control techniques. The outcomes of this study highlight the applicability of FAM in improving the dynamic performance of EVs, contributing to the ongoing efforts to enhance the efficiency and responsiveness of electric mobility solutions. This research paves the way for practical implementations of FAM in electric vehicles, potentially revolutionizing the field of EV motor control.

Rotor Speed Analysis of SMC-based IFOC for Low-Speed Induction Motor Control

The control of electric motors, particularly three-phase induction motors, has developed rapidly due to their application in industry. Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) is one of the most widely used control systems due to its ease of application. IFOC controls a three-phase induction motor in the same way as a DC motor. However, IFOC requires a Sliding Mode Control (SMC) controller with Lyapunov stability theory to ensure robustness and stability. In exceptional conditions, such as low-speed settings, the SMC-based IFOC requires unique sets to operate with a steady-state error (Ess) at a speed response of less than 2%. Other parameters to be considered are rise time and electromagnetic torque response at low speeds. The addition of the boundary layer of the hyperbolic tangent function to a first-order SMC can increase induction motor (IM) control up to 175 rpm with a value of Ess = 1.96% compared to the saturation and signum functions, which are only capable of a reference speed of 300 rpm in no-load conditions with a value of Ess = 2% for the saturation function and 1.94% for the signum function. SMC with the hyperbolic tangent function boundary layer performs best under load conditions. The rising time value does not significantly differ under no-load or torque-load conditions between the SMC with the saturation, hyperbolic tangent function boundary layers and without the boundary layer. Adding a boundary layer with the hyperbolic tangent function can reduce ripple significantly compared to the saturation function under no-load or load conditions.

Rotor Bar Fault Diagnosis in Indirect Field–Oriented Control-Fed Induction Motor Drive Using Hilbert Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform, and Energy Eigenvalue Computation

The most powerful technology in the condition-based maintenance (CBM) framework for rotating machinery is fault detection (FD) and fault diagnosis (FDS). This paper investigates the broken rotor bar (BRB) FDS utilizing Hilbert transform (HT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and energy eigenvalue (EEV) computation with the induction motor (IM) drive handled by the indirect field orientation control (IFOC). The stator current spectrum, which the HT collects, is utilized to determine BRB degradation. The DWT decomposes the signal while the fast Fourier transform (FFT) recovers the signal’s frequency and amplitude factors. The EEV of the motor current in the signal determines the degree of the malfunction and provides a better method for recognizing errors. The DWT is used to overcome the Fourier analysis’s drawbacks and is primarily dedicated to non-stationary signals. While DWT is used, the malfunctioning BRB’s stator current signal is restrained from its original amplitude. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can identify and diagnose faults in an IM drive even under different loads.

A new scheme of the fractional-order super twisting algorithm for asynchronous generator-based wind turbine

In this paper, the performance and efficacy of the super-twisting algorithm (STA) were improved by using fractional calculus theory (FCT). A new form is given to the STA controller based on the FCT technique to control the asynchronous generator (AG)-based wind power system (WPS). With the main focus on improving the characteristics and quality of reactive power, active power, and electric current, objective functions are calculated, including indices of ripples in active and reactive power, current and torque, and the total harmonic distortion (THD) value of the stator current. In this work, this proposed STA-FCT controller is used to obtain better performance and improve the features of the indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) for AG-based WPS. The designed AG control model has been validated using Matlab/Simulink software. In the first test, the THD of current, active power, and reactive power ripples of the AG-WPS was improved by 99.46%, 96.74%, and 94.07%, respectively. Also, the designed IFOC-STA-FCT technique provided a better dynamic response than the traditional IFOC technique. The robustness of the designed strategy was tested in the second test. In this test, the designed IFOC strategy significantly minimized the active and reactive power ripples compared to the classical IFOC technique (64.34% and 53.56%), and the THD value was tolerably decreased (98.85%) compared to the traditional IFOC strategy. While the dynamic response is always better in the case of the designed IFOC-STA-FCT technique.

Vector-controlled Y-connected three-phase induction motor drives: small-signal stability study during IGBT short-circuit fault

<p>The stability analysis is one of the most important elements to describe the performance of AC drive systems under both dynamic and steady-state operating circumstances. This is particularly essential because electric motors operate over a wide range of speeds and utilize complex control systems such as field-oriented control (FOC). This study establishes a small-signal stability analysis (SSSA) in a 1-horsepower vector-controlled Y-connected three-phase induction motor (YCTPIM) drive during an insulated gate bipolar transistor short-circuits failure (IGBT-SCF). In the beginning, a vector control system that is based on the indirect rotor FOC (IRFOC) method is described for post-fault functioning of the YCTPIM while the IGBT-SCF is taking place. After that, a small-signal model of the system that has been provided is explored. This model is based on a voltage-current model, and it is constructed by linearizing the non-linear dynamic equations of the system. During IGBT-SCF, an IRFOC strategy as well as SSSA operations are carried out on the 1-HP, 380 V, and YCTPIM. In this research, both analytical and simulation-based methodologies are applied.</p>

Sensorless Adaptive control of VSI-Fed Induction Motor Drive with Optimized MLP-Neural Network

ABSTRACT Multilayer-Perceptron Neural Network (MLP-NN)-based sensorless speed control of adaptive Indirect Field-Oriented Control (IFOC) strategy is implemented for online parameter estimation of Induction Motor Drive (IMD) fed from Common mode voltage injection Space vector PWM (CVSVPWM) based Voltage Source Inverter. Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) is implemented in this work, to train the MLP-NN model by choosing the optimal weight and biases for the estimation of accurate parameters and speed of IMD. The objective of optimal MLP-NN is to improve the IMD reliability and response fast during dynamic operation. The model performances are evaluated by employing statistical metrics of MSE, RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and R for training and testing. These are reported for testing to be 0.000602064, 0.0245, 0.4015, 0.25474, and 0.9997 which indicates the best-fitted prediction model and proves the minimized error. The results reveal that an optimized MLP-NN accomplishes promising performance in estimating the parameters and speed with the least errors such as rs is 3.82%, rr is 4.19%, ls is 0.41%, lr is 0.72%, lm is 0.21%, and strongly tracking of reference speed. In addition, HHO is also employed to evolve the gains of the PI-controller in adaptive-IFOC for generation of reference signals by reducing the computational effort.

Assessment of Multi-Phase Conversion and Modified PWM Strategy for Power Converters of Medium-Voltage Induction Motors Drive

Multi pulse and multilevel converters show great potential for use in medium voltage induction motor drive systems due to cascaded design and high-quality output. However, variable-speed medium voltage drives have demanding requirements in enhancement number of pulses with less number of DC sources and converter topologies with reduced component counts. This paper utilizes the phase displacement technique as well as the three-phase to five-phase conversion technique so that the drive system extracts 30-pulse current from the grid supply, which helps to enhance the power quality at the grid end. In this paper, a 30-pulse AC-DC converter based on a 10-pulse converter is designed and implemented to feed a power 4-level cascaded inverter through three DC sources. Apart from this, a modified carrier-based LSPWM technique is used to enhance the performance of the MLI at a low switching frequency. An indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) method is utilized to address the issues of the drive system during dynamic operations. Performance analysis through theoretical and simulation by using the full-scale model is evaluated in terms of voltage and current quality, speed and torque response, losses, and efficiency. Experimental verification is also carried out on a 7.5kW, 415V laboratory prototype using a digital signal controller for implementation of the control scheme.

High Reliable Medium Voltage Drive With Reduced Component Count of Converters

The rapid development of technology, particularly in the fields of medium-voltage drive applications, has led to the widespread and use of AC to DC multi-pulse and DC to AC multilevel converters. In recent years, multi-winding transformers (MWTs)-based multi-pulse converters have received significant attention, owing to the growing need to utilize the energy as per power quality standards with high reliability in medium voltage drive systems. The main issues of multi-pulse converters are the large complexity of winding connections, which directly degrades the reliability of the system and increases the requirement for conductor material. To address these issues of grid-end converters, this paper suggests a less complex structure of a multi-winding transformer (MWT) for a thirty-six pulse AC-DC converter, which demands the least conductor material for windings. Moreover, the reduction in the number of components of the multi-level inverters has a noticeable role in saving size, cost, and reliability improvement. To address these features in the drive system, a five-level hybrid symmetric cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (HSCHB-MLI) is presented, which performs a high-quality power conversion at the motor terminals of the drive system. Hence, the main concerns of this drive system are the reduction in the component count, weight, and losses of the system with excellent harmonics performance. The operational aspects of the topology such as circuit structure, design, and indirect field-oriented control (IFOC), and modulation technique (parabolic carrier wave-based level shifted pulse width modulation) are elaborated in detail. A detailed comparative assessment is performed with other multi-winding transformers and multi-level inverter structures to demonstrate the merits of the presented multi-winding transformer and multilevel inverter structures, respectively. Finlay, through Simulink modeling and hardware testing setup, the viability of the proposed architecture is verified.

A Comprehensive Examination of Vector-Controlled Induction Motor Drive Techniques

This paper introduces a comprehensive examination of vector-controlled- (VC-) based techniques intended for induction motor (IM) drives. In addition, the evaluation and critique of modern control techniques that improve the performance of IM drives are discussed by considering a systematic literature survey. Detailed research on variable-speed drive control, for instance, VC and scalar control (SCC), was conducted. The SCC-based systems’ speed and V/f control purposes are clarified in closed and open loops of IM drives. The operations, benefits, and drawbacks of the direct and indirect field-oriented control systems are illustrated. Furthermore, the direct torque control (DTC) method for IMs is reviewed. Numerous VC methods established along with microprocessor/digital control, model reference adaptive control (MRAC), sliding mode control (SMC), and intelligent control (in terms of fuzzy logic (FL) and artificial neural networks (ANNs)) are described and examined. Uncertainties in the IM parameter are a considerable problem in VC drives. Therefore, this problem is addressed, and some studies that attempted to provide solutions are listed. Magnetic saturation and core loss impact are mentioned, as they are important issues in IM drives. Toward demonstrating the strengths and limitations of various VC configurations, a few experiments were simulated via MATLAB® and Simulink® that show the influence of machine parameter variation. Efforts are made to supply powerful guidelines for practicing engineers and researchers in AC drives.

An improved Sliding Mode Observer for parameter estimation in induction motor drive with optimised gains

ABSTRACT This paper represents the online parameter identification and continuous updating in the controller of Induction Motor Drives (IMD). The online measure of parameters improves the operation of the speed estimator, particularly nearer to the zero speed, and also computes the adaptive slip angular frequency. The parameter of speed estimation is performed by the improved Optimized Constant Rate Reaching Law (OCRRL)-based sliding mode observer (SMO), and electrical parameters of stator resistance, mutual inductance, and rotor time constant estimation is performed by Improved Adaptive SMO (IASMO). To enhance the monitoring reliability driven by parameter mismatches, an Online Parameter Estimation Control (OPEC) is presented. Lyapunov’s stability function is used to develop OPEC’s motor parameter adaptive rule. The conventional SMO suffers from the problem of higher chattering phenomena at the sliding surface, especially at very low and zero speeds. An improved OCRRL-based SMO dissolves this issue. Further, to enhance the performance by eliminating the time required for manual tuning of gains of observers in IASMO and PI controllers in Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) are obtained by the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) technique. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed observers are tested and verified for possible operating conditions.

Operation and Testing of Indirect Field Oriented Control of Asymmetrical Six-Phase Open-Ended Winding Induction Machine Using Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) Emulator

This study deals with an asymmetrical six-phase open-ended winding induction machine in closed loop operation using indirect field-oriented control scheme. The closed loop scheme has been developed by using the two axis (d-q) modeling of six-phase induction machine in rotating synchronous reference frame and can be easily extended to any multiphase machine having the stator winding which are the multiple of three. Operation under steady-state is considered to develop the phasor diagram in closed loop operation of machine in the motoring mode. The performance of the asymmetrical six-phase induction machine (opened ended winding) is investigated in the entire four-quadrant operation. The complete machine drive system was developed by using MATLAB/Simulink, which was used to obtain analytical results in different modes. Furthermore, the analytical results in the motoring mode were experimentally validated through real-time simulation by using Typhoon hardware-in-loop (HIL) emulator.

Robust Finite Control Set Model Predictive Current Control for Induction Motor Using Deadbeat Approach in Stationary Frame

The model predictive control increased its prominence in the field of induction machine drives. However, the performance of this strategy depends on the accuracy of the machine model parameters. In order to overcome this deficiency, this paper proposes a robust model predictive current control employing indirect field-oriented control in stationary reference frame using the stator current and the rotor flux vectors as state and stator voltage vector as the input. The control algorithm combines the classical model predictive control with the deadbeat approach in order to calculate the applied stator voltage vector in two components: one element considers the stator current reference, and another employs the disturbances caused due to the parameter errors, which allows to compensate the parameter mismatches in the plant model. The minimized cost function employs the predicted stator voltage vector to select the voltage vector to be applied to the stator terminals of the motor. The control method performance was verified using an experimental test bench analyzing the system steady-state and dynamic actions. In this way, the results corroborate the proposed controller robustness against parametric variations.

Comparative study of field-oriented control of an induction machine with inter-turn short-circuit in healthy and faulty cases

The vector control of an induction machine is among the most used controls, the inter-turn short-circuit fault is a very common fault in this type of machine. Vector controllers use current regulators that are highly insensitive to internal disturbances and can therefore mask the onset of a short-circuit fault. In this article we propose simulations allowing to study the behavior of the indirect field-oriented control when an inter-turn short-circuit fault appears. The primary aim of this article is a comparative study of the effect of this type of defect on estimated quantities such as rotor flux, slip and electromagnetic torque. The results of the simulation show that these estimated quantities can be used as fault indicators instead of the stator currents. The results of this comparative study also show that the ripple of the estimated rotor flux is a very good indicator of this type of fault in this type of regulator-machine association.

A combined HT and ANN based early broken bar fault diagnosis approach for IFOC fed induction motor drive

In recent years, fault diagnosis in the Induction Motor Drive (IMD) has been a popular and important field in the motor-drive research area. The development of control circuits for induction motors has prompted the attention of both researchers and industrialists. This paper proposes a broken bar fault diagnosis using Hilbert Transform (HT) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), with the drive regulated through the Indirect Field Orientation Control (IFOC). The HT obtains the spectrum of stator current, which is utilized to identify the Broken Rotor Bar (BRB) failure. The magnitude and side-band frequency of the drive are extracted using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and these parameters are fed into the ANN inputs. The fault severity is computed by the ratio of mean side-band frequency amplitude to the main frequency amplitude for finding the impact of failure in the drive. ANN is used to diagnose failure with high accuracy. The tested and training results are used to attain the minimum Mean Square Errors (MSEs). The IFOC is involved in this proposed system to ensure high performance under the variable speed drives. The proposed scheme is validated in both MATLAB/Simulink and experimental platforms.