Indirect Effects Model Research Articles

Discrimination in Latinx families' linked lives: Examining the roles of family process and youth worries.

Our goal was to test a prospective indirect effects model to examine whether maternal and youth exposures to discrimination were linked to adolescent adjustment (i.e., grade point average [GPA], internalizing symptoms and externalizing symptoms) via maternal warmth and family anti-immigrant behavior modifications and whether youth anti-immigrant worries qualified these relations. Prior research has demonstrated that individual exposures to ethnic-racial discrimination are associated with poor adjustment among Latinx adolescents. Less research has evaluated the impact of discrimination from a family lens or focused on identifying the mechanism via which discrimination impacts adolescent adjustment. Data from a school-based sample of 547 Latinx adolescents (55% female; 88.1% U.S. born) across 2 years were used. Study hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) in Mplus. Whereas adolescents' discrimination exposures were associated with poorer adjustment via disruptions to maternal warmth, mothers' discrimination exposures were associated with lowered adolescent internalizing symptoms via family anti-immigrant behavior modifications. Further, prospective negative relations between warmth and internalizing and GPA were attenuated in the context of adolescents' greater anti-immigrant worries. By exploring discrimination in the family context and examining mechanisms via which discrimination impacts adolescent adjustment, the study offers a more comprehensive picture of the pernicious toll discrimination can have on the family lives of Latinx youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Insecure Adult Attachment Style and PTSD Symptom Severity among Firefighters: The Role of Distress Tolerance

ABSTRACT Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among firefighters are prevalent and well-documented. Insecure adult attachment style (AAS) and distress tolerance (DT) present two factors with demonstrated relevance to the etiology and maintenance of PTSD. Few studies have examined these constructs in relation to PTSD symptomatology among firefighter populations. The present investigation examined the indirect effect of insecure romantic AAS (i.e., anxious AAS, avoidant AAS) on PTSD symptom severity through DT among firefighters. Exploratory analyses examined this model with each of the PTSD symptom clusters as outcomes. The sample was comprised of 105 firefighters (Mage = 40.43, SD = 9.15, 95.2% male) recruited from various departments in the southern U.S. An indirect effect was calculated using 10,000 bootstrapped samples. Indirect effects models in the primary analyses were significant when both anxious AAS (β = .20, SE = .10, CI = .06-.43) and avoidant AAS (β = .28, SE = .12, CI = .08-.54) were evaluated as predictors. Effects were evident after accounting for gender, relationship status, years of fire service, and trauma load (i.e., number of potentially traumatic event types experienced). Exploratory analyses revealed that anxious and avoidant AAS are both indirectly related to the PTSD intrusion, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity symptom clusters through DT. Anxious AAS also demonstrated an indirect association with PTSD avoidance symptoms through DT. Attachment styles may influence PTSD symptoms among firefighters through a firefighter’s perceived ability to withstand emotional distress. This line of inquiry has potential to inform specialized intervention programs for firefighters. Clinical and empirical implications are discussed.

Acting with awareness moderates the association between lifetime exposure to interpersonal traumatic events and craving via trauma symptoms: a moderated indirect effects model

BackgroundHistory of exposure to traumatic events (ETE) is common among women in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and is related to craving. We examined whether ETE (i.e., emotional, physical, sexual abuse) in childhood, adulthood, or both is related to craving via trauma symptoms and how trait mindfulness might attenuate this association.MethodsBaseline data from a larger randomized clinical trial of a mindfulness-based intervention for women (N = 245) in SUD treatment were used. Inclusion criteria were: 18–65 years of age, SUD diagnosis, English fluency, no cognitive impairment, and willingness to be audio recorded and provide consent. Demographics and validated measures of ETE, posttraumatic stress symptoms, trait mindfulness, and substance use craving were collected via in-person interviews. Descriptive statistics, correlational analysis, and relative direct, indirect, and conditional indirect effects models were run.ResultsMost participants identified as Hispanic (58.5%), had at least a high school education (52.2%), with a mean age of 32.2. Women reported ETE in childhood only (20.4%), adulthood only (17.5%), both childhood and adulthood (50.0%), and never (11.4%). Compared to women with ETE in both childhood and adulthood, those with exposure in adulthood only (β = -.10, 95% CI = -.20, -.02) or no exposure (β = -.11, 95% CI = -.23, -.03; [∆R2=.347, F(8, 245) = 15.7, p < .001) had lower craving via lower trauma symptomatology but no difference when compared to those with ETE only in childhood. Acting with awareness moderated this indirect effect (∆R2 = .04, F(3, 245) = 4.66, p = .004. At low levels of awareness, women with ETE during both childhood and adulthood reported higher craving via trauma symptomatology than women with no exposure or only adulthood exposure.ConclusionsLow levels of acting with awareness may worsen trauma symptoms after ETE, which in turn may lead to more craving for women in substance use treatment. Despite a small moderating effect size, acting with awareness may have clinical significance due to the prevalence of trauma symptoms among women in SUD treatment.

Cross-cultural differences in adult attachment and depression: A culturally congruent approach.

This cross-cultural study investigated a conditional indirect effect model in which country membership (South Korea or United States) and the need for approval of others (AO) were hypothesized to moderate the direct and indirect effects of attachment insecurity on depression via social self-efficacy (SSE). A total of 673 Korean university students and 401 American university students completed research questionnaires. Results indicated that Korean students endorsed a significantly higher level of AO than American students. Additionally, findings revealed that the strengths of several significant direct and indirect effects varied significantly by country membership and AO. Finally, we found a significant three-way interaction (Attachment avoidance × Country membership × AO), suggesting the necessity of considering cultural differences in attachment influence. The limitations and implications of our cross-cultural findings for decolonization in Western-based psychology are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Death Anxiety and WellBeing in Doctors During COVID-19: The Explanatory and Boosting Roles of Sleep Quality and Work Locality.

The COVID-19 pandemic, a global public health crisis, has triggered anxiety and fear of death in general public and particularly among health professionals. This study aimed to assess the direct and mediated associations between death anxiety, sleep quality, and subjective wellbeing in doctors working during the pandemic. A secondary aim was tested to analyze the interactive role of workplace locality in these associations. An indirect-effect model was tested on a sample of 244 doctors working during the pandemic. Findings revealed that the association between death anxiety and subjective wellbeing was mediated through sleep quality. Furthermore, death anxiety significantly and negatively predicted subjective wellbeing in doctors working in rural setups compared to those working in urban setups. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Mediating Effects of Intimacy Between Body Talk and Girls' Body Dissatisfaction: The Forgotten Sibling Relationship.

Teasing and pressure from family members influences the development of body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction is a common experience for girls and can lead to eating disorders. However, most body image disturbance research to date neglects the possible influence of siblings. In light of this, the present study investigated the associations between sibling negative appearance-based talk, intimacy, and body dissatisfaction. The sample consisted of 113 mostly White, female adolescents, whose ages ranged from 12 to 19 years with a mean age of 14.85 (SD = 1.62). This study first examined direct associations between negative body talk, including appearance related teasing and pressure from siblings, and girls' body dissatisfaction. Second, indirect effects models with intimacy included were examined. There were significant direct links between appearance related pressure from siblings and body dissatisfaction, and significant indirect effects such that sibling teasing and pressure were associated with sibling intimacy, which was associated with body dissatisfaction. These results indicate that siblings play an important role in the development of girls' body dissatisfaction.

Role of parental divorce and discord in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol use disorder

BackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) has a strong familial component, and is associated with divorce and relationship discord. The purpose of this study was to test whether exposure to parental divorce and parental relationship discord contributes to the intergenerational transmission of AUD. MethodsThe sample included N = 9005 adult twins (43% female) from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Participant AUD diagnoses were derived from structured clinical interviews based on DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Participants also reported on parental divorce and parental AUD. In addition, direct psychiatric interview data and measures of relationship discord were available for a subsample of parents of female-female twin pairs (855 mothers, 617 fathers). Indirect effects models were fit and tested using a robust maximum likelihood estimator with Monte Carlo integration. ResultsPath and structural equation modeling results provided strong support for the intergenerational transmission of AUD, and indicated that parental AUD had indirect effects on offspring AUD through exposure to parental divorce and parental relationship discord. Effects were consistent across males and females. ConclusionsIn a population-based adult twin sample, exposure to parental divorce and relationship discord appears to be important for understanding the intergenerational transmission of AUD. These effects are broadly consistent with the idea of genetic nurturance, whereby parents transmit genetic risk for alcohol use disorder to their children indirectly via heritable aspects of the home environment. Ultimately, this etiological information could bolster engagement with skills-based therapeutic efforts used in substance-related preventive interventions for divorced or distressed families.

Unearthing direct and indirect material waste-related factors underpinning cost overruns in construction projects

Despite the roles of construction projects in socio-economic development, expanding number of projects suffer chronic problems of cost overruns. However, approaches to unravelling the antecedents of this problem remain vastly nonspecific and lack a pertinent characterisation of issues with direct and indirect linkages between material waste factors and cost overruns. This study modelled the direct and indirect effects of six dimensions of material waste-related factors contributing to construction projects’ cost overrun: unanticipated site conditions, material management, site management, workforce factors, material theft, design and contract documentations. The hypothesised recursive model of direct and indirect effects was validated using data from 200 valid responses of experts in the Nigerian construction industry. The results showed that the total effects of direct and indirect contributions of materials waste-related factors paths to project cost overrun are 55.38% and 44.62% respectively. Among the six dimensions of materials waste-related factors modelled, site management-related issues emerged as the most significant, contributing 9.23% of the total effect. Based on these results, effective cost performance in building project delivery is achievable by curbing materials waste-related concerns. Developing pertinent strategies to curb identified construction material waste, is necessary for achieving direct and indirect reductions in projects’ cost overruns.

A Synthesis of Game Theory and Quantitative Genetic Models of Social Evolution.

Two popular approaches for modeling social evolution, evolutionary game theory and quantitative genetics, ask complementary questions but are rarely integrated. Game theory focuses on evolutionary outcomes, with models solving for evolutionarily stable equilibria, whereas quantitative genetics provides insight into evolutionary processes, with models predicting short-term responses to selection. Here we draw parallels between evolutionary game theory and interacting phenotypes theory, which is a quantitative genetic framework for understanding social evolution. First, we show how any evolutionary game may be translated into two quantitative genetic selection gradients, nonsocial and social selection, which may be used to predict evolutionary change from a single round of the game. We show that synergistic fitness effects may alter predicted selection gradients, causing changes in magnitude and sign as the population mean evolves. Second, we show how evolutionary games involving plastic behavioral responses to partners can be modeled using indirect genetic effects, which describe how trait expression changes in response to genes in the social environment. We demonstrate that repeated social interactions in models of reciprocity generate indirect effects and conversely, that estimates of parameters from indirect genetic effect models may be used to predict the evolution of reciprocity. We argue that a pluralistic view incorporating both theoretical approaches will benefit empiricists and theorists studying social evolution. We advocate the measurement of social selection and indirect genetic effects in natural populations to test the predictions from game theory and, in turn, the use of game theory models to aid in the interpretation of quantitative genetic estimates.

The indirect effect of body image on distress in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy

Backgroundbody image; breast neoplasms; adaptation psychological; optimism; psychological distressParticipants and procedureThis cross-sectional study included eighty-seven women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy, who answered in-struments that assessed sociodemographic and clinical issues, optimism, coping, concerns with body image and psycholog-ical distress. Bayesian statistics were performed to test the indirect effect model that included also the moderator effects.ResultsLower optimism, lower use of humor, and higher denial and illness duration predicted lower body image and higher dis-tress. Longer illness duration was associated with higher distress. Body image had an indirect effect in the relationship between optimism and distress; between denial coping and distress; between humor coping and distress and between illness duration and distress. Being submitted to surgery but not the type of surgery was a moderator in the indirect effect model.ConclusionsBody image is critical to psychological distress. Future interventions for women with breast cancer should consider body image as a target, in order to promote adaptive coping strategies specially when women have had surgery.

A Pathway Model of Emotionally-Associated Predictors of US College Students’ Career Indecision

This small-scale study establishes a pathway model to explain how variables with emotional content affect career indecision in higher education. We investigated a total of 240 undergraduate students and a pathway model of direct and indirect effects surrounding career indecision was made by using structural equation modeling (SEM). Our pathway model shows a positive direct effect of procrastination on career indecision (β = .13, p &lt; .001), with negative direct effects on EI, life satisfaction, CDSE, and planning, in terms of career conflict. EI shows a positive correlation with CDSE (β = .51, p &lt; .001). Findings indicate that emotionally-related variables are good predictors of psychology students’ career concerns.

Expanding the Direct and Indirect Effects Model of Writing (DIEW): Reading-Writing Relations, and Dynamic Relations As a Function of Measurement/Dimensions of Written Composition.

Within the context of the Direct and Indirect Effects model of Writing, we examined a dynamic relations hypothesis, which contends that the relations of component skills, including reading comprehension, to written composition vary as a function of dimensions of written composition. Specifically, we investigated (a) whether higher order cognitive skills (i.e., inference, perspective taking, and monitoring) are differentially related to three dimensions of written composition-writing quality, writing productivity, and correctness in writing; (b) whether reading comprehension is differentially related to the three dimensions of written composition after accounting for oral language, cognition, and transcription skills; and whether reading comprehension mediates the relations of discourse oral language and lexical literacy to the three dimensions of written composition; and (c) whether total effects of oral language, cognition, transcription, and reading comprehension vary for the three dimensions of written composition. Structural equation model results from 350 English-speaking second graders showed that higher order cognitive skills were differentially related to the three dimensions of written composition. Reading comprehension was related only to writing quality, but not to writing productivity or correctness in writing; and reading comprehension differentially mediated the relations of discourse oral language and lexical literacy to writing quality. Total effects of language, cognition, transcription, and reading comprehension varied largely for the three dimensions of written composition. These results support the dynamic relation hypothesis, role of reading in writing, and the importance of accounting for dimensions of written composition in a theoretical model of writing.

Festival tourists’ loyalty: The role of involvement in local food festivals

The purpose of this study is to examine the direct, indirect and moderating role of involvement in the satisfaction, quality and loyalty relationship among local food festival tourists. Several different approaches exist concerning the role of involvement on the satisfaction-loyalty relationship but there is a lack of integration between approaches. This study therefore compared an Indirect effect model with Direct/Indirect effect model and Direct effect model, using 401 data collected at three local food festivals in Korea. Results of analyses found that the Direct/Indirect effect model suggesting involvement influences loyalty directly and indirectly via satisfaction and quality performed best. Another alternative model, with involvement moderating the effect of quality and satisfaction on loyalty, was also tested and supported. Marketing strategies should better convert involvement into effective local food festival tourists’ loyalty considering its direct/indirect and moderating effects.

Investigating the modeling of communication patterns and marital intimacy based on attachment styles and thematic relationships mediated by coping styles

Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the modeling of communication patterns and marital intimacy based on attachment styles and thematic relationships mediated by coping styles. Methods: The research method of this study is descriptive-survey-correlation; the statistical population of this study included students studying and married in Islamic Azad universities of Tehran province who had been married for at least 2 years. Using Cochran's formula, 385 people were selected by convenience sampling method and the Thompson and Walker Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (OMEIS-2), Christensen &amp; Salawi Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ), Collins and Reed Attachment Style Questionnaire ( (RAAS), Bell Thematic Relationships Questionnaire (BORRTI) and Lazarus Coping Questionnaire (1988) answered and correlation test, regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used. EMOS software and version 26 of SPSS software were used for statistical tests. Results: According to Baron-Kenny algorithm, since the path of coping styles to marital intimacy is significant, it can be concluded that coping styles have a partial mediating role. The whole model explains 2.2% of marital intimacy. Problem-oriented coping 2.4% and emotion-oriented coping 4.5% explain marital intimacy. The AIC index also shows that the indirect effects model is almost more economical than other models. Conclusion: The fit indices of the model Analysis of the path of predicting marital intimacy based on thematic relationships showed that the fit indices of the indirect effects model are better than other models. The Acaic Index (AIC) also shows that the indirect effects model is almost more economical than other models.

Does Environmental Knowledge Matter? Social Influence and Pro-Environmental Behavior in University Students: An Indirect Effect Model

Purpose- This study aims to provide an analytical framework that focuses on environmental knowledge as a mechanism through which social influence enhances pro-environmental behavior among university students. Design/Methodology- The research employed quantitative strategy, cross-sectional survey design, and systematic random sampling techniques to obtain data from a sample of 335 university students using a structured self-administered questionnaire. The study hypotheses were tested using Hayes Process Macro vs. 3.5 (Model 4). Findings- Results indicate that social influence strongly impacts students’ environmental knowledge, and both variables significantly predict pro-environmental behavior. Environmental knowledge was discovered to be the strongest predictor of pro-environmental behavior among students. Finally, results show that environmental knowledge mediates the relationship between social influence and pro-environmental behavior, revealing a complimentary mediation model superior to the direct effect model. Originality- These findings reveal that social influence and students’ environmental knowledge have a strong influence in cultivating students’ pro-environmental behavior. Furthermore, the complementary mediation model, which shows superior results than the direct effect model, contributes to the body of knowledge and offers new insights into theory and practice. Practical Implications- Environmental sustainability may be positioned as a social trend by government and business agencies, such as a promotional campaign, workshops, and training to demonstrate and raise awareness about environmental issues.

The Role of Preparedness for Caregiving on the Relationship Between Caregiver Distress and Potentially Harmful Behaviors.

This work extends research suggesting a link between indicators of distress among informal caregivers (CG) (e.g., depression and burden), and potentially harmful behaviors (PHB), including feeling like yelling or screaming at the care recipient (CR). We tested three hypotheses regarding the role of a novel predictor, CG preparedness for caregiving, which were: 1) a direct effect between CG preparedness and PHB, 2) CG distress mediates the relationship between the direct effect of CG preparedness on PHB, and finally, 3) CG preparedness is only related to PHB through their shared associations with indicators of caregiver distress, an indirect effects model. Examining two indicators of PHB and CG depression and CG burden, results supported the indirect effects model. Higher CG preparedness was associated with lower CG distress, which in turn was associated with lower risk of PHB. These findings highlight the importance of CG preparedness as a target for caregiver intervention research.

Evaluating the Model of Direct and Indirect Effects of Origin Family Function and Perception of Parents' Marriage on Depression and Marital Quality in Women: The Mediating Role of Emotional Maturity

Evaluating the Model of Direct and Indirect Effects of Origin Family Function and Perception of Parents' Marriage on Depression and Marital Quality in Women: The Mediating Role of Emotional Maturity

A Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Examine the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status, Diet Quality and Dyslipidaemia in South African Children and Adolescents, 6-18 Years.

This study utilised a structural equation model to examine the relationship between diet quality, socioeconomic status, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in South African learners. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the indirect effects model for diet, socioeconomic status, diet quality and cardiovascular risk using pre-existing cross-sectional data. The structural equation model was fit using Lavaan version 0.6–5 in R version 3.6.1. Data were analysed from 178 children and adolescents, aged 6–18 years, from five rural schools in Cofimvaba, South Africa. Latent variables were created for dietary quality, dyslipidaemia and the socioeconomic status of participants. A negative association was observed between socioeconomic status and dyslipidaemia in school-aged children (p = 0.029).

Chronic Conditions and Psychological Distress in Older Asian Americans: The Mediating Role of Subjective Health Perception

ABSTRACT Given the importance of understanding the connection between physical and mental health in old age, the study examined the mediating role of subjective health perception in the relationship between chronic conditions and psychological distress among older Asian Americans. Using data from 533 Asian Americans aged 60 and over in the 2016 Asian American Quality of Life Study, the direct and indirect effect models were tested with multivariate linear regressions and the PROCESS macro. Results show that chronic conditions pose significant risks to psychological distress and that subjective health perception mediates their association. The observed role of subjective health perception as an intervening step between physical and mental health offers implications for gerontological social work research and practice by highlighting the importance of positive self-appraisals for the health and well-being in later years of life.

Selectively sharing satirical news: Strengthening an empirical understanding of how agreement, mirth, and perceived informativeness contribute to the diffusion of mediated comedy

Drawing from the Theory of Reasoned Action (as embedded within the Integrated Behavioral Model) and adopting a cognitive consistency framework, this survey-based research models how satirical news-induced mirth and perceptions of a satire message's informativeness can serve as mediating mechanisms that elucidate how psychological harmony with a satirical news message can translate into online and offline sharing behavior. This multi-study research (study 1 N = 317; study 2 N = 412) demonstrates that individuals are inclined to share/discuss satirical news when they perceive agreement with the content, experience mirth, and deem the content to have instrumental (informative) value. Study 2 further examines this project's proposed model relative to sharing with likeminded/non-likeminded others. Largely mirroring the study 1 findings, the model of indirect effects is most clearly supported in study 2 when the sharing recipients are likeminded. By focusing on the fundamental roles of cognitive consistency and satirical news content's experiential and instrumental value, this research contributes to strengthening an empirical basis for understanding the conditions in which this unique genre of news information holds appeal, offers utility, and is shared.