Indirect Effects Of Depression Research Articles

Loneliness may mediate the relationship between depression and the quality of life among elderly with mild cognitive impairment.

Depression and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are often comorbid mental health issues in older adults. The current study explored the prospective mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between depression and the quality of life in elderly with MCI. A second aim was to examine differences in depression, loneliness, and the quality of life in the elderly with MCI among gender groups, and type of residence groups. A cross-sectional survey with purposive sampling was used. Older adults with MCI (N=170) from old age homes in Lahore and Rawalpindi (n=82) and family residences in Sargodha (n=88) in Pakistan completed UCLA Loneliness Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and Mild Cognitive Impairment Scale. Most of the participants had severe to extreme depression (98.2%), and moderate to moderately high levels of loneliness (85.3%). Depression was significantly associated with loneliness (b=0.29, P < 0.05) and poor quality of life in MCI (b=0.49, P < 0.001). The indirect effect of depression on the quality of life in MCI through loneliness was significant (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.002, 0.156]). However, the indirect effect of quality of life in MCI on depression through loneliness was not significant (95% CI [-0.001, 0.043]). The elderly with MCI living in old age homes had higher depression, loneliness, and poor quality of life. Elderly women had higher levels of depression and poor quality of life, whereas older men were lonelier. The relationship between depression and quality of life in the elderly with MCI may be bidirectional, and loneliness partially mediates only one of these relationships.

The Association between Unstable Employment and Suicidal Behavior in Young-Adult Precarious Workers.

ObjectivePrecarious workers have increased over the past two decades in South Korea. Employment instability, especially among young adults, is considered a serious social problem. The unstable employment status of precarious workers has negative impacts on their mental health, such as suicidal behavior. This study aims to identify the effect of the unstable employment conditions on the suicidal behavior of precarious workers. MethodsAn online survey was conducted with a panel sample of South Korean adults (n=797) who were precarious workers aged between 25–34 years. We applied Model 6 of SPSS PROCESS MACRO 3.5 to examine the multiple mediation effects of depression and anger in the relationship between employment instability and suicide. ResultsUnstable employment had no direct effect on suicidal behavior. The path of unstable employment to suicidal behavior via depression and anger had a significant indirect effect. However, employment and anger were negatively related. The indirect effect of depression and anger on the relation between unstable employment and suicidal behavior was statistically significant. ConclusionThis study suggests an association between unstable employment and suicidal behavior, mediated by depression and anger. Specifically, a high level of unstable employment status increased depression. In contrast, a low level of unstable employment status increased anger, which ultimately led to an increase in suicidal behavior. These contrasting findings are likely to reflect the heterogeneity of precarious workers. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to identify the causality between precarious employment and suicidal behavior over time.

Body Image, Depression, and Self-Perceived Pornography Addiction in Italian Gay and Bisexual Men: The Mediating Role of Relationship Satisfaction

The international literature has shown that self-perceived problematic pornography use is often related to lower levels of relationship satisfaction, as well as to higher levels of negative body image and depression. In this study, 158 Italian gay (65.8%) and bisexual (34.2%) men reported on their body image, Internet pornography use, and indicators of their individual and relational well-being. We hypothesized that individuals who report higher levels of relationship dissatisfaction, negative body image, and with higher self-perceived problematic pornography use would also present higher levels of depression. As predicted, relationship satisfaction was inversely related to male body image, self-perceived problematic pornography use, and depression. We also hypothesized the direct and indirect effects of depression on self-perceived problematic pornography use, through the mediating variable of relationship satisfaction. As predicted, depression, via relationship satisfaction, was related to self-perceived problematic pornography use. Implications for future research and policies are discussed.

Self-compassion and suicidal behavior: Indirect effects of depression, anxiety, and hopelessness across increasingly vulnerable samples

ABSTRACT Suicide is a significant public health concern. Risk factors include depression, anxiety, hopelessness, being college-aged, and chronic illness. Self-compassion may reduce risk. We examined the relation between self-compassion and suicide risk, and the mediating effects of depression, anxiety, and hopelessness. Our cross-sectional study included four samples: community (N = 632, 51.7% female, M age = 35.91), collegiate (N = 338, 67.0% female, M age = 21.81), fibromyalgia (N = 508, 95.7% female, M age = 47.66) and cancer (N = 241, 64.3% female, M age = 61.28). Across all samples, self-compassion was related to less suicide risk (avg. r = .28), and all assessed psychopathology mediated this association. Future studies are needed to examine causal effects of study variables.

Supplemental Material for Gender-Based Violence and Suicidal Ideation Among Indian Women From Slums: An Examination of Direct and Indirect Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptoms

Supplemental Material for Gender-Based Violence and Suicidal Ideation Among Indian Women From Slums: An Examination of Direct and Indirect Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptoms

Professional quality of life as potential mediators of the association between anxiety and depression among Chinese health-care clinicians.

Building upon the tripartite model of anxiety and depression, the current study aims to examine mechanisms of comorbidity between anxiety and depression using the ProQOL (Professional Quality of Life; including the constructs of burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction) in a sample of Chinese health-care clinicians. A randomized cross-sectional survey was distributed to 1620 participants who were recruited from eight state-owned hospitals in a city in southern China between January and May 2017. A total of 1562 questionnaires were returned (a response rate of 96.4%). After the cases with more than 10% missing variables and multivariate outliers being removed, 1423 valid cases remained. Multiple mediator models were used for mediation analysis that was conducted using the PROCESS v3.1 macro for SPSS. The indirect effects of anxiety upon depression through burnout (a1 = . 601 (95% confidence interval (CI): .552, .650), p < .001; b1 = .137 (95% CI: .101, .174), p < .001) and compassion satisfaction (a3= -.297 (95% CI: -.352, -.241), p < .001; b3 = -.069 (95% CI: -.100, -.039), p < .001) were significant, while there was no evidence that anxiety influenced depression by changing secondary traumatic stress. The indirect effects of depression upon anxiety through secondary traumatic stress (a2 = . 535 (95% CI: .483, .588), p < .001); b2 = .154 (95% CI: .120, .188), p < .001) were both positive and significant, while there was no evidence that depression influenced anxiety by changing burnout and compassion satisfaction. In the current sample, burnout and compassion satisfaction mediated the effect of anxiety upon depression and secondary traumatic stress mediated the effect of depression upon anxiety. The findings of the current study offer support to the tripartite model.

The Relationship Between Aspects of Resiliency and Intimacy-Related Illness Intrusiveness in Males with Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological condition that can have a substantial impact on well-being. In a previous study, men with multiple sclerosis exhibited significantly higher intimacy-related illness intrusiveness, even after considering age, disease severity, and depression. It was hypothesized a psychosocial intervention specific to intimacy could be beneficial; however, investigation was needed into useful strategies. This study initiated the first steps by assessing the associations between aspects of resiliency and intimacy-related illness intrusiveness in males with multiple sclerosis, and whether they could mediate the latter’s relationship with depression. Primarily recruited through the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis Registry, 156 males with multiple sclerosis were included. A subscale from the Illness Intrusiveness Rating Scale (IIRS) measured intimacy-related illness intrusiveness. Resiliency was measured with the Multiple Sclerosis Resiliency Scale (MSRS). Correlations were run between the IIRS and MSRS scores, and mediation analyses explored the MSRS’ role in the relationship between depression and intimacy-related illness intrusiveness. Intimacy-related illness intrusiveness significantly correlated with overall resilience (r = − 0.34, p < 0.01), coping strategies (r = − 0.37, p < 0.01), support from family and friends (r = − 0.22, p < 0.01), and peer support (r = 0.18, p = 0.03). There was a significant indirect effect of depression on intimacy-related illness intrusiveness through coping strategies (b = 0.24, p = 0.01), representing a medium effect (Rmed2 = 0.10). Findings are consistent with previous research using cognitive strategies to address intimacy issues in multiple sclerosis. Follow-up qualitative research may elucidate what is driving associations.

Depression, anxiety andquality oflife among women living withbreast cancer inGhana: mediating roles ofsocial support andreligiosity.

Depression and anxiety are common mental health comorbidities found among women living with breast cancer. The presence of these mental healthcomorbidities results in decreased quality of life among patients. However, the indirect effects of depression and anxiety on quality of life have not been fully established. This study therefore examined the direct and indirect effects of depression and anxiety on quality of life through social support and religiosity. Using a cross-sectional survey, 205 purposively selected participants were administered measures of depression and anxiety, social support, religiosity and quality of life. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) with PROCESS Macro was used for mediation analyses. Findings showed that there were significant direct negative effects of depression and anxiety on quality of life. Whereas depression had a significant negative indirect effect on quality of life through social support (b = - 0.247, 95% CI = - 0.482 to - 0.071), anxiety had a significant positive indirect effect on quality of life through social support (b = 0.142, 95%CI = 0.011 to 0.324). However, depression and anxiety did not have any significant indirect effect on quality of life through religiosity. These findings suggest that there is the need to examine the mental health of women living with breast cancer as part of the routine healthcare, and social support ties should be strengthened to improve their quality of life.

Suicide Risk in Persons with HIV/AIDS in South Korea: a Partial Test of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide.

The high disease burden associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is linked to the elevated suicide risk in this population. Informed by the interpersonal theory of suicide, this study examined how and under which conditions depression is related to suicide risk in people living with HIV/AIDS. A total of 202 outpatients with HIV/AIDS participated in a cross-sectional and multi-center survey involving four university hospitals in South Korea. This self-reported survey included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, and Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview suicidality module. Participants' mean age was 48.6 (SD=13.4) and the majority was male (89.1%). The proportions of those at high, medium, and low suicide risk were 18.5%, 20%, and 15.4%, respectively. Depression was associated with suicide risk directly and indirectly by increasing perceived burdensomeness (PB) and the indirect effect of depression on suicide risk mediated by PB was contingent on the level of thwarted belongingness (TB). PB was associated with suicide risk even after controlling for depression, suggesting its independent effect on suicide risk. PB and TB are potential mechanisms through which depression is associated with suicide risk, supporting the applicability of the interpersonal theory of suicide to understanding a complex interplay of risk factors in people with HIV/AIDS. Moreover, given the independent association of PB with suicide risk, as well as a protective effect of TB in suicide risk, monitoring and management of these factors should be included in the care of people with HIV/AIDS.

Effects of depression, diabetes distress, diabetes self-efficacy, and diabetes self-management on glycemic control among Chinese population with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To examine the direct and indirect effects of depression, diabetes distress, diabetes self-efficacy and diabetes self-management on glycemic control among a group of T2DM patients in China. A convenience sample of 254 participants were selected from three outpatient departments in Beijing, China. They were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. Diabetes-related information was retrieved from their medical records. Descriptive statistics, independent student t tests, Chi-square tests, correlation analyses and Generalized Structural Equation Modeling were used. Only 91 (35.82%) participants achieved optimal glycemic control of HbA1c<7.0% (53mmol/mol). Only diabetes self-management had a direct effect on glycemic control (OR=0.95, P<0.001). Depression and diabetes distress had only indirect effects on glycemic control through both diabetes self-efficacy and diabetes self-management. Diabetes self-efficacy only had an indirect effect on glycemic control through diabetes self-management. Glycemic control among Chinese population with T2DM was suboptimal. Future interventions should focus on decreasing depressive symptoms and diabetes distress levels, and, therefore, improve diabetes self-efficacy and self-management practices and, ultimately, reach the optimal goal of glycemic control.

Effects of neuroticism on memory in patients with first-episode depression and the mediating role of depression

Objective To explore the relationship between neuroticism and memory in patients with first-episode depression and the mediating effect of depression in this relationship. Methods Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD), Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ), repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) were used to evaluate 278 patients with first-episode depression. Results (1) Neuroticism was negatively correlated with immediate memory(r=-0.26, P<0.01), delayed memory(r=-0.30, P<0.01), and positively correlated with depressive symptom(r=0.30, P<0.01). Depressive symptom was negatively correlated with immediate memory(r=-0.55, P<0.01), delayed memory(r=-0.44, P<0.01). (2) The effect of neuroticism on immediate memory and delayed memory was partially mediated by depressive symptom (β=-0.521, -0.388, P<0.01). The ratio of mediating effect to total effect in immediate memory was 0.597, and the ratio of mediating effect to total effect in delayed memory was 0.383. Conclusion Memory can be affected by neuroticism through the indirect effect of depression. Key words: Depression; Neuroticism; Memory

Mediating effect of anxiety and depression on the relationship between Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and smoking/drinking.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been often found to be comorbid with other disorders, including anxiety, depression, and unhealthy behaviors such as drinking alcohol and smoking. These factors were often discussed separately, and the mediating effects of mental health on substance use are unknown. To study the mediating effects of anxiety and depression on the relationship between ADHD and drinking/smoking behaviors, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1870 college students from Shanghai, China. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) and Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) were used to identify the current and past ADHD. Structural Equation Modeling was carried out to clarify the mediating effect of anxiety and depression on the relationship between core ADHD symptoms and smoking/drinking behaviors. We found that inattention as one of the core symptoms of ADHD was associated with an increased risk of depression as a direct effect, as well as slightly increased risk of smoking/drinking behaviors by an indirect effect of depression. Hyperactivity-impulsivity, as another core symptom of ADHD had a robust impact on smoking and drinking behaviors, while being mediated by anxiety and depression. In conclusion, anxiety and depression was associated with further increased risk behaviors of smoking/drinking alcohol among those students with ADHD.

Hope mediates the relationship between depression and quality of life among youths enrolled in a family-based pediatric obesity intervention

ABSTRACTThis study examined the hypothesis that hope mediates the relationship between depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life (QOL) among youths with obesity. Children (N = 93; aged 7–17) enrolled in the “Positively Fit” treatment study completed the Children’s Hope Scale, Behavior Assessment System for Children—Second Edition, Self-Report of Personality Depression Subscale (BASC-2, SRP), and the PedsQLTM to operationalize the hypothesized constructs. A bias corrected bootstrap of the indirect effect was conducted to assess the study hypothesis. There was an indirect effect of depression on QOL through hope. The 95% confidence interval ([CI] = −0.34 to −0.07) had an effect size (standardized indirect effect of −0.14). Hope is a significant mediator of the relationship between depression and QOL. Future research should examine this effect with a longitudinal study design and should test other possible mediators.

Depression, adherence and attrition from care in HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy

BackgroundA better understanding of the relationship between depression and HIV-related outcomes, particularly as it relates to adherence to treatment, is critical to guide effective support and treatment of individuals with...

Direct and indirect effect of depression in adolescence on adult wages

It is well recognized that a depressive mental state can persist for a long time, and this can adversely impact labour market outcomes. The aim of this article is to examine the direct association between depression status in late-teenage years and adult wages, as well as the indirect association, operating through accumulated education, experience and occupation choice. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data, we find adolescent depression is associated with a wage penalty of around 10–15%, but its mechanics are very different for males and females. For males, about three quarters of the wage penalty is through the direct channel, whilst for females the indirect effect channel is dominant. The indirect channel is driven by lower accumulated education, mostly because depression discourages further study post high school. These results are important because they imply that the association between adolescent depression and wages is stronger than has been estimated in previous cross-sectional studies.

The internalizing pathway to adolescent substance use disorders: Mediation by ruminative reflection and ruminative brooding

Two subtypes of rumination were examined in relationship to substance use and substance use disorders in adolescents. In the 8th and 9th grade, 521 adolescents completed measures assessing depressive symptoms, conduct problems, and reflective and brooding subtypes of rumination. In 12th grade, adolescents reported substance use and were administered the substance use disorders modules from the DISC. Path analyses conducted with data from 428 participants indicated that neither depression nor rumination variables significantly affected the presence of substance use. However, indirect effects of depression through reflection and brooding were differentially related to risk of developing substance use disorders, with brooding positively associated with Marijuana Use Disorders, and reflection negatively related to both Marijuana and Alcohol Use Disorders. Pathways did not differ by sex. These findings suggest that promoting self-reflection may be an effective strategy to prevent and intervene with the development of problematic substance use.

Activities of daily living, depression, and quality of life in Parkinson's disease.

This study examined whether activities of daily living (ADL) mediate the relationship between depression and health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). A cross-sectional, correlational research design examined data from 174 participants who completed the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-section 2 (UPDRS-section 2 [ADL]). Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was used to examine the mediator model. Depression and ADL significantly (p<.001) predicted HR-QOL, and depression significantly (p<.001) predicted ADL. Whilst ADL did not impact on the relationship between depression and HR-QOL, there was a significant (p<.001) indirect effect of depression on HR-QOL via ADL, suggesting both direct and indirect (via ADL) effects of depression on HR-QOL. The magnitude of this effect was moderate (R 2 = .13). People with PD who report depression also experience greater difficulty completing ADL, which impacts upon their HR-QOL. It is recommended that clinicians adopt a multidisciplinary approach to care by combining pharmacological treatments with psycho/occupational therapy, thereby alleviating the heterogeneous impact of motor and non-motor symptoms on HR-QOL in people with PD.

Data Show Strong Link Between Depression, Mortality

Data Show Strong Link Between Depression, Mortality

Relationships among maternal-fetal attachment, prenatal depression, and health practices in pregnancy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate a conceptual model in which depression was proposed to have direct negative effects on positive health practices as well as indirect negative effects through maternal-fetal attachment (MFA). Participants were 252 adult pregnant women, between 20 and 40 weeks postgestation, who were recruited from five prenatal care sites. Data were collected using mailed self-report instruments measuring MFA, depression, health practices, and demographic and pregnancy information. Hierarchical regression was used to examine direct and indirect effects of depression, person characteristics (maternal age, pregnancy risk status, parity, ethnicity, education, income, marital status), and MFA on health practices. Results of the study supported the conceptual model. Higher education, lower parity, and being partnered predicted more positive health practices (p <05). After controlling for person characteristics, depression was found to be a significant predictor of MFA. Both depression and MFA were significant predictors of positive health practices but in opposite directions. Depression had a negative relationship and MFA a positive relationship with positive health practices.