Indirect Data Research Articles

Теоретик, композитор, педагог Михаил Березовский и его «транскрипция» трактата Николая Дилецкого

The article is devoted to the Baroque theorist and composer Mikhail Berezovsky. In the scholarly literature, it is already possible to find some references to his musicological treatise consisting of two parts: A Brief Exposition of Musical Singing (elementary music theory) and Grammar. A Collection from Many (theory of composition). We have also discovered Berezovsky’s 12-voice partesny concerto Who shall ascend the Hill of the Lord? Due to filigree research as well as indirect data, the dates of the composition of both works have been established as pertaining to the 1730s. Both of the survived copies of Grammar. A Collection from Many are placed in theoretical manuscripts adjacent to Nikolay Diletsky’s The Grammar of Musical Singing. The comparative analysis of the two Grammars shows, that Berezovsky’s treatise appears to be a concise presentation of Diletsky’s ideas, slightly updated with new information. The same pertains to the terminology of the: it is freed from an excessive amount of Latin synonyms and supplemented by new terms not yet relevant during the time of Diletsky. All the musical examples are newly composed by Berezovsky, and none of them is derived from Diletsky. The comparison of the musical examples with the music of the concerto Who shall ascend into the hill of the Lord? Has made it possible for us to identify a number of correspondences, albeit, not literal ones. The complete text of both parts of Berezovsky’s treatise supplements the article, having been adapted to contemporary Russian, as does a dictionary of terminology. The abridged revised version of Nikolay Diletsky’s The Grammar of Musical Singing, originally written in 1670s, made in 1730s for a new generation of new readers, could be appreciated only as an evidence of a stagnation that occurred in the Russian partesny singing theory. The musical style changed considerably; at the same time, the music theory was progressing at a much more slow pace.

О традиции использования вислых метал­личе­ских печатей в канцеляриях Золотой Орды и постордынских государств

Research objectives: Following M.A. Usmanov stated claim that hanging seals were not at all used in the Horde offices, this became an indisputable fact. However, D. Kolodzeichik proved the existence of golden hanging seals, which were officially called altunbaisa, on Crimean charters of the 17th century. He suggested that this innovation was introduced into the office of the Gireys. Recent studies allow us to speak confidently about the widespread existence of gold and silver gilded seals in the territory of the Siberian, Crimean and Kazan Khanates, in the Nogai Horde, and in the Caucasus in the 16th century. In addition, they are recorded among the peoples of the Middle Volga and Trans-Urals. Only two types of documents were certified with such seals – wool and letters of commendation. Traces of the phenomenon lead to the late Golden Horde’s offices. This paper exa­mines information about the use of metal hanging seals in the offices of the Golden Horde and post-Horde states. Research materials: Messages from the inventories of the archives of the Posolsky Prikaz and the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, Russian-Crimean and Russian-Nogai embassy books, as well as documents of the internal office work of the Foreign Ministry. Results and scientific novelty of the study: The existence of gold and silver hanging seals, which were used to fasten individual documents in the post-Horde states of the 16th century, is demonstrated. At the same time, indirect data and the logic of the transformation of clerical practices allow us to assume their presence at least as early as the 15th century. Golden seals, apparently, became a logical step in the gradual transformation of the khan’s labels and paiz. At some point, these two items merged into one. This could have happened after the practice of awarding paiz ceased. The observations made here allow us to rethink the ideas about the Horde’s stationery traditions that have been long established in the scientific community.

A bias-variance perspective of data-driven control

Data-driven control, the task of designing a controller based on process data, finds application in a wide range of disciplines and the topic has been intensively studied over more than half a century. The main purpose of this contribution is to elucidate on the commonalities between data-driven control and parameter estimation. In particular, we discuss the bias-variance trade-of, i.e. rather than aiming for the optimal controller one should aim for a constrained version, that may be characterized by tunable parameters, corresponding to hyperparameters in parameter estimation. As a result we shift attention from indirect vs direct data driven control by highlighting the important role played by (complete) minimal sufficient statistics. To keep technicalities at a minimum, still capturing the essential features of the problem, we consider the problem of minimizing the expected control cost for a quadratic open loop control problem applied to a finite impulse response system. In a Gaussian white noise setting, the maximum-likelihood parameter estimate constitutes a complete minimal sufficient statistic which allows us to focus on controllers that are functions of this model estimate without loss of statistical accuracy. We make a systematic study of three different controller structures and two different tuning techniques and illustrate their behaviours numerically.

Estimating the Costs of PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) HIV among Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) Population as Advanced Preventive Strategies: The Societal Perspective

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the key population that dominates the new HIV incidence rate in Indonesia. WHO recommends the use of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) HIV as an advanced preventive strategy. This study aimed to estimate the total cost of PrEP in one year from a societal perspective. Observational research with a retrospective approach was conducted on the MSM population in Solo Raya, Central Java, Indonesia. Data were collected through a questionnaire to get direct nonmedical and indirect cost data. Direct medical costs were estimated from the tariff regulations. The result showed that, from 50 MSM, the mean age was 26.78 years, 10% had comorbidity, 26% had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) history and 72% had high-risk sexual behavior. The average estimated cost of a PrEP per person was $328.44. Direct medical costs were the biggest proportion of the total estimated cost. From the sensitivity analysis, the total estimated cost was the most sensitive to risk factor parameters. The risk factors, which include STI history and high-risk sexual behavior, have the greatest influence on the total cost because of the increased number of visits. PrEP implementation must involve other promotional and preventive strategies to reduce risk factors.

Mother Nature in a Given World: Solving the Problem of Nanotechnological Precaution

The development, use and application of nanotechnologies is one step away from being controlled by the technology itself. It is a scenario under construction, called the Given World in an Informational Society, subject to control by digital citizens: the infoviduos who, organically and non-organically, interfere with the network to hybridize socially and, with this, build, from the data of the network, horizontal control over all forms of development, especially, inform the nanotechnological precaution beyond politics and economics. The methodology has a systemic approach and deductive method. It uses as research techniques the collection of indirect data, the bibliographic review, national and foreign. The results indicate that, if the Organizations do not make the data available to inform and make known to society, the control project will be stagnant and the precaution, once again, relegated to the convenience and political and economic opportunity.

Minimize inventory deviations in the Konimex technical warehouse through the implementation of the DMAIC concept

PT Konimex is a manufacturing company that focuses on the pharmaceutical sector and is supported by an Engineering warehouse for machine maintenance during operation. However, during its run, there were problems in the form of discrepancies between the stock stored in the warehouse and those recorded in the company’s system which had a negative impact in the form of losses for the company. Therefore, a step-by-step analysis is carried out to provide solutions that are in accompanying circumstances using the DMAIC (define-measurement-analyze-improve-control) concept. The data collection method carried out is carried out directly and produces data in the form of primary data and indirect data collection, which uses the company’s historical data and produces secondary data. Data processing using the DMAIC concept then obtained the root of the problem and improvement solutions in the form of container redesign and the application of 5S as well as the addition of warehouse personnel which is expected to reduce the company’s stock-taking discrepancies.

In English

Comparative characterization of the particulate morphology and texture of various silicas (fumed silicas, silica gels, ordered mesoporous silicas) and carbons (chars and activated carbons, AC) is of interest from both theoretical and practical points of view since it allows one better understanding of advantages and disadvantages of various adsorbents upon their interactions with different adsorbates, co-adsorbates, and solutes in various dispersion media. Complete characterization needs application of a certain set of methods that is analyzed in the present paper. It is shown that the main difference in the textural characteristics of silica and carbon adsorbents is due to the absence (silicas) or presence (carbons) of nanopores in nanoparticles (NP). A great contribution of these pores in strongly activated carbons provides the specific surface area values greater by an order of magnitude than that of fumed silicas. Despite a high activation degree of AC, contribution of closed pores or pores inaccessible for nitrogen molecules remains relatively large in contrast to fumed silica A–300 composed of nonporous nanoparticles synthesized in the flame at higher temperature (~80% of melting temperature, Tm, for amorphous silica) than carbon activation temperature (~25%of Tm for carbons). Therefore, the pores inaccessible for nitrogen molecules in fumed silica could be attributed to narrow voids around contact area between neighboring NP in their aggregates, but for AC, there are both closed pores and open nanopores inaccessible for nitrogen molecules. For complete characterization of the morphology and texture of various adsorbents, such methods as transmission and scanning electron microscopies, probe (nitrogen, argon) adsorption, smallangle X-ray scattering (SAXS)and X-ray diffraction (XRD)could be used with appropriate software to analyze the data. The latter is especially important for the analyses of indirect data (e.g., adsorption, SAXS, XRD) characterizing the materials.

Forming International Instrument Through One Health Approach for Health Justice

Covid-19 is the proof that human health depends on animal and environmental health, these objects have interlinked with each other and provide impact to each other. Therefore, since international instruments have been formed, it will need the approach which is able to present these objects as the concerns to reach the global understanding on how to deal with pandemic situations, this is introduced through the one health approach for health justice, because disparities in COVID-19 infections, disease outcomes, and access to healthcare were stark and linked not only to health care system discrimination and inequality, but also to inequity throughout society. The purpose of this research is to discuss the importance of one health for health justice as the concept and approach to form international instruments. The method of this research uses qualitative methods and uses normative legal research or library research includes research on legal principles and this presents indirect data through scientific articles and books of the library conducted and supported with secondary and tertiary data. The discussion illustrates that one health as the approach which recognizes human, health and environment have bound each other and interlinked. Therefore, this approach will introduce the integration of interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral cooperation such as health diplomacy as a forum for negotiation between various states. In the end it shows that everyone may play an important role as the actor to promote the health of the populace in the future, one health concern will focus on zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and food security for the future pandemic treaty. Health diplomacy through WHO can make a forum for International Health Regulations (IHR) requiring countries to designate a National IHR Focal Point.

A Group of SSS Branded Amphoras in the Golden Horde

A short essay about the second largest of group imported container amphoras on the territory of the Golden Horde which was named in scientific literature «amphoras of SSS stamp group» is presented in the article. In materials from Eastern Europe this group was singled-out by I.V. Volkov. He tracked evolution of this group throughout the 12th – 13th centuries. The authors have made an overview of the opinions of different researchers about the place of their production. At the moment, at least four options have been proposed: Palestine, Cilicia (?), Thessaloniki, Western Georgia. An opinion was expressed that it was unlawful to single out this group of amphoras. All proposed hypotheses are based on indirect data and logical constructions based on different conditions. On the opinion of the authors of the article, the amphoras of the SSS stamp group came from the territory of Western Georgia during the period of flourishing of the centralized state in Georgia. An estimate of the number of finds and the geography of their distribution are given. Also most characteristic features of the vessels of this group are characterized. Considering that during the Golden Horde period, amphoras of the SSS stamp group arrived during a few decades in the middle of the third quarter of 13th century, their identification is very important for revealing of the earliest complexes on the settled settlements of the Golden Horde.

The progradational Curumim barrier in southern Brazil: An archive of sea-level changes, and cyclic aeolian activity in the Holocene

This paper discusses a model of coastal barrier progradation where the development of a prograded plain was a product of the successive formation of foredune ridges followed by their burial by transgressive sand sheets and dunefields. The results are based on direct lithological data from drill holes and geomorphological analyses, indirect geophysical data (GPR), and 14C and OSL dating. Barrier progradation started at 6.69 ka (OSL) or 7.2 ka (14C), under sea-level rise. At around 5.0 ka (OSL), or thereabouts, a forced regression condition started to operate, when sea-level started to fall after it reached a maximum of 2.34 ± 0.8 m. During barrier progradation sets of foredunes were formed, and at least some of them were buried by sands of transgressive dunefields (TDF), which later evolved to transgressive sand sheets (TSS). A total of 11+ phases of TSS and a modern phase of TDF were formed in a time span of 6.69 ka (OSL) or 7.2 ka (14C), corresponding to one phase formed at each 560 or 600 yrs. Two models of possible development of the surface of Curumim barrier are proposed.

Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques for Studying the Cell Glycocalyx.

The glycocalyx is a brush-like layer that covers the surfaces of the membranes of most cell types. It consists of a mixture of carbohydrates, mainly glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Due to its structure and sensitivity to environmental conditions, it represents a complicated object to investigate. Here, we review studies of the glycocalyx conducted using scanning probe microscopy approaches. This includes imaging techniques as well as the measurement of nanomechanical properties. The nanomechanics of the glycocalyx is particularly important since it is widely present on the surfaces of mechanosensitive cells such as endothelial cells. An overview of problems with the interpretation of indirect data via the use of analytical models is presented. Special insight is given into changes in glycocalyx properties during pathological processes. The biological background and alternative research methods are briefly covered.

Cytoarchitectonic and connection stripes in the dysgranular insular cortex in the macaque monkey.

The insula has been classically divided into broad granular, dysgranular, and agranular architectonic sectors. We previously proposed a novel partition, dividing each sector into four to seven sharply delimited architectonic areas, with the dysgranular areas being possibly further subdivided into subtle horizontal partitions or "stripes." In architectonics, discrete subparcellations are prone to subjective variability and need being supported with additional neuroanatomical methods. Here, using a secondary analysis of indirect connectional data in the rhesus macaque monkey, we examined the spatial relationship between the dysgranular architectonic stripes and tract-tracing labeling patterns produced in the insula with injections of neuronal tracers in other cortical regions. The injections consistently produced sharply delimited patches of anterograde and/or retrograde labeling, which formed stripes across consecutive coronal sections of the insula. While the overall pattern of labeling on individual coronal sections varied with the injection site, the boundaries of the patches consistently coincided with architectonic boundaries on an adjacent cyto- (Nissl) and/or myelo- (Gallyas) architectonic section. This overlap supports the existence of a fine dysgranular stripe-like partition of the primate insula, with possibly major implications for interoceptive processing in primates including humans. The modular organization of the insula could underlie a serial stream of integration from a dorsal primary interoceptive cortex toward progressively more ventral egocentric "self-agency" and allocentric "social" dysgranular processing units.

Musical Architectonics: A Methodological Aspect

The importance and functions of musical architectonics in the creative process of a composer and performer are considered in the paper. The conceptual basis of the work is the definition of musical architectonics and classification of its types by V. Moskalenko. Specific features of musical architectonics compared to musical composition are revealed. The functions of architectonics in the musical-creative process of a composer and performer are defined. A method of studying the architectonics of a musical work is proposed. It consists of the study of indirect data, the features of musical material, the definition of the basic composition model and the dramatic relief of the work. It is emphasized that musical tempo-rhythm is an important means of materializing the “virtual” image of architectonics. In the sheet music, the composer fixed a certain tempo-rhythmic solution that clarifies the architectonic project of the work. Performers embody it in different ways, so the comparative analysis of performance versions is of particular importance. By identifying the differences in tempo-rhythmic solutions, the composer’s architectonic project is clarified, and the artistic potential of the musical work is revealed. Musical architectonics is an indicator of the composer’s and performer’s styles.

Depth and temperature preferences of meagre, Argyrosomus regius, as revealed by satellite telemetry.

Argyrosomus regius (commonly referred to as meagre), is one of Europe's largest coastal bony fish species and supports important recreational and commercial fisheries in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Demand for this species, and more recently for their swim bladders, has led to regional population declines and growing importance as an aquaculture species. Despite intense research in captivity, little is known about the spatial ecology of A. regius's wild population, including basic information such as vertical migrations and depth/temperature preferences. Previous research based on indirect data suggests a seasonal habitat shift from shallow to deeper waters, but this has never been validated through direct high-resolution movement data. In this study, we tagged 13 adult A. regius with pop-up satellite archival tags in the South of Portugal, which successfully returned data from 11 individuals including high-resolution data from six recovered tags (mean, range: 167 days, 28-301 days). We found that adults of this population spend 95.2% of their time between 5 and 75 m depth (mean ± SD, 30.9m ± 18.3m) and do not venture beyond 125 m. Across seasons, A. regius move across water temperatures between 13.3 and 24.8°C with a preferred thermal range between 14 and 18°C where they spent 75.4% of their time. The inferential modelling using this electronic data validated previous hypotheses by showing significant differences between a shallower and warmer summer habitat vs. a deeper and cooler winter habitat. Visual investigation of the diel effects on depth preferences suggests subtle changes in depth use between day and night during the warmer months of the year. We speculate that these patterns are in response to the species' behavioural ecology and physiology, reflecting the seasonal changes in water stratification and presence of prey, as well as on the species reproduction, which results in summer spawning aggregations in shallower areas.

HDAC9 Inhibition as a Novel Treatment for Stroke.

The identification of a variant in the HDAC9 gene as a risk factor for large-artery atherosclerotic stroke, and subsequently coronary artery disease, has opened novel treatment pathways for stroke and more widely atherosclerotic disease. This article describes the pathway from gene discovery to novel therapeutic approaches that are now entering man. HDAC9 expression is elevated in human atherosclerotic plaque, while in animal and cellular models, reducing HDAC9 (histone deacetylase 9) protein is associated with reduced disease. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the association between HDAC9 and atherosclerosis including alterations in the inflammatory response and cholesterol efflux and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. The association raises the possibility that inhibiting HDAC9 may provide a novel treatment approach for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This is supported by intervention studies demonstrating HDAC9 inhibition reduces atherosclerosis in animal and cellular models. Indirect data support such an approach in man. The antiseizure drug sodium valproate, which has nonspecific HDAC inhibitory properties, both inhibits atherosclerosis in animal models and is epidemiologically associated with reduced stroke and myocardial infarction risk in man. It is now being trailed in phase 2 studies in large-artery stroke, while more specific HDAC9 inhibitors are being developed.

An optimized multi-hop routing protocol for wireless sensor network using improved honey badger optimization algorithm for efficient and secure QoS

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a significant technology that might contribute in the industrial revolution. Sensor Nodes (SNs) in WSNs are equipped with a battery as a power source. Energy is the most critical resource for WSNs since the battery cannot be replaced or refilled. Several solutions have been devised and implemented over the years to preserve WSNs, which are a scarce resource. This study suggested a model to solves the energy issue as well as security issue and presents an optimized multi-hop routing in WSNs based on improved Honey Badger Algorithm (I-HBA). This method for multi-hop routing involves two steps: selecting a Cluster Head (CH) and routing the data packets. The I-HBA is used to pick energy-efficient CHs for efficient data transfer. The SNs then send their data through the chosen CH, which forwards it to the base station (BS) using the most efficient number of hops. The suggested I-HBA is used to select the finest hops. The proposed model employs the multi-objective fitness function including eight parameters for effective routing in the WSNs. Furthermore, security conscious multihop routing is carried out by employing a trust model that includes direct and indirect trust, data, integrity and forwarding rate factor. Additionally, the proposed I-HBA based routing protocol compared with the existing protocol such as LEACH, HEED, and PSO; and the proposed protocol outperforms the existing models. The findings show that for the same number of iterations, the whole quantity of data packets receives by the WSN using the proposed I-HBA based multihop routing protocol is substantially larger than for the PSO, LEACH, and HEED-based models.

Current Pharmacological Therapies for the Management of Spondyloarthritis: Special Considerations in Older Patients.

Spondylarthritis (SpA) is generally observed in young male patients but can be diagnosed in older patients. These cases correspond to late-onset SpA (LoSpA) with two main clinical presentations, axial and peripheral SpA. Another increasingly common situation is that of older patients who have had SpA for many years. The therapeutic management of LoSpA is quite smilar to the management of patients with an early-onset disease, combining both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments. The treatments that can be used in LoSpA include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and biological agents targeting TNFα or IL-17A. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) were recently introduced on the market for SpA. TNF inhibitors and IL-17inhibitors are very effective drugs in early-onset SpA. The effectiveness and safety of targeted therapies have not been specifically evaluated in LoSpA or older patients, and thus caution is required for these patients with comorbidities and/or polymedication. According to indirect data, biological agents seem to be less effective in LoSpA compared with early-onset disease. In parallel, a careful evaluation for the risk of infection, malignancy and cardiovascular events is recommended before initiating these drugs in this age category. JAKi may be used in LoSpA, but only in selected patients according to recent recommendations from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). When considering that the prevalence of such situations is expected to increase as ageing progresses, it is certainly time to consider this patient category as a distinct subgroup within the spectrum of SpA. Specific studies evaluating targeted agents in this age category are thus desirable.

Partnerships between public and private sectors in Brazil: towards efficiency?

This research was developed to understand the role played by partnerships between public and private sectors in Brazil, especially with regard to increasing efficiency in the provision of public services. Through the use of historical and dialectical methods, anchored in bibliographic and documentary research, alongside indirect data analysis, we discuss the arguments in favor of and against the use of such partnerships within the Brazilian destatization program, as an instrument to promote the rights of the collectivity. After drawing a historical line of the construction of the third way, in which partnerships arise, and debating the fundamentals of state subsidiarity, it appears that there is a mystification of state inefficiency and market superiority. Furthermore, although the number of initiatives and signed contracts has increased over the years and has been encouraged by the government, partnerships are still ineffective in practice. Partnerships, so-called innovative arrangements, are focused on old (neo) liberal practices, moving society away from public decision-making processes and weakening rights on behalf of profit, consisting in a form of transfer of capital from the State to small private groups. Sometimes there is also a lack of transparency in the actions of the private partner and the inspections by the public partner are insufficient.

Range of Alternative Estimates of Intra-Village Income Inequality According to Western Siberian Data Tax Layouts of the Early 20th Century

The article presents the results of the first attempt in domestic and foreign historiography to measure inequality among peasants on the eve of the Great Russian Revolution using indirect data on income from distribution sentences. At the beginning of the 20th century they were known as resolutions of village assemblies and they established the basis for the distribution of the total amount of taxes of a given village among peasants and fixed amount of payment of each individual peasant, taking into account his solvency. From a total of five thousand distribution sentences, sentences from three neighboring villages from the Tomsk district for three years from 1902 to 1908 were selected for microanalysis. The peculiarity of the distribution sentences is that they only approximately reflect the level of income of the peasant. In this regard, the authors proposed various ways to clarify the data of distributed sentences (recalculation of family data into personal data and exclusion from the calculation of the amount broken down without taking into account property criteria). The resulting figures for the Gini coefficient, which measures inequality, are compared with figures for other countries known from historiography. The authors conclude that the data support the average estimates of pre-revolutionary inequality, as opposed to the lowest and highest existing estimates, and this does not exclude the significant tension introduced into the lives of peasants by income inequality within each individual village.

Validation of a musculoskeletal model for simulating muscle mechanics and energetics during diverse human hopping tasks.

Computational musculoskeletal modelling has emerged as an alternative, less-constrained technique to indirect calorimetry for estimating energy expenditure. However, predictions from modelling tools depend on many assumptions around muscle architecture and function and motor control. Therefore, these tools need to continue to be validated if we are to eventually develop subject-specific simulations that can accurately and reliably model rates of energy consumption for any given task. In this study, we used OpenSim software and experimental motion capture data to simulate muscle activations, muscle fascicle dynamics and whole-body metabolic power across mechanically and energetically disparate hopping tasks, and then evaluated these outputs at a group- and individual-level against experimental electromyography, ultrasound and indirect calorimetry data. Comparing simulated and experimental outcomes, we found weak to strong correlations for peak muscle activations, moderate to strong correlations for absolute fascicle shortening and mean shortening velocity, and strong correlations for gross metabolic power. These correlations tended to be stronger on a group-level rather than individual-level. We encourage the community to use our publicly available dataset from SimTK.org to experiment with different musculoskeletal models, muscle models, metabolic cost models, optimal control policies, modelling tools and algorithms, data filtering etc. with subject-specific simulations being a focal goal.