Indirect Commands Research Articles

Quality of parent–child interaction in underserved migrant areas in Kyrgyz Republic: a pilot study

BackgroundAfter societal change in Kyrgyz Republic, the pattern of parent–child interaction in the changing parenting culture is an important factor influencing the positive development of Kyrgyz children. This study is aim to assess the quality of parent–child interactions in Kyrgyzstan by analyzing the interaction patterns and playfulness of children during free play at home.MethodsThis was a descriptive pilot study using video-recorded observations to explore parent–child interactions. The Dyadic Parent–Child Interaction Coding System and a playfulness instrument were used to assess the patterns and quality of the interaction. A total of 20 dyads of children aged 24 to 58 months and their parents, living in migrant communities of Kyrgyzstan, participated in this study.ResultsMajor parent–child interaction patterns included 731 turns of parent–child dyads during 1040 episodes. Verbal as well as nonverbal behaviors of parents were observed while interacting with their children. Parents used direct and indirect commands most frequently, while praise was used the least in interactions. Children frequently used compliance as well as noncompliance when they interacted with their parents. Children had low playfulness scores while interacting with their parents. Cognitive spontaneity was the component with the lowest score among all subdomains of playfulness.ConclusionFuture studies are recommended to develop strategies to facilitate parents’ active interaction with their children, promote children’s playfulness, and improve the quality of their mutual interaction.

A Sociolinguistic Examination of the Dual Usted in Medellín, Colombia: Evidence from Semi-spontaneous Speech and Implicit Language Attitudes

Abstract: The system of second person singular forms of address (2PS) in Medellín, Colombia is tripartite consisting of tú, vos , and usted , while also including the existence of a dual usted . The current study compares usage of the intimate usted versus the distant usted with data from an oral discourse completion task (DCT) while also investigating listeners' implicit language attitudes toward the usage of usted utilizing the matched guise technique. A sample of speakers from Medellín (N=72) stratified by age, sex, and education level completed an oral DCT, and a subset (N=38) also completed a matched guise task. For usage, it was found that intimate usted occurred 36.7% of the time with distant usted occurring 63.3% of the time. A multivariate mixed effects regression selected all fixed effects as significant. Specifically, intimate usted was favored by commands, statements, indirect commands, male interlocutors, same age interlocutors, male speakers, younger speakers, and speakers with high school education. These findings show that although the default usted usage is with distant interlocutors, the intimate usted is extremely vital, especially between men and with younger speakers. The current study also demonstrates the importance of comparing usage data and attitudinal data.

Using Social Networking Tools for Teaching the English Directive Speech Act of Command to Undergraduate Arab EFL Learners

This study investigates the effectiveness of using social networking tools for teaching the speech act of command to undergraduate Arab EFL learners. Employing an experimental pre-test post-test design, the research involved 40 students distributed across four groups: two experimental groups utilizing social networking tools for direct and indirect command instruction, and two control groups receiving traditional teaching methods. Over a three-week period, the speech act of command was taught to the four groups either through WhatsApp groups or conventional classroom instruction. A discourse completion task was used to assess participants' pragmatic competence before and after the intervention. Results of ANOVA tests showed a significant difference in post-test scores, with the experimental groups outperforming the control groups. Remarkably, among the experimental groups, those exposed to indirect command instruction exhibited the highest mean score. This suggests that social networking tools can positively impact learning outcomes for teaching speech acts like command. The study highlights the value of incorporating innovative technological approaches that align with the evolving communicative needs and preferences of contemporary learners.

The Effective Commands Used by the Teacher in English Teaching at SMA

This study aimed at investigating the types of students’ disruptive behavior, the types of commands used by the English teacher, and analyzing the effective commands used by the English teacher to overcome students’ disruptive behavior. The method used in this study was descriptive method in which the data were described under the reality to answer the purpose of this research in finding section and draw the conclusion. The findings of this study revealed that students’ disruptive behaviors that appeared during the learning process could be categorized as The Immature and Well to Do. In handling both types of students' disruptive behavior, the teacher used several commands; those were Interrogation Commands, Regular Commands, Question Commands, Don’t Commands, Indirect Command, and Other Commands. Several commands that were effective were Interrogation Command, Question Command, Indirect Command, and Other Commands.

The Effective Commands Used By The Teacher During English Teaching in Managing Students with Disruptive Behavior

Commands are a crucial tool for classroom management used by the teacher to direct the students to start and end the activities. This qualitative descriptive research was aimed at identify types of students’ disruptive behavior that found at SD Lab Undiksha Singaraja especially in fifth grade, identify types of effective commands are given by an English teacher and analyze how the effective commands are given to students with disruptive behavior. This study was a case study research. The data were collected through observation, questionnaire, and interview. The result of this study showed that students ‘disruptive behavior at SD Lab Undiksha Singaraja classified as The Immature category such as talking with their friend, paying no attention to the teacher and lesson, walking around the class, and making a noise. To overcome students’ disruptive behavior, the teacher was used several types of commands. There were five types of Effective command such as Interrogation command, Don’t command, Indirect command, Regular command and Other command. Those commands were effective commands because there was compliance and response from the students.

The Effective Commands Used by the Teacher in English Teaching at SMP Lab Undiksha

This study aimed at identify the types of disruptive behavior, identify the types of commands given by an English teacher, and analyze how the effective commands are given to students with disruptive behavior at SMP Lab UndikshaSingaraja. This study was a case study research. The method used in this study was descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected through filling observation sheet, distributing questionnaire, and conducting interview then analyzed by the researcher so that the researcher was able to draw and integrate ideas to create the conclusion. The result of this study revealed that students’ disruptive behavior that appeared during the teaching and learning process could be categorized as The Immature, The Well to Do, The Mountain Climber and The Game Player, furthermore. In overcoming those disruptive behaviors the teacher used several types of commands such as Others Commands, Don’t Commands, Regular Commands, Question Commands, Indirect Commands, Interrogations Commands, Stop Command, and Negative Commands. From those commands, thirteen times commands that appeared were categorized effective.

Parents of preschoolers use multiple strategies to feed their children: Findings from an observational video pilot study

The current study leveraged observational data collection methods to fill gaps in our understanding of parent approach to feeding as well as child responses to various parental approaches. Specifically, the study aimed to: 1) characterize the broad range of food parenting practices used by parents of preschoolers during shared mealtimes at home, including differences by child gender, and 2) describe child responses to specific parent feeding practices. Forty parent-child dyads participated by recording two in-home shared meals. Meals were coded using a behavioral coding scheme that coded the occurrence of 11 distinct food parenting practices (e.g. indirect and direct commands, praise, bribes) and eight child responses (e.g., eat, refuse, cry/whine) to food parenting practices. Results revealed that parents engaged in a broad range of food parenting practices at meals. On average, parents in our sample used 10.51 (SD 7.83; Range 0–30) total food parenting practices per mealtime with a mean use of 3.38 (SD 1.67; Range 0–8) unique food parenting practices per mealtime. Use of indirect and direct commands to eat were most common; direct and indirect commands were used by 97.5% (n = 39) and 87.5% (n = 35) of parents at meals, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed by child gender. No one specific feeding practice consistently yielded compliance or refusal to eat from the child, instead child responses were often mixed (e.g., compliance followed by refusal and/or refusal followed by compliance). However, use of praise to prompt eating was the practice that most often resulted in child compliance; 80.8% of children complied following parent's use of praise as a prompt to eat. Findings deepen our understanding of the types and frequency of food parenting practices used by parents of preschoolers during meals eaten at home and illuminate child responses to specific food parenting practices.

Teaching difficult constructions in latin

Although Latin subordinate constructions (purpose clauses, ablatives absolute, indirect commands, et al.) are generally seen as hard to teach and hard to learn —and inspire terror in a few learners— nonetheless methods of teaching can be applied to clarify how they work, how they are formatted, and how as a result students can achieve improved fl uency in reading and understanding Latin texts.

Does loneliness before the age of twelve indirectly affect impaired control over drinking, alcohol use, and problems through perceived stress?

BackgroundLoneliness is the pain of feeling socially isolated from others (Russell et al., 1980). The Stress-Dampening Hypothesis (Marlatt, 1987; Sayette, 1993; Sher, 1987) posits that individuals drink to alleviate negative affect. To date, it has not been determined whether loneliness experienced as a child can indirectly influence at-risk patterns of alcohol use through the mediating mechanism of stress and impaired control. Impaired control over alcohol use (IC) is the difficulty adhering to one’s own self-proscribed limits on drinking behaviors (Heather et al., 1993). Impaired control is an at-risk pattern of use that is particularly relevant to emerging adults. Methods: We examined the direct and indirect relationships between childhood loneliness, stress, IC, and alcohol-related problems with a structural equation model. In a college student sample, we utilized a (k = 20,000) bootstrap technique and a model indirect command in Mplus to examine potential mediational pathways. Cisgender sex was included as a covariate. Results: Loneliness was directly linked to stress as well as to alcohol-related problems. Higher levels of loneliness were indirectly linked to both more alcohol use and alcohol-related problems through more stress and in turn, more impaired control over drinking. Conclusions: The current study is consistent with the Stress Dampening Hypothesis (Marlatt, 1987; Sayette, 1993; Sher, 1987). Our findings suggest that therapeutic interventions combating loneliness in childhood may disrupt the stress-dampening pathway to dysregulated alcohol use in emerging adulthood.

THE STUDY OF BOURDIEU’S SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE IN ALEX URBAN’S “THE KINGFISHER SECRET”

This study looks at symbolic violence in Alex Urban's novel The Kingfisher Secret. In Alex Urban's work The Kingfisher Secret, the author investigates the emergence of symbolic violence and analyzes Bourdieu's capital and habitus. To assist the understanding of symbolic violence, this research employs Pierre Bourdieu's symbolic violence idea, as well as habitus, field, and capital theory. This study employs Wellek and Warren's extrinsic method, in which literary material is examined from a social perspective. The author employs a descriptive qualitative technique to locate symbolic violence. The findings demonstrate that in Alex Urban's work The Kingfisher Secrets, symbolic violence is portrayed by offering a present (gift exchange), expressing compassion, delivering an order (indirect command), and respectfully declining. The habitus is brutally capitalistic, rationalizing any means and aspirations to improve one's life and circumstances. The agency uses symbolic violence to achieve its goals and gain dominance.

Does insomnia mediate the link between childhood trauma and impaired control over drinking, alcohol use, and related problems?

IntroductionHyperarousal theory states that stressful negative events can result in a physiological response in the body leading to poor sleep quality. Childhood trauma is associated with many negative health consequences persisting into adulthood such as insomnia. Insomnia itself is a driver of poor physical and psychological health including excessive alcohol use. We examined the direct and indirect relationships between trauma (i.e., physical-neglect, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse) as well as emotionally supportive families on insomnia, impaired control over drinking, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems. MethodsWe studied a sample of 941 college students (467 women, 474 men). For our data analysis, we used a structural equation model with model indirect commands and 20,000 iteration bootstrapping with asymmetric confidence intervals in Mplus to obtain our mediated effects. ResultsHigher levels of emotional abuse were directly associated with more insomnia. Further, higher levels of physical neglect were directly associated with more impaired control over drinking. We found several mediational pathways from this investigation as well. Higher levels of emotional abuse were indirectly linked to both more alcohol use and alcohol-related problems through increased insomnia and impaired control over drinking. ConclusionsOur results were consistent with Hyperarousability Theory. We suggest that insomnia may contribute to dysregulated drinking and that combating emotional abuse could be a promising therapeutic target of intervention among college student social drinkers.

Observed parenting aspects of child compliance in custodial grandfamilies

AbstractObjectiveThis study explored differences between the observed parenting behaviors of custodial grandmothers (CGMs) with grandchildren varying in symptoms of hyperactivity–inattention (HI).BackgroundLittle is known about the parenting practices of grandparent caregivers, and most extant studies are based on self‐report data rather than direct observations of grandparent–grandchild interactions.MethodCustodial grandmothers (N = 170) completed ratings of grandchild HI and participated in a dyadic interaction task with their grandchild so that the relative positivity of their comments and type and number of their commands could be coded. We also coded grandchildren's behavioral responses to each of their CGM's commands.ResultsControlling for child age, there were no differences in parenting variables between high and low HI groups. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, controlling for child age, child HI did moderate the relationship between commands given by a grandmother and child compliance, where children lower in HI were more likely than children high in HI symptoms to comply in the face of high levels of commands. In general, however, CGMs were effective in eliciting child compliance. A second hierarchical regression model, also controlling for child age, suggested that for some children, grandmothers’ encouragement and praise (vs. criticism and discouragement) was an effective method of gaining compliance without overrelying on commands.ConclusionThis study revealed complex relationships among positive and negative parenting practices, direct and indirect commands, and compliance. Such relationships transcend grandchild HI status but, in part, vary with grandchild age.ImplicationsThis study provides unique insights into the childrearing practices of CGMs and has implications for interventions targeting grandparent caregivers’ parenting skills.

Giving Commands in the TV Series <em>Game of Thrones</em>

This research attempts to identify the types of commands, sub-types of the commands, and the influence of situational context, power, and social distance in producing commands between characters in the TV series Game of Thrones. The data used are the commands given by the characters, namely Jon Snow, Sansa Stark, Daenerys Targaryen, Tyrion and Cersei Lannister. Holmes’ theory (2013) and some other sources on the categories of commands, Cutting’s theory (2002) on situational context, and Brown & Levinson ‘s theory (1987) on social variables are employed to analyze how the commands were produced. The results show that there are two types of commands: direct and indirect commands. There are 33 direct commands and 57 indirect commands. Some factors such as situational context, power, and social distance have influenced the dominant use of indirect commands.

Parent Command Use and Child Compliance During Parent-Child Interactions Including Children With Down Syndrome.

Purpose This study investigated maternal and paternal command use and child compliance in children with Down syndrome during mother-child and father-child free-play interactions. We also examined child compliance to direct versus indirect commands, and the relationships between maternal command use, paternal command use, child compliance, and child speech and language abilities. Method Fifteen families including a mother, father, and child with Down syndrome participated. Mother-child and father-child dyads participated in free-play interactions. We coded overall parent command use, command type (direct or indirect), and child compliance with the commands. Child language abilities were measured using a standardized assessment as well as during free-play. Results Mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome used a similar number of commands, and children complied similarly across interactions. Children were more likely to comply with direct versus indirect commands. Parent command use was related to child language abilities in different ways for mothers and fathers. Child compliance was not related to receptive or expressive language abilities. Conclusions Mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome use commands in similar ways but may base their command use on different child factors. Using direct commands with children with Down syndrome may be beneficial when increasing compliance during early interactions.

Design of Ground Test System for Chang'E-4 Lander Load Electric Control Box

The ground comprehensive test of spacecraft electronic equipment is an important part in the development of spacecraft. It plays an important role in equipment function verification and performance evaluation. The ground test system of the ChangE-4 lander load electric control box adopts modular, reusable design and CPU+FPGA single-machine integrated architecture. It can provide power supply test, 1553B communication bus simulation test, indirect command test, asynchronous serial communication test, real-time data processing and other functions in one integrated system, is suitable for spacecraft electronic equipment single machine debugging, configuration test and environmental simulation test and other types of test requirements. The test of each interface, function and performance of the load electric control box indicates that the system meets the test requirements of stand-alone debugging, status confirmation and troubleshooting of the spaceborne equipment, which strongly supports the successful on-orbit operation of the ChangE-4 lander load electric control box.

Effective Commands to Overcome Students with Disruptive Behavior in the Classroom

This study was conducted which aimed at investigating effective commands used by teachers in TK Aura Sukma Insani to overcome disruptive behaviors by identifying: 1) the types of disruptive behavior done by students, 2) the types of command used by the teachers, and 3) the commands which are effective based on students’ responses. Teachers and students from A2, A1, and toddler class were the subject of the study while disruptive behaviors done by the students and commands used by the teacher were the object of the study. All the data were gathered through observation, questionnaire, and interview. The result revealed that there were 145 disruptive behaviors found and seven type of commands used by the teachers including question command, regular command, indirect command, don’t command, stop command, negative command and other command. Moreover, most of the commands given were effective based on the effects on students’ behavior. From the result, it could be concluded that regular command and other command were the most effective types of command used by teachers to overcome disruptive behaviors because the commands related were clear, understandable, and simple. Therefore, the student were easy to understand what the teachers intended.

Associations Between Peer Use, Costs and Benefits, Self-Efficacy, and Adolescent E-cigarette Use.

Prior research identified peer use as a salient risk factor of adolescent electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, but has not expanded on the mechanisms of this association. Participants were 562 adolescents recruited from rural and suburban public high schools and an adolescent medicine clinic in the mid-Atlantic United States. Participants completed a packet of questionnaires that assessed demographics, substance use, expectations about the consequences of e-cigarette use, and perceptions of their own self-efficacy to resist using e-cigarettes. We estimated a series of mediation models using the MODEL INDIRECT command in MPLUS statistical software. In all models, significance of indirect effects from peer e-cigarette use to self-reported e-cigarette use were tested via two variables: (a) expected costs, (b) benefits of e-cigarette use, and (c) the perceived self-efficacy of the individual to refrain from e-cigarette use. Adolescents with more peers using e-cigarettes were more likely to have ever used an e-cigarette and perceived greater benefits and fewer costs, which was associated with a reduced self-efficacy to refrain from e-cigarette smoking (Model 1). Those with more peers using e-cigarettes were more likely to be currently using e-cigarettes themselves because they perceived greater benefits and fewer costs, which was associated with a reduced self-efficacy to refrain from e-cigarette smoking (Model 2). Peer use, self-efficacy to resist use, and expectations of cost and benefits of e-cigarette use should be considered as possible targets when devising tailored interventions and policies to prevent or reduce negative health consequences of long-term e-cigarette use.

Uso del presente de subjuntivo en niños con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje

Background and objectiveSyntactic markers in Spanish to identify children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have been described in several studies. Complex verbal morphology, such as the subjunctive, has been a sensitive area for these children. This study shows frequencies of subjunctive use in children with and without SLI. The study distinguishes six contexts in which the use of the subjunctive is required: when the verb in the main sentence expresses desire, indirect command, doubt, when it is an evaluative sentence with a copula and with time and purpose clauses. Materials and methodsWe studied 15children with SLI and 15children with typical development aged between 5;0 and 6;11 from central Mexico. The subjunctive was produced through an instrument created for the study in which the children completed sentences with verbal forms of the subjunctive and indicative from different types of sentences from a series of images. ResultsThe results showed a significant difference in subjunctive use between the children with impairment and the typically developed children. In addition, not all the structures that required the use of the subjunctive resulted in its being used with the same frequency: use with predicates of doubt and indirect commands was less frequent than adverbial and volitive use.

TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACT USED IN AL-QUR’AN SURAH AL-ALAQ

<p><em>Al-Qur'an is the “Kalam Allah” that contains instructions to educate mankind to be the pious people by running off Allah commandment and avoiding all of the prohibitions. The purpose of this research was to uncover types and functions of directive speech acts that was found in Surah Al-Alaq as one of the Surah in Qur'an. The research data were in the form of verses containing the elements of directive speech acts that was collected from Surah Al-Alaq (96). The collected data were classified based on types of directive speech acts then analyzed with a content analysis approach to uncover various functions contained in each type of the speech acts. The results of this study showed that there are two types of directive speech acts: command and prohibition, both of which are delivered directly or indirectly. Accordingly, there are four kinds of directive speech acts, namely: (1) the direct command speech act; (2) the indirect command speech act; (3) the direct prohibition speech act; and (4) the indirect prohibition speech act. Furthermore, this study revealed that both the command and prohibition speech acts are contained of five functions, namely: commanding, requiring, forcing, prohibiting, and threatening. In general, all directive speech acts are found in Surah Al-Alaq contained God's intention of educating mankind to seek knowledge that is beneficial for their life in order to be closer to Allah by carrying out all the commands and avoiding every prohibitions as for to be safe in the world and the here after.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

“Take It or Leave It”: From Collaborative to Regulative Developer Dialogues in Six Swedish Municipalities Aiming to Climate-Proof Urban Planning

Enhancing legitimacy and effectiveness of climate policy requires improved interactions between and within administrative levels, the latter including horizontal public–private coordination. In the heavily decentralized Swedish urban planning process, developer dialogues are used to enhance collaboration and thereby increase the climate-proofing of new housing districts. In practice, municipalities struggle with identifying what types of collaborative arrangements best support the realization of climate goals, in light of strong property developer interests and bargaining. Based on qualitative interviews with coordinating planners, this paper illustrates lessons from repeated collaborative practices in six Swedish municipalities. We analytically characterize a shift between first- and second-generation developer dialogues. In first-generation dialogues, coordinators attempted to ensure jointly agreed upon principles, priorities and commitments, which instead resulted in troublesome negotiations. In second-generation dialogues, coordinators used mixed approaches to ensure more competitive and climate-proof urban development by mechanisms of indirect command and control. Principles of collaborative interaction were abandoned to regain control over urban planning. This documented shift contrasts heavily with theoretical assumptions from the climate governance literature, where enhanced collaboration assumedly increase effectiveness of climate policy implementation. Acknowledging the practical implications of using developer dialogues to climate-proof urban planning in different settings is critical for improved policy implementation.