Indirect Attacks Research Articles

Design, validation, and testing of an observational tool for technical and tactical analysis in the taekwondo competition at the 2016 Olympic games

Observational methodology uses validated observational tools to collect information in sports with multiple variables that interact in the sporting context. Given the importance of data quality for observational tools, the purpose of this study was to design, validate, and test the reliability of a mixed observational instrument combining field formats and category systems for analyzing technical and tactical actions in an Olympic taekwondo (TKD) tournament. The instrument collects information of six criteria and 25 categories of the tactical and technical actions, kicking zone, laterality, kicking leg, guard, and score. A total of 2 374 actions were analyzed from 10 bouts involving 12 competitors in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games. The coefficients derived from the generalizability analysis (G coefficients) were used to check the accuracy, validity, and reliability of the tool created, while lag-sequential and polar-coordinate analysis were used to determine technical and tactical patterns of TKD athletes. The results showed optimal G coefficients and provide us with objective, valid, and reliable information on the bout situation analyzed, allowing us to extrapolate the data from our results to the sample population. The lag-sequential and polar-coordinate analyses showed that the competitors scored one point through direct attacks with linear techniques to the chest and performed circular actions with the back leg before and after scoring one point. Three points are scored by indirect attacks and subsequent counterattacks with spinning kicks to the trunk and head (using linear and circular techniques). These results reveal technical and tactical implications derived from the latest modifications of the regulations of this sport, as well as the need to adapt athletes’ training for the next Olympic Games.

Threats to Aviation: Modeling Effectiveness

The purpose of this study is to: (a) test the effectiveness of security measures on aviation-based attacks between 1970 and 2015, (b) assess diffusion and displacement effects of security measures (referred to as indirect attacks), and (c) examine the influence of quantitative modeling techniques on outcomes. The study uses data from the Aviation Attack Database (AAD) and applies both time series and series hazard models. Results indicate that security measures can have limited effects on aviation-based attacks, although these effects are policy-specific and contingent on the type of attack. The study also illustrates that model selection influences results.

Etnia indígena Warao

Los pueblos indígenas del Abya Yala a lo largo de la historia iniciada con la invasión colonizadora del siglo XV, han estado en constante periodo de resistencia cultural y social frente a los ataques directos e indirectos de la sociedad occidental que forma parte de su entorno. A partir de las luchas reivindicativas progresivamente han ganado espacio sobre todo en el aspecto jurídico, con la inclusión de leyes que velan tanto por la salvaguarda de estos pueblos como de sus bienes y manifestaciones culturales. No obstante, las emergencias contemporáneas relacionadas con crisis político-sociales y el crecimiento de actitudes discriminatorias hacia los pueblos ancestrales, los ha obligado a emprender una especie de diáspora interna y externa en procura de nuevas alternativas de vida. El presente trabajo pretende mostrar diversos aspectos del pueblo warao, oriundo del Delta del Orinoco, Venezuela, desde su entorno y contexto hasta la situación contemporánea como inmigrantes a Brasil desde la cual develamos algunas interrogantes con la intención de fomentar la reflexión.

Technical-Tactical Actions Used to Score in Taekwondo: An Analysis of Two Medalists in Two Olympic Championships.

Research in taekwondo has traditionally focused on specific aspects athletes' overall technical and tactical skills, while ignoring other important issues such as identifying how successful athletes score points. The aim of the current study was to follow two medalists through two Olympic Championships (2012 and 2016) to discover the effective patterns associated with scoring in taekwondo using an observational methodology. An ad-hoc taekwondo observational tool was used to codify the actions performed by the athletes. An observational descriptive and multivariate analysis of 1,688 actions performed by the athletes was conducted. A lag sequential and polar coordinate analysis was performed that considered tactics, techniques and the kicking zone as factors related to score (one to four points). The results showed that one point was scored with direct attacks (DIAs) and actions to the chest where DIAs also occurred prior to scoring. After scoring one-point, opponents tended to gain points by kicking the opponent's head. Two points were scored with simultaneous spinning kicks. Cuts occurred prior to and after scoring while posterior counterattacks (PCAs) occurred after. Three points were scored by performing indirect attacks and PCAs to the head. Cuts, dodges, and linear actions preceded the three-point score while dodges, DIAs, and linear actions to the chest also occurred after the three point-actions. In conclusion, these two athletes not only mastered the whole tactics but also used specific strategies to score. That is, they anticipated the opponent's attack to score one point by kicking the opponent directly and performed spinning kicks from short distances when they perceived an opponent's cutting action to score two points. Finally, these athletes indirectly attacked the opponent when they dodged by kicking their head and counterattacked posteriorly when an opponent's cut was perceived to score three points. Thus, they used the most difficult tactics to achieve the highest score. It is suggested that coaches and psychologists train athletes in better decision-making by preparing them to not only prepare their own attacks but to systematically use the intended attacks by their opponents to score their own points in accordance with the successful patterns extracted in this study.

CATEGORIZACIÓN DE LOS CONFLICTOS VECINALES Y LA IMPROCEDENCIA DE INVOCAR AUTORIZACIONES ADMINISTRATIVAS Y LA OBSERVANCIA DE LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS COMO JUSTIFICACIÓN SUFICIENTE PARA VULNERAR DERECHOS DE TERCEROS. COMENTARIO A LA SENTENCIA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA, DE FECHA 15 DE MARZO DE 2018, ROL N° 18.218-2017

Recientemente la Corte Suprema se ha pronunciado sobre un conflicto de vecindad cuyo origen fue el emplazamiento de un colector de aguas lluvias que conducia y descargaba artificialmente el torrente en una propiedad vecina. Esta sentencia sirve para abor- dar las relaciones de vecindad como los limites de la propiedad en interes privado, distinguir entre los ataques directos e indirectos a la propiedad, y en particular, destacar que las autori- zaciones administrativas y la observancia de leyes y reglamentos no son patente de corso para vulnerar derechos ajenos.

DAPV: Diagnosing Anomalies in MANETs Routing With Provenance and Verification

Routing security plays an important role in the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Despite many attempts to improve its security, the routing mechanism of MANETs remains vulnerable to attacks. Unlike most existing solutions that prevent the specific problems, our approach tends to detect the misbehavior and identify the anomalous nodes in MANETs automatically. The existing approaches offer support for detecting attacks or debugging in different routing phases, but many of them cannot answer the absence of an event. Besides, without considering the privacy of the nodes, these methods depend on the central control program or a third party to supervise the whole network. In this paper, we present a system called DAPV that can find single or collaborative malicious nodes and the paralyzed nodes which behave abnormally. DAPV can detect both direct and indirect attacks launched during the routing phase. To detect malicious or abnormal nodes, DAPV relies on two main techniques. First, the provenance tracking enables the hosts to deduce the expected log information of the peers with the known log entries. Second, the privacy-preserving verification uses Merkle Hash Tree to verify the logs without revealing any privacy of the nodes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by applying DAPV to three scenarios: 1) detecting injected malicious intermediated routers which commit active and passive attacks in MANETs; 2) resisting the collaborative black-hole attack of the AODV protocol, and; 3) detecting paralyzed routers in university campus networks. Our experimental results show that our approach can detect the malicious and paralyzed nodes, and the overhead of DAPV is moderate.

Risk of Cyber-Physical Attack via Load With Emulated Inertia Control

The intrinsic electromechanical coupling of power and frequency across a power system creates the possibility of indirect cyber-physical attacks, where the attack's impact occurs at locations far removed from the intrusion point. The work here explores this vulnerability, demonstrating mechanisms by which an attacker could cause system-wide unstable oscillations and trips of generators, by an attack altering only local control characteristics of customer loads. This extends previous work on malicious control in generator governor control loops in three ways. First, the fidelity and size of the study system is improved, with each generator represented via detailed models in a non-linear dynamic simulation. Second, we study an increasingly plausible attack, in which loads (prior to attack) are enlisted to enhance system stability through the exercise of emulated inertia control. Finally, the work demonstrates methodologies which an attacker might employ to choose the generator(s) targeted to experience large oscillations (and tripping through protective relay action) and the locations, where compromised control systems would have greatest impact. Nonlinear simulation results indicate that malicious control destabilizes the power system, with targeted generators experiencing large magnitude oscillations, and probable tripping of rate of change of frequency protective relays. These results are demonstrated as robust over variations in parameters, topology, and loading.

Direct and Indirect Xenophobic Attacks: Unpacking Portfolios of Identity

Political threats are typically conceptualized by scholars as targeting particular groups of people. We call for also conceptualizing threats as political attacks directed towards particular facets of an individual’s identity portfolio. We reason that individual political responses to political attacks depend on the strength of identity with the group under attack, just as Social Identity Theory anticipates, but we contend that responses also depends on the shared social categories across an identity portfolio. Drawing on data from 2006–2016, we compare the political assessments of various presidential candidates between Mexican heritage Latinos and other non-Mexican heritage Latinos. Given the specificity of the rhetoric towards Mexican heritage Latinos in 2016, we find evidence that Mexicans and non-Mexicans cast distinct judgments of Donald Trump. Yet, we observe no comparable distinction in prior electoral contexts, suggesting that 2016 uniquely politicized the responses among Mexican heritage Latinos.

The effect of ad hominem attacks on the evaluation of claims promoted by scientists.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the relative impact of direct and indirect (ad hominem) attacks on science claims. Four hundred and thirty-nine college students (Experiment 1) and 199 adults (Experiment 2) read a series of science claims and indicated their attitudes towards those claims. Each claim was paired with one of the following: A) a direct attack upon the empirical basis of the science claim B) an ad hominem attack on the scientist who made the claim or C) both. Results indicate that ad hominem attacks may have the same degree of impact as attacks on the empirical basis of the science claims, and that allegations of conflict of interest may be just as influential as allegations of outright fraud.

Bullying and peer violence among children and adolescents in residential care settings: A review of the literature

Abstract The present paper offers a review of the phenomena of bullying and peer violence among children and adolescents living in residential care settings (RCS). The review was conducted on four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO and ERIC). Findings of the 31 full-text papers included in the present work showed that bullying and peer violence involve various forms of direct and indirect attacks. While bullying in RCS involves severe and repeated aggressive actions, peer violence seems to be characterized by distinct levels of severity; i.e., low-level attacks are infrequent and isolated, whereas high level attacks may be severe and frequent. Several individual factors, such as age, gender, and length of stay in RCS were found to be associated with both bullying and peer violence. Contextual risk factors such as activities, structure and facility size, along with a residential peer culture characterized by a high level of hierarchy and a poor emotional bond between children and staff, contributed to bullying and peer violence. Furthermore, findings of the studies included in the present review showed that both perpetrators and victims manifest a number of behavioral and psychological problems. Overall, the present study offers a picture of bullying and peer violence among institutionalized children. However, distinct operationalization of constructs among studies, together with the use of different methods and measures, made comparisons among studies difficult. Future research should overcome these limitations in order to promote validity and compatibility of research in this field of study.

Counter Measures for Indirect Attack for Iris based Biometric Authentication

Background/Objectives: One of the most robust biometric based recognitions in existence is iris recognition, which has many practical applications in many fields including live passwords and forensics etc. Governments use iris codes as unique code to identify an individual (used in AADHAR). Even if iris recognition system is considered as impossible to break and it is highly secured, it is prone to some vulnerability. Attacks like indirect and direct attacks can be performed in iris based recognition for penetrating in to the system and fraudulently accessing it. In this paper, a method is proposed, which will determine a user as genuine or an imposter. Methods/Statistical Analysis: For detecting whether an imposter wearing a textured lens, BoW (Bag of Words) method is used. Findings: In this paper the biometric template created from the iris which does not have contact lens is matched against the previously stored biometric templates. Confusion matrix for lens detection is calculated. Images from two databases are used for experimental purposes, IIIT-D contact lens database and CASIA-Iris-interval database. Application/Improvement: BoW method improves the performance of the existing method for contact lens detection.

On the Interplay of Link-Flooding Attacks and Traffic Engineering

Link-flooding attacks have the potential to disconnect even entire countries from the Internet. Moreover, newly proposed indirect link-flooding attacks, such as ``Crossfire'', are extremely hard to expose and, subsequently, mitigate effectively. Traffic Engineering (TE) is the network's natural way of mitigating link overload events, balancing the load and restoring connectivity. This work poses the question: Do we need a new kind of TE to expose an attack as well? The key idea is that a carefully crafted, attack-aware TE could force the attacker to follow improbable traffic patterns, revealing his target and his identity over time. We show that both existing and novel TE modules can efficiently expose the attack, and study the benefits of each approach. We implement defense prototypes using simulation mechanisms and evaluate them extensively on multiple real topologies.

Cross-layer based multiclass intrusion detection system for secure multicast communication of MANET in military networks

Multicast communication of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), rather than multiple unicast communication, delivers common content to more than one receiver at a time. Due to cutting-edge communication technology and advancements in terms of radio-mounted devices, groups in front-end war field, as well as rescue troops, are well connected to carry out their missions using multicast communication. The key to the success of military networks in a hostile environment is security and collaboration. Internal attacks are major threats to impose a great failure in their mission goal. We introduce a novel indirect internal stealthy attack and known direct internal stealthy attacks such as black hole and deny-to-forward attacks on tree-based multicast routing protocol. These internal attacks can induce the performance degradation in the multicast group. We design a distributed cross-layer based machine learning anomaly detection system for multicast communication of MANET. Using efficient multilayer features, rather than routing layer features alone, improve the accuracy of the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) in terms of detection of direct and indirect internal stealthy attacks. We evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and detection accuracy of well-known multiclass classifiers in combination with various feature subset selection algorithms. Since our problem with classification is a multiclass, the performance metrics calculated here are different from the binary classifiers. Our IDS is efficient, with respect to high true positives, very low false positives and less resource consumption even in the very challenging conditions of multicast communication of ad hoc networks.

Splitting anonymization: a novel privacy-preserving approach of social network

Large amount of personal social information is collected and published due to the rapid development of social network technologies and applications, and thus, it is quite essential to take privacy preservation and prevent sensitive information leakage. Most of current anonymizing techniques focus on the preservation to privacies, but cannot provide accurate answers to utility queries even at a high price. To solve the problem, a novel anonymizing approach, called splitting anonymization, is introduced in this paper to point against the contradiction of privacy and utility. This approach provides a high-level preservation to the privacy of social network data that is unknown to attackers, which avoids the low utility caused by the enforced noises on knowledge that is already known to the attackers. Social network processed by splitting anonymization can refuse any direct attack, and these strategies are also safe enough to indirect attacks which are usually more dangerous than direct attacks. Finally, strict theoretical analysis and large amount of evaluation results based on real data sets verified the design of this paper.

Tactical aspects of a National University Taekwondo Championship in relation to round and match outcome.

The aims of this study were to analyze tactical behavior (direct attacks and indirect attacks, in addition to anticipatory, simultaneous, and posterior counterattacks) according to competition round and match, and to compare tactics of competitors (winners and nonwinners) in a university taekwondo championship. The analysis included 334 individual performances from 204 athletes over 169 bouts in the National University Championship. A 2-way repeated measure analysis of variance was conducted with "round" (at 3 levels: first, second, and third) as the within-subject factor and match outcome (at 2 levels: winning and nonwinning) as the between-subject factor. The results of this study show that tactical behavior patterns of winners and nonwinners differ. In addition, these differences vary over the course of a bout (p ≤ 0.05). Winners perform fewer direct and indirect attacks than nonwinners perform, but execute more anticipatory, simultaneous, and posterior counterattacks. In terms of tactics in each round, there are more frequent direct and anticipatory actions in the third round than in earlier rounds (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, coaches should conduct tactical training for athletes in a variety of counterattacks, especially in the third round.

Tactical Analysis of the Winners' and Non-Winners' Performances in a Taekwondo University Championship

The purpose of this study was to identify tactical characteristics of successful athletes who competed in a National University Championship. Results from the study allow taekwondo coaches and competitors to orient their training towards evidence-based practice to achieve success in competitions. Overall, taekwondo athletes performed more attacks than counterattacks. However, winners performed more counterattacks than non-winners. Moreover, winners performed more anticipatory counterattacks (ANC) and less indirect attacks (INA) than non-winners. Lastly, the order of the performance of the actions for non-winners was by decreasing frequency direct attack (DIA), INA, posterior counterattack (POC), simultaneous counterattack (SIC) and ANC, while for winners the order for most to least frequent action was DIA, INA and POC, followed by SIC and ANC. In conclusion, taekwondo athletes need to focus their trainings on both attacks and counterattacks, with its order of importance being: 1) DIA; 2) INA and POC; and 3) ANC and SIC; to increase the level of their tactical behaviour.

Detecting latent attack behavior from aggregated Web traffic

Indirect attack mode has been a serious threat to server security due to the covert nature. This paper focuses on a new application-layer indirect attack which exploits the communication mechanism of proxy server to attack the targets. Such type of attacks is not easy to be discovered by most existing defense systems since malicious traffic hides in the aggregated traffic. Moreover, the sources of the attack traffic and normal traffic are indistinguishable, because both of them share the same IP of the last proxy server. In this paper a novel server-side defense scheme is proposed to resist such covert indirect attacks. An improved semi-Markov model is proposed to describe the dynamic behavior process of aggregated traffic. The model includes two stochastic processes. The observable process represents the changes in the appearance features of the observed traffic, while the unobservable process is a semi-Markov chain which represents the underlying time-varying patterns used to generate the outgoing traffic by a proxy server. An algorithm is proposed to estimate the model parameters. An objective function is defined to evaluate the normality of a proxy server’s access behavior. Numerical results based on real traffic demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.

Physical and thermal strain of firefighters according to the firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires

The aim of this study was to analyse the physiological strain of firefighters, using heart rate (HR) and core temperature, during real wildfire suppression according to the type of attack performed (direct, indirect or mixed). Threeintensity zones were established according to the HR corresponding to the ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation threshold (RCT): zone 1, <VT; zone 2 (Z2), between VT and RCT; zone 3 (Z3), >RCT. The exercise workload (training impulse (TRIMP)), the physiological strain index (PSI) and the cumulative heat strain index(CHSI) were calculated using the time spent in each zone, and the HR and core temperature, respectively. Significantly higher mean HR, time spent in Z2 and Z3 and TRIMP h−1 were found in direct and mixed versus indirect attacks. The highest PSI and CHSI were observed in the direct attack. In conclusion, exercise strain and combined thermal strain, but not core temperature during wildfire suppression, are related to the type of attack performed. Statement of relevance: Our findings demonstrated that wildfire firefighting is associated with high physiological demands, which vary significantly depending on the tactics chosen for performing the task. These results should be kept in mind when planning programmes to improve wildland firefighters' physical fitness, which will allow improvement in their performance.

Hacker Behavior, Network Effects, and the Security Software Market

The market for security software has witnessed an unprecedented growth in recent years. A closer examination of this market reveals certain idiosyncrasies that are not observed in a traditional market. For example, it is a highly competitive market with over eighty vendors. Yet, the market coverage is relatively low. Prior research has not attempted to explain what makes this market so different. In this paper, we develop an economic model to find possible answers to this question. Our model uses existing classification of different types of attacks and models their resulting network effects. We find that the negative network effect from indirect attacks, which is further enhanced by value-based targeted attacks, provides a possible explanation for the unique structure of this market. Overall, our results highlight the unique nature of the security software market, furnish rigorous arguments for several counterintuitive observations in the real world, and provide managerial insights for vendors on market competition.

An evaluation of indirect attacks and countermeasures in fingerprint verification systems

Biometric recognition systems are vulnerable to numerous security threats. These include direct attacks to the sensor or indirect attacks, which represent the ones aimed towards internal system modules. In this work, indirect attacks against fingerprint verification systems are analyzed in order to better understand how harmful they can be. Software attacks via hill climbing algorithms are implemented and their success rate is studied under different conditions. In a hill climbing attack, a randomly generated synthetic template is presented to the matcher, and is iteratively modified based on the score output until it is accepted as genuine. Countermeasures against such attacks are reviewed and analyzed, focusing on score quantization as a case study. It is found that hill climbing attacks are highly effective in the process of creating synthetic templates that are accepted by the matcher as genuine ones. We also find that score quantization drastically reduces the attack success rate. We analyze the hill climbing approach over two state-of-the-art fingerprint verification systems: the NIST Fingerprint Image Software 2, running on a PC and a prototype system fully embedded in a smart card (Match-on-Card). Results of both systems are obtained using a sub corpus of the publicly available MCYT database.