Indigo Carmine Solution Research Articles

Green Synthesis of carbon quantum dots for enhancing photocatalytic activity: Hydrogen/oxygen evolution and dye photodegradation

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently attracted attention across various fields due to their small size, high conductivity, fluorescence emission, low toxicity, and other desirable characteristics. In this study, highly fluorescent CQDs with an average diameter of 3.7 nm were prepared via microwave irradiation using a standard commercial microwave oven and glycerol as solvent. Several cation promoters were examined for CQD synthesis, with copper ions ultimately chosen for comprehensive characterization and application. The CQDs were impregnated onto both commercially available and microwave-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated with respect to the hydrogen and oxygen generation. Under the employed conditions, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) exhibited over 12 times higher efficiency than the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The enhanced OER activity is attributed to the high electronic conductivity of the small Cu doped CQDs@TiO2 (Cu-CQDs@TiO2) facilitating an efficient electron transfer for the OER . Visible light activity (λ ≥ 400 nm) was demonstrated by photodegradation of the indigo carmine (IC) solution used as a model pollutant. Irradiation in the presence of the Cu-CQDs@TiO2 photocatalyst resulted in complete degradation of the dye in less than 3 hours. The results presented here provide a promising methodology for designing high-performance photocatalysts based on environmentally friendly CQD syntheses. Crucial applications, from renewable energy production to environmental remediation, will benefit from strategies using the carbon abundance on Earth.

Removal of tartrazine and indigo carmine with layered double hydroxide-modified graphite nanocomposite: Isotherm, kinetics and response surface methodology (RSM) optimization

This research in focus investigates the removal of tartrazine (TZ) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes utilizing an AlCuFe-LDH/C nanocomposite as an adsorbent. The composite underwent comprehensive characterization through FE-SEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, and BET analyses. To gauge the efficacy of TZ and IC removal with the powdered adsorbent in use, the nanocomposites performance in surface adsorption of dyes species optimized, designed, and tested. Various parameters influencing the dyes adsorption under optimal conditions were considered, with a pH of 6.0 and an adsorption process time of 13 min selected. The concentrations of IC and TZ solutions were set at 11.5 mg/L, while a mass of 0.0143 g of adsorbent was applied. Under these conditions, the adsorbent exhibited impressive capabilities, removing 99.20 % of TZ and 88.5 % of IC. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models, with the Langmuir isotherm model found to be the most fitting. Based on the Langmuir isotherm model, the adsorption capacities were determined to be 26.05 mg g−1 for TZ, 26.56 mg g−1 for IC. Additionally, the kinetic evaluation of experiments conducted at various time intervals revealed that the adsorption processes aligned well with second-order kinetic models. Regeneration studies indicated that the adsorbent could successfully retain dyes even after four cycles, with the adsorption percentage of AlCuFe-LDH/C for dyes remaining at 80 % after four adsorption–desorption cycles.

Competition between indigo carmine and water in the formation of dynamics behavior at different temperatures

We apply molecular dynamics methods to determine the impact of temperature on the structural and dynamic properties of aqueous solution of indigo carmine at temperatures between 300 and 323 К. We report that indigo carmine motion changes from the sub-diffuse to the diffuse regime at t = 100 ps, while water molecules continue to move in the slowed sub-diffuse regime. We demonstrate that the determining factor in the change of the structural and dynamic properties of the aqueous solution of indigo carmine at temperatures between 300 and 323 K is the change in the local structure of water and that the presence of indigo carmine leads to the decrease in temperatures at which a slowed motion of solution components is observed.

Elimination of indigo carmine in water by Pinus patula biochar: Adsorption process optimization, kinetics and isotherms

The textile industry causes major pollution to water bodies due to the discharge of dye-containing wastewater, such as indigo carmine (IC). Biochar has been used to treat organic pollutants like dyes because of its pore structure and surface area, as well as the functional groups contained, low cost, and sustainability of this material. In this study, biochar derived from Pinus patula wood pellets was used to assess its efficiency in the elimination of IC in water. Under optimal conditions of pH, biochar dose, and particle size (3, 13.5 g/L, and 300–450 µm, respectively), a 99% removal of a 25 mg/L solution of IC was achieved. Furthermore, studies on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) revealed that Pinus patula biochar contributed to a 73.8% reduction in the organic matter present in water. The IC adsorptive process was described by the pseudo-second order kinetic and the Freundlich isotherm models. Chemical and physical adsorption mechanisms were associated with the uptake of IC by Pinus patula biochar. Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, π-π interactions, and pore-filling were regarded as the possible mechanisms involved in the adsorption system. Pinus patula wood pellets biochar was shown to be an efficient adsorbent to remove dyes from water.

Anomalous spectral shift of localized surface plasmon resonance.

We report the first observation of spectral blue shift of plasmon resonance of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to a negative optical nonlinearity of a local ambient medium, i.e., indigo carmine (IC) solution at around 420 nm wavelength. The blue shift occurred at a larger concentration of AgNPs or at a larger concentration of IC solution, being in obvious contrast to spectral red shift which was widely witnessed in plasmon spectral shift in a linear regime. Plasmon-enhanced local fields could excite the third-order optical nonlinearity for blue shift even under continuous (non-pulsed) light illumination. We also found that the plasmon-excited nonlinearity could allow for differential nonlinear response of the IC solution to be even greater than its differential linear response, though appearing to be somewhat inconsistent with what was generally known in light-matter interaction. The demonstrated properties of such anomalous shift of plasmon spectral peaks and its accompanying properties indicated that plasmon technologies could be exploited not only in linear but also in nonlinear aspects for critical optimization in plasmon-energy harvesting systems such as in surface enhanced spectroscopy/microscopy, biomedical imaging/sensing, laser frequency conversion, ultrashort pulse generation, and all-optical switching.

A sustainable methodology employing the extract of red dragon fruit peel as a fluorescence probe for detection of indigo carmine (E132) in food samples: evaluation of the method's greenness, whiteness, and blueness.

Indigo carmine dye is one of the most widely used dyes in various fields. In this study, the ethanolic extract of red dragon fruit peel (Ex-RDFP) was employed as a green fluorescence probe for measuring the synthetic dye indigo carmine. At a fluorescence excitation of 290.5 nm, the Ex-RDFP exhibits a fluorescence emission band at 341.5 nm. Meanwhile, the indigo carmine dye possesses an absorption spectrum at a maximum peak of 290 nm. Consequently, the fluorescence intensity of the Ex-RDFP was reduced upon the addition of indigo carmine solution due to the inner filter effect mechanism. This quenching in the fluorescence intensity of Ex-RDFP was substantially associated with the indigo carmine concentration at a linear scale of 1.0-7.0 μg mL-1 (r 2 = 0.9993). Furthermore, the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation of the method were found to be 0.209 μg mL-1 and 0.635 μg mL-1, respectively. The optimal analytical conditions, such as solvent used for dilution, pH, reaction time, volume of the reagent, and temperature, were examined and carefully studied. In addition, the proposed method was successfully applied to detect indigo carmine dye in various natural syrup samples, including lemon syrup, apple syrup, cantaloupe syrup, pineapple syrup, and guava syrup, with acceptable recovery values. The method's beneficial sustainability footprint was found by using an extensive greenness analysis that incorporated the modified National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), the complex Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and the Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE) prep algorithms. In addition, "whiteness" and "blueness" were also assessed with the newly released (Red Green Blue 12) RGB12 and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) computational methods, emphasizing the benefit of the proposed method in terms of analytical efficiency, sustainability, and economy. The suggested technique is the answer to the worldwide popularity of ecologically conscious solutions by providing a green-and-white substitute for traditional techniques and advancing towards creating more sustainable quality control procedures in the future.

Environmental remediation promoted by silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by eucalyptus leaves extract

A simple and low-cost green synthesis method was optimized to prepare stable silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using aqueous Eucalyptus globulus leaves extract. This green method allows to obtain AgNP with spherical morphology and variable size around 25 nm, and it is dependent of the reaction temperature and concentration of the plant extract. AgNP stability was followed during 3 months by zeta potential measurements and a negative zeta range from −30.7 to −33.6 was determined. Biogenic-stabilized AgNP exhibited dual-functional properties as effective in environmental remediation with bacterial growth inhibition and dye photodegradation. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were tested for antibacterial activity, and considerable inhibitory activity was found. High photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye was performed in the presence of the AgNP as catalysts under sunlight irradiation. The degradation efficiency after 2 h of reaction was 37 %, 83 % and 98 % in the presence of UV light, visible light and sunlight irradiation, respectively. The germination of corn kernels test was used to determine the toxicity of the treated IC solutions and the results showed low toxicity after the photodegradation process.

Impact of silver-doped alumina nanocomposite on water decontamination by remodeling of biogenic waste.

The main cause of various fatal diseases in humans and animals is environmental pollution. Ag-doped alumina nanocomposite was prepared using coffee husk extract with a large BET surface area of 126.58 m2g-1 and investigated for its antibacterial potential against both bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, and observed as an effective sorbent for removing the water pollution dye indigo carmine (IGC). The lowest concentration of the nanocomposite and the maximum contact time required to achieve complete inhibition of bacteria present in the contaminated water, as well as the capacity of sorption of IGC, were investigated. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of the Ag-doped alumina nanocomposite was 12µgmL-1 for both bacterial strains, with the highest inhibition occurring in E. coli. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibited an experimental qt of 462.7mgg-1 from 160mg L-1 IGC solution at 50°C and followed the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic results showed that the process was endothermic, spontaneous, and physisorptive. The nanocomposite was used to fully treat water samples contaminated with 10mg L-1 concentrations of IGC. For six consecutive cycles, the reuse research showed an average efficiency of 95.72 ± 3.6%. Consequently, the synthesized Ag-doped alumina nanocomposite is suitable for treatments of contaminated water.

Unilateral Ovarian Hypoplasia with Ipsilateral Fallopian Tube Hypoplasia

Herein, we present the case of a 36-year-old nulliparous woman with mild dysmenorrhea, diagnosed with a left endometrioma who underwent laparoscopic cystectomy. Laparoscopic findings confirmed an endometrioma with a normal fallopian tube in the left adnexa (Fig. 1a), and a hypoplastic ovary in the right adnexa (Fig. 1b). A balloon catheter was inserted into the uterus, and tube passage was verified using indigo carmine solution. The left fallopian tube was patent (Fig. 1c); however, the right fallopian tube was obstructed at the end of the fimbria (Fig. 1d). This was thus a rare case of unilateral ovarian hypoplasia with ipsilateral tubal hypoplasia, and we considered several theories to explain our findings. First, one theory to explain the etiology of congenital ovarian hypoplasia involves the loss of an ovary as a result of ischemia secondary to torsion of an ovarian pedicle with profound ovarian hypoxia, leading to cell death during fetal or early postnatal life [1, 2]; another theory is adnexal hypoplasia resulting from embryologic developmental agenesis or aplasia [3-5]. Second, embryologic theories of the etiology of unilateral adnexal agenesis and hypoplasia point to embryologic defects in the development of the genital ridge and the caudal end of the Müllerian (paramesonephric) duct [6, 7]. Failure of the Müllerian ducts to canalize is believed to result in failure of oviductal development, and Müllerian anomalies generally include combined ipsilateral uterine and renal-ureteric anomalies. The present case had only hypoplasia of the fallopian tubes, with the absence of other congenital anomalies of the reproductive organs or kidneys, making the hypothesis of an embryologic anomaly unlikely. Therefore, we postulated that the patient experienced torsion of the ovarian pedicle in the neonatal period or very early childhood.

Textile wastewater depuration using a green cellulose based Fe3O4 bionanocomposite

Supported iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on natural fiber surfaces have enormous potential in wastewater depuration strategies. We describe here the fabrication and advanced oxidation capabilities of a bionanocomposite based on cellulosic fique fibers (FF) decorated with magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs. The composite material’s assembly was monitored using FESEM, XPS, ATR-IR, XRD, and TGA. Cellulose in FF undergoes an alkaline treatment, resulting in a heterogeneous and positively charged microstructure with channels and cavities acting as nanoreactors, facilitating size control, dispersion, and stabilization of the Fe3O4 NPs via an ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method. The bionanocomposite material (FF/Fe3O4) promotes color removal from indigo carmine (IC) solutions via heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions. UV–vis and MS data show the removal of up to 90% of the color in IC-spiked model aqueous samples through oxidation reactions within 5 min for up to 10 cycles. The bionanocomposite catalytic performance is significantly affected by pH and oxidant (H2O2) concentration. In addition, after treating a real effluent from a denim factory with the FF/Fe3O4 bionanocomposite for 120 min, we observed reductions of 24% in chemical oxygen demand (COD), 100% in surfactant content, 99% in true and apparent color, and 99% in turbidity.

Photoluminescence Performance and Photocatalytic Activity of Modified Carbon Quantum Dots Derived from Pluronic F127.

The photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in waste water using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) remains a hot topic due to the importance of environmental protection. However, identifying suitable carbon resources and successful surface modification are still challenging. Herein, the hydrothermal method and surface modification of ammonia and thionyl chloride were applied to synthesize CQDs with different surface groups using PEO106PPO70PEO106 (Pluronic F127) as a carbon source. The average particle size of the as-prepared CQDs was in the range of 2.3-3.5 nm. The unmodified CQDs had the highest relative photoluminescence intensity, while all as-prepared CQDs exhibited abnormal photoluminescence located outside the scope of the visible spectrum. Interestingly, CQDs modified with ammonia achieved a degradation rate of 99.13% (15 d) for 50 mg/L indigo carmine solution, while CQDs modified with thionyl chloride reached a degradation rate of 97.59% (15 d) for light green SF yellowish solution. Therefore, in this work, two typical organic dyes can be effectively photocatalytically degraded by as-prepared CQDs, with suitable surface modification.

Study of the Differential Capacitance of Space Charge at the Interface of the p-Silicon Paste Electrode /Carmin Indigo Electrolyte for Electrochemical Sensor Applications

This study is on the optimisation of the interface of the p-silicin/indigo camine for electrochemical sensors applications. In this study carried out in cyclic voltammetry, the p-type silicon paste electrode is in contact with the indigo carmine solution at pH=10. The nature of the current in the silicon / aqueous alkaline solution of indigo carmine junction was determined. The cyclic voltammogram is correlated by an affine straight-line, which allows the determination of the capacitance of the junction at a frequency of 50 Hz. Curve C-2=f(E) obtained is not linear. It is of Gaussian form. This form reflects that the ionization of the deep levels of the semiconductor began before the depopulation of the valence band. This study allows to determine the surface potential (Vs=-0,4V) and the flat band potential (VBP=-1,50V). The fermi potential is equal to 1, 50 These results are indications that this interface could not be used as an electrochemical sensor under these conditions.

Lysine functionalized cellulose for a zwitterion-based immobilization of laccase enzyme and removal of commercial dyes from aqueous media

The zwitterion functionalization of cellulose with lysine was achieved in a two-step synthesis. The cellulose modification in each step of the synthesis was corroborated by FTIR and solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The zwitterionic character in the modified cellulose was determined by its isoelectric point using a titration curve vs. pH. The dye adsorption performance of the modified cellulose was evaluated with malachite green and indigo carmine solutions. Cellulose modification increases laccase immobilization almost 10-fold compared to unmodified cellulose. Ionic and hydrophobic interactions are involved in immobilization, stabilizing laccase and the zwitterionic cellulose system. A novel theoretical approach of this immobilization is also proposed involving the interaction energies of the specific ionic moieties and supported by hydrophobic interactions shared between the enzyme and the zwitterionic cellulose interface. Moreover, immobilization did not affect the bioactivity of the enzyme, but on the contrary increased it by 29%. The laccase and zwitterionic cellulose system (Laccase-Lys-Cel) was tested against malachite green and indigo carmine in a 96-h experiment. The best removal results of about 93% from aqueous solution were observed for indigo carmine after 1 h and 99% after 72 h. Finally, Laccase-Lys-Cel combines two mechanisms: (1) dye adsorption in the early stages and (2) final dye degradation by the enzyme.

Influence of Doping-Ion-Type on the Characteristics of Al2O3-Based Nanocomposites and Their Capabilities of Removing Indigo Carmine from Water

Globally, the continuous contamination of natural water resources is a severe issue, and looking for a solution for such a massive problem should be the researcher’s concern. Herein, Al2O3, Al2O3-CuO, Al2O3-NiO, and Al2O3-CoO were prepared via a simple and fast route, utilizing glucose as a capping material. All synthesis conditions were uniform to make the fabricated nanomaterials’ characteristics exclusively influenced by only the ion type. The SEM analysis showed that the particles of the synthesized Al2O3, Al2O3-CuO, Al2O3-NiO, and Al2O3-CoO were all less than 25 nm. The Al2O3-NiO showed the smallest particle size (11 to 14 nm) and the best BET surface area of 125.6 m2 g−1. All sorbents were tested for removing organic pollutants, as exemplified by indigo carmine (IGC) dye. The Al2O3-NiO possessed the highest adsorption capacity among the other sorbents for which it had been selected for further investigations. The IGC sorption reached equilibrium within 2.0 h, and the kinetic study revealed that the IGC removal by Al2O3-NiO nanocomposite fitted the FOM and the LFM. The sorbent showed an experimental adsorption capacity (qt) of 456.3 mg g−1 from a 200 mg L−1 IGC solution and followed the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic findings indicated an endothermic, spontaneous, and physisorption nature. The seawater and groundwater samples contaminated with 5.0 mg L−1 IGC concentrations were fully remediated using the Al2O3-NiO nanocomposite. The reuse study showed 93.3% average efficiency during four successive cycles. Consequently, prepared Al2O3-NiO nanocomposite is recommended for the treatment of contaminated water.

Enhanced removal of Indigo Carmine dye from textile effluent using green cost-efficient nanomaterial: Adsorption, kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanisms

The release of Indigo Carmine in waterbodies may cause serious impact in aquatic ecosystems and human health. There is an interest in developing green, low-cost and effective adsorbents for the removal of toxic dyes from textile effluents. This study proposed the developing of an adsorbent material at the nanoscale using the waste from Moringa oleifera seeds generated after the oil extraction. Moringa oleifera seeds were grounded to obtain an adsorbent material at the nanoscale. Batch-adsorption tests were carried out to evaluate the capacity of the absorbent to retain Indigo Carmine from liquid solutions. The following variables were studied: pH, adsorbent-dye ratio, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature. The adsorption process fitted the Langmuir isotherm in the equilibrium of adsorption and the power function in the kinetic behavior. The maximum adsorption capacity of the absorbent nanoparticles was 60.24 mg/g, which is 4.3 times higher than that of the bulk Moringa oleifera seeds. Thermodynamic results proved the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interlinkage and π–π interactions were identified as the dominant mechanisms of Indigo Carmine adsorption on the nanoparticles. The adsorption-desorption study resulted in a slight decrease of the adsorption capacity after 4 cycles, from 94% to 88%. The removal of Indigo Carmine from a textile effluent (85%) was similar to that with pure Indigo Carmine solutions (91%). The results suggested the feasibility of Moringa oleifera seed nanoparticles as a promising, green and low cost adsorbent for textile wastewaters with dyes.

Hydrothermal assisted synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified graphene with enhanced photocatalytic performance

Water purification is a global issue, and most traditional methods have several drawbacks. As a result, new methods and materials must be devised to address the problem of water filtration. The hydrophobic TiO2-ZnO/rGO has been synthesized via single-step hydrothermal methods for the efficiency and effective indigo carmine (IC) solution degradation. The characterization of hydrophobic TiO2-ZnO/rGO has shown that the material has a high contact angle value of around 103.6°. Several photocatalytic parameters, pH of IC solution, the dosage of catalyst, and light intensity, were optimized for obtaining the highest degradation efficiency. The results of the photocatalytic study showed that the IC dye degradation process was controlled by superoxide anion radical (∙O2- radicals) to produce more specific products. Modifications with hydrophobic compounds such as hexamethyldisilizane (HDMS) showed that they could increase the photocatalytic properties and reusability of the material with a degradation percentage value of up to 95% with a constant rate of 0.0361 min−1. Based on these results, this material has the potential to be further developed for micro and complex photodegradation and self-cleaning materials.

Development and Evaluation of Newly Designed Coaxial Cylindrical Plasma Reactor with Liquid Flow Control and Post-Discharge Reactions for Water Treatment

Water purification by non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma has attracted much attention and is expected to be a next-generation method. However, general approaches to improve the energy efficiency of the water purification have not been revealed. Therefore, to investigate important factors for increasing its energy efficiency, we developed coaxial cylindrical plasma reactors where pulsed streamers were generated between a high-voltage electrode and running water film. To evaluate the performance of the plasma reactors, we measured hydroxyl (OH) radicals in solution based on a chemical probe method using disodium terephthalic acid (NaTA) and decolorized indigo carmine solution. Our experimental results showed that the production rate of the OH radicals was approximately 20 nmol/s and that the energy efficiency of the decolorization was on the order of 10 g/kWh. In addition, we found that controlling liquid flow based on the Coandă effect and introducing the intermittent operation of the streamer discharges to use post-discharge reactions increased the energy efficiency by a factor of approximately 3.5, which indicated that these approaches are effective to improve the performance of the water purification by plasma.

周期的に静電噴霧したインジゴカルミン水溶液の脱色におけるパルス放電位相の影響

周期的に静電噴霧したインジゴカルミン水溶液の脱色におけるパルス放電位相の影響

Preparation of Silver Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid for Effective Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye

Background: Even though silver decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ag-rGO) shows maximum absorptivity in the UV region, most of the research on the degradation of dyes using Ag-rGO is in the visible region. Therefore the present work focused on the photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye in the presence of Ag-rGO as a catalyst by UV light irradiation. Methods: In this context, silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide hybrid material was fabricated and explored its potential for the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous IC solution in the UV region. The decoration of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of the rGO nanosheets is evidenced by TEM analysis. The extent of mineralization of the dye was measured by estimating chemical oxygen demand (COD) values before and after irradiation. Results: The synthesized Ag-rGO binary composites displayed excellent photocatalytic activity in 2 Χ 10-5 M IC concentration and 5mg catalyst loading. The optical absorption spectrum of Ag-rGO showed that the energy band-gap was found to be 2.27 eV, which is significantly smaller compared to the band-gap of GO. 5 mg of Ag-rGO was found to be an optimum quantity for the effective degradation of IC dye. The degradation rate increases with the decrease in the concentration of the dye at alkaline pH conditions. The photocatalytic efficiency was 92% for the second time. Conclusion: The impact of the enhanced reactive species generation was consistent with higher photocatalytic dye degradation. The photocatalytic mechanism has been proposed and the hydroxyl radical was found to be the reactive species responsible for the degradation of dye. The feasibility of reusing the photocatalyst showed that the photocatalytic efficiency was very effective for the second time.

ENHANCING THE DEGRADATION POTENTIAL OF INDIGO CARMINE BY A MEDIATED ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION USING Ce4+ MEDIATOR AND Ag+ CATALYST IONS

Wastewater runoff containing hazardous dyes must be treated properly before being discharged into the environment. Indigo carmine (IC), a kind of dye, has been recognized to be potentially toxic. In this work, mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) using cerium (Ce4+) mediator ions incorporated with an Ag+ catalyst ion was tested to treat IC solution in a reactor as a simulation. The experimental results demonstrated that the IC molecules can be degraded quickly in a relatively short time by MEO. It was clearly shown that the degradation performance of IC by MEO was affected by the Ce2(SO4)3 concentration, working potential, time, and catalyst ion concentration as well. In addition, the high percentage recovery of Ce4+ proves the reusability of Ce4+ as a mediator ion. As an outstanding result, the percentage degradation of IC using Ce4+ /Ag+ ions was remarkably higher than that without Ce4+ mediator ions (100% vs 2%). In summary, our work suggests that MEO using a combination of Ce4+ mediator and Ag+ catalyst ion has great potential to improve the wastewater quality