Indigo Carmine Dye Research Articles

N- and S-rich covalent organic framework for highly efficient removal of indigo carmine and reversible iodine capture

Abstract Organic dye containing wastewater and nuclear waste have received more worldwide attention because of the significant environmental problems and the effects of radiation on health. Adsorption is considered to be an efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method for pollutant removal. In this paper, we developed a novel covalent organic framework (BTT-TAPT-COF) adsorbent which contains abundant S and N active sites as well as extended π-conjugated structure. This COF shows high crystallinity, large surface area, and thermal stability. Due to the porous feature, existence of electron-rich heteroatoms as well as the large π-conjugated network structure, BTT-TAPT-COF exhibits excellent adsorptive performance for the removal of hazardous dye indigo carmine with an adsorption capacity of 547.33 mg g−1 and rapid reversible volatile iodine uptake with an adsorption capacity of 276 wt%. After five cycles, BTT-TAPT-COF almost retains the same iodine adsorption capacity with the original adsorbent.

Influence of dispersion of various proportions of metallic gold nanoparticles on the optical and photocatalytic properties of titania

In this research work, metallic gold nanoparticles with optimal concentration 6.7 × 1017 atom/m2 illustrates an exceptional photocatalytic reactivity in removal of methylene blue and indigo carmine dyes on titania surface. Titania nanoparticles were fabricated by sol-gel method and Au nanoparticles were incorporated by incipient wetness route on titania surface without using reducing agent. Various developed techniques as XRD, N2-adsorption-desorption isotherm, DRS, PL and HRTEM are selected for studying the physicochemical properties of the hybrid nanoparticles. The photocatalytic efficiency of the as-synthesized nanoparticles was estimated and the results reflect that the photocatalytic activity in removal of MB and IC dyes increases with increasing Au concentration and maximizes at 1 wt% followed by remarkable reduction in the photoreactivity monotonically. The photocatalytic rate constant in removal of MB dye is 0.069 min−1 which is fifty times than that of titania single phase (0.0014 min−1). The point of zero charge of Au/TiO2 estimated from zeta potential measurement is 8.4 reflecting the facility of removal of IC dye compared with MB dye. The electron transfer from titania conduction band to Au Fermi level is primary cause for enhancing the quantum efficiency of the photogenerated charge carriers. Hydroxyl radical and positive hole are the main reactive species in removal of MB dye on gold doped titania. The photocatalytic stability implies the strong catalytic performance of the prepared nanoparticles after five consecutive cycles.

Endoscopic Evaluation of Lacrimal Mucosa With Indigo Carmine Stain.

Histological investigation in the use of indigo carmine for detection of mucosal pathology in lacrimal microendoscopy. To investigate the histopathological correlation of staining found on lacrimal microendoscopy. A prospective case series was conducted in patients with a history of nasolacrimal duct obstruction and dacryocystitis requiring treatment with dacryocystorhinostomy or dacryocystectomy. Prior to lacrimal surgery, all patients underwent endolacrimal evaluation using transpunctal lacrimal microendoscopy. Indigo carmine dye (0.2 mg/0.5 ml) was injected into the lacrimal system via the irrigation channel of the endoscope, and after copious irrigation, the differential mucosal staining was recorded. Histopathologic analysis of tissue samples of positively and negatively stained lacrimal sac mucosa collected after surgery was performed to investigate the correlation with the results of each endoscopic evaluation. Four patients underwent dacryocystorhinostomy and 2 patients underwent dacryocystectomy. Histopathology of positive-stained lacrimal sac mucosa corresponded to areas of the advanced fibrous stage of mucosal changes resulting from dacryocystitis, which showed atrophy of epithelium associated with the loss of goblet cells and subepithelium fibrous scarring. In contrast, areas of lacrimal mucosa that did not stain with indigo carmine were still in an active inflammatory stage of dacryocystitis preserving columnar epithelium with goblet cells. This study suggests that indigo carmine staining is a useful adjunct in lacrimal microendoscopy for accurately detecting areas of highly damaged fibrous lacrimal mucosa, as it allows for direct visualization of lacrimal mucosal pathology and can provide prognostic insight and guidance in regard to treatment options for patients with lacrimal drainage obstruction.Use of indigo carmine dye as an in vivo adjunct in lacrimal microendoscopy is useful for accurately detecting areas of highly damaged lacrimal mucosa.

New Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Albendazole in Presence of Cerium as Oxidant and Both Indigo Carmine and Alizarin Red Dyes in Bulk and Dosage Forms

New Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Albendazole in Presence of Cerium as Oxidant and Both Indigo Carmine and Alizarin Red Dyes in Bulk and Dosage Forms

Competitive adsorption removal of indigo carmine and Congo red dyes from residual effluents by Zn2Al-LDH prepared by co-precipitation

Competitive adsorption removal of indigo carmine and Congo red dyes from residual effluents by Zn2Al-LDH prepared by co-precipitation

Cerium oxide nanoparticles for color removal of indigo carmine and methylene blue solutions

In this work, CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by sol-gel method, characterized and used for color removal of indigo carmine and methylene blue dye solutions under visible light. The structural properties and crystallinity of NPs were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a cubic phase of ceria with 13.5 nm crystallite size was confirmed. In addition, the morphology was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a semi-spherical morphology was observed. The surface chemical analysis of CeO2 NPs was performed by using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the presence of functional groups and the absorption spectra in CeO2 NPs were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. The experimental results showed that the highest color removal was obtained for indigo carmine (≈ 90% at pH 2.5 within 180 min). Thus, CeO2 NPs may be suitable for removal of anionic dye effluents at room temperature.

Development of Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Detection of Gluconic Acid Using Iron(Ⅱ) and Indigo Carmine

In this work, a simple and rapid spectrophotometric method, which is based on the fact that Iron(Ⅱ) -gluconic acid complex as a kind of reducing agent deterioration of indigo carmine dyes, was developed to detect gluconic acid in food. Under the optimal experimental condition, a linear range of 3.6 M to 900 M was obtained for gluconic acid with a limit of detection of 1.1 μM. The colorimetric method was rapid and robust with a low cost and can be applied to gluconic acid detection in food samples.

Parietal Block Using Bupivacaine in the Rat: An Anatomical, Behavioral and Histological Study.

PurposeAnimal models of regional anaesthesia are useful for studying the effects of blocks and improve their efficacy. The aim of our experiments was to validate a multi-site paravertebral block in the rat.Material and methodsDissection and indigo carmine dye injection were performed in five rats (3 rats were dissected and 2 were dye injected). In other groups (n=7rats/group), after inflammation inductive carrageenan injection in the abdominal wall, bupivacaine or saline was injected laterally to the spinal column at the T5, T10, L1, L4 and S1 level. The efficacy of the block on mechanical nociception was measured using von Frey hairs. In addition, we measured c-Fos immunoreactive nuclei in the cord.ResultsThe multi-site injection showed a perinervous distribution of the injected solution without intra-thoracic, intra-abdominal or epidural diffusion. Bilateral block with a relatively small volume of bupivacaine (0.5 mL) significantly increased the threshold to mechanical pain as compared to control (p=0.007) and significantly decreased the number of c-Fos immunoreactive nuclei in the posterior horn of the spinal cord (p<0.0001).ConclusionThis study shows that a parietal abdominal wall block is easy to perform in the rat. This block allows investigators to explore the mechanisms of action of abdominal parietal wall blocks.

Development of Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Detection of Gluconic Acid Using Iron(Ⅱ) and Indigo Carmine

In this work, a simple and rapid spectrophotometric method, which is based on the fact that Iron(Ⅱ) -gluconic acid complex as a kind of reducing agent deterioration of indigo carmine dyes, was developed to detect gluconic acid in food. Under the optimal experimental condition, a linear range of 3.6 M to 900 M was obtained for gluconic acid with a limit of detection of 1.1 μM. The colorimetric method was rapid and robust with a low cost and can be applied to gluconic acid detection in food samples.

Synthesis and Characterization of SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO Nanoparticles by Electrochemical Method: Evaluation of their Performance in Photodegradation of Indigo Carmine Dye and Antibacterial Activity

SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by the electrochemical method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, UV-VIS, IR, FE-SEM and EDAX techniques. The X-ray diffraction revealed that the average crystalline size to be 79.78 and 22.84 nm. The band gap of SnO2/ZnO nanoparticle from Tauc′s plot was found to be 2.196 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of Indigo carmine dye follows the first order reaction. The antibacterial activity of SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was investigated.

Adsorption of Indigo Carmine Dye by Composite Activated Carbons Prepared from Plastic Waste (PET) and Banana Pseudo Stem

This study is on the adsorption of indigo carmine dye by composite activated carbons prepared from banana pseudo stems and plastic waste. The activated carbons named TB1P1, TB1P1h and TB2P1 were obtained by pyrolysis at 700°C under steam of raw materials at different ratios (1:1 and 2:1). They were characterized by different techniques such as SEM/EDX, Raman Spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTA and BET/BJH. Analyses indicate amorphous structures with specific surface areas of 424.37; 385.45 and 338.84 m2/g for TB1P1, TB1P1h and TB2P1 respectively. The study of the adsorption of indigo carmine dye by these adsorbents was carried out by varying parameters such as contact time, mass of adsorbent and initial concentration of the dye. The maximum retention is 94.71%, 86.18% and 84.17% for TB1P1, TB1P1h and TB2P1 respectively after 60 min of stirring, for a pH = 4.6 using 0.6 g of adsorbents. The adsorption of indigo carmine follows well, the Langmuir model, with the most suitable kinetics as pseudo second order.

Removal of indigo carmine dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on biomass of Grevillea Robusta leaves

In the present paper revealed the procedure expulsion of the indigo carmine dye from fluid arrangement by utilizing acidified Grevillea Robusta leaves. Adsorption was done for evacuation of indigo carmine as an element of time contact, biosorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH and temperature. The Kinetics of adsorption process (pseudo-second order) is also applied to the equilibrium adsorption data Adsorption capacity of the biosorbent systematically studied by varying the initial concentration of dye solution 20 mg/L and at the optimised condition 8 g of biosorbent, 40 min contact time, at the temperature 313 °K and 6.0 pH.

Effects of radical treatment of Helicobacter pylori on endoscopic diagnosis of early gastric cancer

Objective To investigate the effects of Helicobacter pylori (HP) radical treatment on diagnosis of early gastric cancer using conventional white light endoscopy (WLE), chromoendoscopy of indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid, and magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (ME-NBI). Methods Between January 2013 and March 2018, patients without HP (successful cured before six months) or with HP (no radical treatment for HP in recent 6 months), who underwent endoscopy examinations in the Department of Gastroenterology of Ezhou Hospital, People′s Hospital of Wuhan University or the Department of Gastroenterology of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology were enrolled in the study. Endoscopy examinations were performed according to the order of conventional WLE, chromoendoscopy using indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid, and ME-NBI. Among the patients finally diagnosed as early gastric cancer by histopathology, 120 patients without HP and 120 patients with HP were continuously collected, and included in the radical treatment group and the non-radical treatment group, respectively. Diagnostic reliabilities of WLE, chromoendoscopy, and ME-NBI for early gastric cancer between the two groups were statistically analyzed. Results There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of hospital source (χ2=2.637, P=0.104), gender composition (χ2=0.074, P=0.785), mean age (t=0.582, P=0.561), and lesion morphology (χ2=0.179, P=0.914). The detection rates of early gastric cancer in the radical treatment group using WLE [75.0% (80/120) VS 81.7% (98/120), χ2=7.046, P=0.008], chromoendoscopy [57.5% (69/120) VS 93.3% (112/120), χ2=41.554, P<0.001], and ME-NBI [90.0% (108/120) VS 98.3% (118/120), χ2=7.585, P=0.006] were significantly lower than those in the non-radical treatment group. In the radical treatment group, chromoendoscopy had the lowest detection rate of early gastric cancer, followed by WLE (χ2=2.142, P=0.143) and ME-NBI (χ2=32.736, P<0.001), while ME-NBI had the highest detection rate of early gastric cancer, which higher than that of WLE (χ2= 19.247, P<0.001). Conclusion The diagnosis of early gastric cancer by WLE, chromoendoscopy using the indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid and ME-NBI becomes more difficult after radical treatment of HP. Among the above three endoscopic methods, ME-NBI has the highest diagnostic efficacy, and becomes the first choice for the clinical diagnosis of early gastric cancer after radical treatment of HP. Key words: Helicobacter pylori; Early gastric cancer; White light endoscopy; Chromoendoscopy; Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging

Preparation, characterization of fish scales biochar and their applications in the removal of anionic indigo carmine dye from aqueous solutions.

The preparation and applications of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish scale biochars (FSB) as an adsorbent in the removal of indigo carmine dye (ICD) from aqueous solutions is described. The biochars were prepared through pyrolysis over a temperature range of 200 °C-800 °C and characterized for surface charge, functional groups, thermal stability, particle size and morphology, elemental composition, crystallinity, and surface area by using pHpzc, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy/scanning electron microscopy (TEM/SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques, respectively. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the variation of adsorption process with initial dye concentration, contact time, initial solution pH, adsorbent load, temperature and adsorbent pyrolysis temperature on the removal of the dye. The percentage removal increased with increase in initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage. A pH of 2 was the most appropriate for the adsorption experiments. The equilibrium data fitted pseudo-first-order kinetics and Freundlich models, while the thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the adsorption process was endothermic.

Preparation and photocatalytic activity of hematite from iron sand modified ZnO for indigo carmine degradation

Modification of hematite (α-Fe2O3) with ZnO to produce ZnO/α-Fe2O3 composites by sol gel method and their photocatalytic activity testing on the degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye has been done. The hematite was extracted from iron sand using hydrochloric acid and precipitated using aqueous ammonia. The ZnO/α-Fe2O3 composites were prepared with the mole ratio of ZnO to α-Fe2O3 1:1, 1:5 and 5:1. XRD pattern analysis showed that the average crystallite size of ZnO/α-Fe2O3 composites were greater than that of α-Fe2O3. The result of photocatalytic activity test showed that composite with the mole ratio of ZnO to α-Fe2O3 1:5 has the highest photocatalytic activity under the optimized conditions, with the maximum degradation efficiency of IC are 91.75 % and 93.18 % under UV light and sunlight irradiation, respectively. These highest of photocatalytic activity was reached at the initial pH of dye solution = 1, photocatalyst dosage of 300 mg, initial dye concentration 15 ppm and irradiation time 120 minutes under UV light and 90 minutes under sunlight irradiation.

A novel UV and visible light driven photocatalyst AgIO4/ZnO nanoparticles with highly enhanced photocatalytic performance for removal of rhodamine B and indigo carmine dyes

A novel visible light driven AgIO4/ZnO photocatalyst containing various proportions of AgIO4 contents [0–20] wt% were synthesized for successful photodegradation of rhodamine B and indigo carmine dyes under UV and natural sunlight radiations. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FTIR, N2-adsorption-desorption isotherm, DRS, PL and HRTEM. A homogeneous distribution of mesoporous AgIO4 nanoparticles with surface area (32 m2/g), ink-bottle pore structure and narrow band gap energy (2.1 eV) was formed on cubic ZnO surface. The formation of AgIO4/ZnO heterostructure photocatalyst is significantly reduced the band gap energy to 2.23 eV revealing a generation of new matching band potential that responsible for shifting the photocatalytic response to visible region. The as-achieved AgIO4/ZnO nanoparticles exhibits an excellent photoreactivity and stability toward degradation of RhB and IC dyes with optimal concentration 15 wt % AgIO4 that is responsible for removal 98 % of IC and 81 % of RhB dyes. The excellent photocatalytic reactivity was attributed to the electron transfer during the photocatalytic process from conduction band of ZnO (ECB= -0.34 eV) to conduction band of AgIO4 (ECB=+0.96). Electron conduction band and superoxide radicals are the main reactive species for dye degradation over AgIO4 and ZnAg15. However, positive hole and hydroxyl radicals exhibit the predominant role on ZnO surface. Moreover, benefited from the excellent photoreactivity of ZnAg15, the photocatalyst can be regenerated after five consecutive cycles revealing the high photostability of the nanoparticles. A possible mechanism for the photocatalytic process is proposed.

Enhanced adsorptive removal of Indigo carmine dye performance by functionalized carbon nanotubes based adsorbents from aqueous solution: equilibrium, kinetic, and DFT study

The present work considers an adsorptive removal of Indigo carmine (IC) dye onto nanotube carbon (CNTs). The pure CNTs were prepared via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method utilizing methane gas as a carbon source at 1000 °C in a quartz tube. The morphology and surface chemical structure of the adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption/desorption technique, and thermal gravity analysis (TGA). The parameters of the IC dye adsorption, such as initial concentration, contact time, pH, and mass-loaded adsorbent, were evaluated. The kinetic study confirmed that a pseudo-second-order model was best fitted to the adsorption data. The removal efficiency of adsorption onto pure and COOH-functionalized CNTs was 84% and 98.7% at 15 min, respectively. The equilibrium results were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacity of the CNT and COOH–CNT was 88.5 and 136 mg/g, respectively. The reusability of the adsorbents was studied, and after eight cycles, the efficiency decreased to 70%. Moreover, the density functional theory calculations confirmed that the functionalization of CNTs with COOH groups improves the adsorption properties of IC due to the formation of hydrogen-bonding interactions.

Free-standing cellulose film containing manganese dioxide nanoparticles and its use in discoloration of indigo carmine dye

In this study, we report the production of a free-standing film of non-modified cellulose impregnated with 12 wt.% of MnO2 nanoparticles with less than 100 nm in size. The method here described can be applied to the immobilization of different types of nanoparticles. The film was prepared by dissolving microcrystalline cellulose in an ionic liquid followed by its regeneration by adding water to the former solution. Then, the wet film was impregnated with the nanoparticles by dipping it in a MnO2 dispersion. Electron microscopy images revealed manganese dioxide nanoparticles distributed not only at the film surface but also in its interior. The cellulose film impregnated with MnO2 nanoparticles was capable of efficiently discolouring an Indigo Carmine dye solution in 25 min upon ambient light. The film was easily removed from the dye solution and repeatedly reused for at least 10 times without losing its discolouring efficiency.

Magnetic Eu-doped MgFe2O4 nanomaterials: An investigation of their structural, optical and enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance

We report a facile route of Eu doped MgFe2O4 magnetic nanomaterial ferrite synthesis using Oxalyl Dihydrazide as photocatalyst via simple approach of combustion process. The doping concentration of Eu was varied from 0.1 to 5 mol% with the MgFe2O4 system. Eu doped MgFe2O4 photocatalysts were characterized and analyzed by varied analytical methods to determine its physicochemical properties. The visible light driven photocatalytic activity of Eu doped samples were studied for the photo decolorization of Indigo carmine (IC) dye in waste water treatment. Photoluminescence studies demonstrated the efficient charge carrier separation suggesting the potential use of present samples in fabricating white component of white light emitting diodes.The present results demonstrate the effect of doping europium on particle size, agglomeration, light absorption, band gap value and photocatalytic charge carrier dynamics, thereby providing a mechanistic insight in to the process. The Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed nano crystallanity with a crystallite size ranging 14–28 nm. The microscopic analysis confirmed the porous and voids morphology due to auto-ignition during the combustion reaction. The reusability test confirms a good photo-stability and recyclability. Hence, Eu doped MgFe2O4 is proposed as a potential candidate for waste water treatment.

Synthesis of an environmental nano-polyoxometalate (α2P2W17CoO61)8− as catalyst for dyes degradation: A comparative study oxidation of indigoid and azo dyes

A nanopolyoxometalate (nano-POM) compound consisting of saturated Dawson anions (α2P2W17CoO61)8− has been synthesized and characterized by various analytical methods, UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).The separately oxidative degradation of indigo carmine and methyl orange dyes in aqueous solution by KMnO4 using (α2P2W17CoO61)8− as catalyst was investigated. The full Decolorization was attained during the first minutes of oxidation process by this new homogeneous system (dye/KMnO4/α2P2W17O61Co). The experimental results showed that the catalyst greatly affected the discoloration efficiency; it was up to 75.4 % and 66.1 % respectively for IC and MO under these optimum conditions: an initial potassium permanganate concentration of 0.02 mM, a catalyst concentration of 0.2 mM and initial concentration dyes of 5 mg/L at pH 3 and room temperature (25 °C).The effect of other Dawson type polyoxometalates on the dyes oxidation under the same conditions was evaluated. After four consecutive reaction cycles, the catalyst (α2P2W17CoO61)8− exhibited a good recyclability and reusability without significant loss of activity. The precedents analytical methods indicated that this recovered catalyst has effectively a good stability. This nano-POM function as a recyclable efficient catalyst for the rapid removal of various anionic textile dyes from aqueous solutions.