Indigo Carmine Dye Research Articles

Recycling some byproducts for fabrication of green cement with good mechanical strength and high efficiency for wastewater treatment.

This research aims to produce green cement, as an alternative to traditional cement, with outstanding performance. Five alkali-activated cement pastes were fabricated based on NaOH-activation of slag (GGBFS), bypass (B), and/or silica fume (S). Codes of five pastes are C, C-20B, C-30B, C-10B10S, and C-20B10S, as C is the control paste containing 100% slag. The compressive strength of the fabricated pastes was measured at different curing regimes: Conventional curing for 3 months and autoclave curing at 4bar/153◦C, 7bar/178◦C, and 10bar/198◦C for 4h. XRD, TGA/DTG, SEM/EDX, and BET/BJH techniques were utilized to clarify the phase development, morphological and texture features of the formed alkali-activated composite pastes. Besides, the removal capacity of some pastes for methylene blue and indigo-carmine dyes from aqueous media was evaluated. The results confirmed that C and C10B10S (80%GGBFS + 10%B + 10%S) pastes have significant mechanical properties and distinctive meso-porosity that can remove both anionic and cationic dyes.

Solid-State Replacement in the Polyhedra of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ upon Dehydration/Rehydration Processes Associated with a Color Change in Three Isomorphous Materials with 5,5'-Indigodisulfonate.

The significance of thermochromic materials in a wide range of applications makes their research and development highly desirable. Herein, three new thermochromic isomorphous supramolecular materials based on the 5,5'-indigodisulfonate ion of the indigo carmine dye, with formulas [Cu(H2O)6](C16H8N2O8S2)·2H2O (1), [Ni(H2O)6](C16H8N2O8S2)·2H2O (2), and [Co(H2O)6](C16H8N2O8S2)·2H2O (3), are reported. These materials exhibit thermochromic properties, with a color change from red-bronze to grayish-red after the first step of their dehydration process completed around 80 °C (conversion of 1 to [Cu(H2O)2(C16H8N2O8S2) (1')]), and then, this grayish-red color becomes lighter after the second step, which is completed around 230 °C (conversion of 1' to [Cu(C16H8N2O8S2)] (1d)). The 1, 1', and 1d phases have different crystal structures but similar tetragonal bipyramidal geometries around the copper ions. These dehydrated phases rehydrate by exposure to a higher humidity level. Solid-state UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction analyses shed light on the structural and chemical changes accompanying the color change of 1, 2, and 3 to their partial dehydrated phases 1', 2', and 3', respectively. These transformations occur with the small modification of the charge transfer energy in the 5,5'-indigodisulfonate ions, indicating the potential of dye-based metall-organic materials for chromic properties.

Facile synthesis of CQD/g-C3N4 as a highly effective metal-free photocatalyst for the degradation of carmoisine and indigo carmine dye

The development of extensive dye pollution in the water ecosystem seriously endangers the health of the living organism. For effectively eradicating dyecontaminants from water bodies, photocatalysis is consideredan effective, energy-consumption, inexpensive disinfection technique. As an alternative to conventional metal-based catalysts, heterogeneous metal-free photocatalysts are more sustainable and kinder to the environment. Here, we reported the simplehydrothermalchemical production of Carbon Quantum dots (CQD)-doped graphitic carbon nitride(GCN). Analytical instruments such as XRD, SEM, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, FT-IR, thesurface area of BET analysis, photoluminescence, and UV–vis spectroscopy, zeta potentialwere used to characterize the as-prepared CQD doped GCN (CDCN). The degradation studies reveal that the CDCN catalyst displays the highest rate of degradation performance than pure GCN. Within 60 min, it shows 96 % degradation toward indigo Carmine (IC) and 93 % decomposition towards carmoisine dye (CM). Significant e−/h+ separation, an increased surface area, and a high redox potential capacity to induce charge bears may all contribute to the CDCN catalyst’s enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The efficiency of the photocatalytic process was optimized by studying and altering many variables. These include Dye concentration, catalyst concentration, and variation of the pH solution were some of these. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent stability after three successive runs of the photocatalytic procedure. According to the kinetics analysis results indicate that the photocatalytic decomposition of Indigo Carmine (IC) and carmoisine (CM) dye follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. For better photodegradation performance, a potential photocatalytic method employing several pairs of electron-hole acceptor scavengershas been put forth. Based on the positionsof the band gap and the result of the characterization, a feasible mechanismpathway for charge carriers was also presented.

Optimization of Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B and Indigo Carmine Dyes Using Eco‐Friendly Kaolinite‐Silver Oxide Quantum Dots Nanocomposite Under Sunlight Irradiation

ABSTRACTIn this work, we present a simple method for the pyrofabrication of a new kaolinite‐ silver oxide quantum dots nanocomposite (Kao‐Ag2O/QDs) that is used for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes. A homogenous combination of kaolinite and silver nitrate was sintered up to 350 °C to create the extremely effective photocatalyst (Kao‐Ag2O/QDs). Various analytical techniques were employed to characterize the Kao‐Ag2O/QDs photocatalyst such as XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM–EDX, TEM, DTA/TGA, ZP, BET, and UV–Vis DRS. The degradation of RhB and IC dyes through the photocatalyst was carried out in aqueous solutions utilizing several pH dye solutions and sustainable solar energy in atmosphere conditions. The nanocomposite that was prepared had shown an enhanced specific surface area of 53.3005 m2/g, a pore size of 8.1197 nm, and a total pore volume of 0.216 cm3/g. It also displayed an optical band gap energy of 2.9 eV. The study creates that employing the ideal dose of 2000 and 1500 mg/L of the Kao‐Ag2O/QDs photocatalyst at neutral conditions (pH = 7) resulted a maximum degradation effectiveness of RhB and IC of 91.06 and 93.46% after 90 min, respectively. RhB and IC dyes degradation followed Langmuir first‐order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0217 and 0.0216 min−1 at pH = 7, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation activity for RhB dye is based on hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) and superoxide radicals (˙O2−), while the mechanism of IC removal is based on superoxide radicals (˙O2−), as revealed by scavenger‐based radical trapping studies. A triple reusability study found that the Kao‐Ag2O photocatalyst is highly stable with degradation efficiencies of RhB and IC dyes from the initial 91.09 to 90.04, 88.54, and 86.27% and from the initial 93.46 to 92.8, 91.4 and 89.32%, respectively. The optimal situations for the parameters were identified by the Box–Behnken design (BBD), which was well matched with photocatalytic degradation tests.

Boosting ciprofloxacin and indigo carmine dye photodegradation using S-scheme plate-like BiOI@sulfated TiO2 heterojunctions: An understanding of the performance, the degradation route, and DFT computation

Sustainable BiOI/sulfated TiO2 nanocomposites were created for the present study utilizing the environmentally friendly dispersion-ultrasonication technique. Then, their ability to degrade the medication ciprofloxacin (CIP) and indigo carmine coloring (IC) in aquatic water was evaluated. The optimized catalyst 10%BiOI/ST, denoted as 10BOST together with 5BOST, is subjected to thorough characterization together with that of sulfate-free TiO2 (10BOT) to assess their physiochemical, morphological, textural, structural, and elemental composition properties. It is noteworthy that the 10BOST composite achieves remarkable degradation and performs exceptionally well in photocatalytic IC and CIP degradation. In 35 min, it degrades IC to 100%, with a rate constant of 0.066 min−1, which is superior to that of 10BOT (0.054 min−1) in the incidence of visible light and without an oxidizing agent. In CIP, 10BOST yields 85.6% degradation with a rate constant of 0.027 min−1 preceding 0.024 min−1 for 10BOT when potassium persulfate oxidizing agent is present. This exceptional performance is ascribed to the composite's diminished particle diameter, largest pore radius, hydrophilicity, improved light absorption, and the developed heterojunction between ST and BiOI, as demonstrated by XPS, TEM, XRD, EDX and IR data. The effect of sulfation concentration, pH, Ti3+/Ti4+ ratio, and pollutant concentration were studied together with the active species determinations, which revealed that active radicals like SO4•−, •OH, and h+ were well participated in the pollutant's decomposition. Testing for toxicity shows that during CIP breakdown, innocuous hazardous intermediates evolve with a notable 70% mineralization rate in their TOC. Furthermore, 10BOST showed strong stability and reusability. Using DFT simulations, profound insights into the principles underlying the adsorption sites of pollutants, their chemical reactivity, and the arrangement of their electrical charges, and how these factors affect the reaction mechanism on BOST photocatalysts.

Eco-Friendly Photocatalytic Solutions: Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles in Cellulose Membranes for Enhanced Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye.

This study focuses on comparing the efficiency of commercially available TiO2 (P25) with synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NP) impregnated in nonmodified cellulose membranes, specifically targeting the degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye. We developed a novel method to enhance the interaction between cellulose and TiO2, thereby improving efficiency and reusability. This involves dissolving microcrystalline cellulose in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMImCl) and dispersing the TiO2 samples within this solution. The resulting cellulose membrane embedded with TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NP) exhibited a higher adsorption capacity and greater photocatalytic efficiency against IC compared to that of P25. This improvement is attributed to the larger surface area and increased reactivity of the synthesized TiO2NPs. Furthermore, the CEL_TiO2NP membranes demonstrated excellent stability and reusability, maintaining their catalytic efficiency over multiple cycles. This study presents new opportunities for developing efficient, reusable photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation using eco-friendly cellulose.

Synthesis of hydrotalcite and titanium dioxide (HT-TiO2) composite for application in heterogeneous photocatalytics processes

The objective of the study was to synthesize a composite of hydrotalcite and titanium dioxide (HT-TiO2) for application in heterogeneous photocatalytic processes to the degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous media. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and surface area, then an experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of pH and temperature on the adsorption capacity of pollutants against the anionic dye indigo carmine using a kinetic study. Photocatalytic tests were carried out in a chamber equipped with a UV lamp and hydrogen peroxide as an auxiliary oxidant in degradation. The adsorption results corroborated with the order of surface areas obtained, where the adsorption capacity followed the order of HT, HT-TiO2 5 %, HT-TiO2 10 %, and TiO2, respectively, obtaining removals up to 96.94 %. For the heterogeneous photocatalytic tests, the best conditions of the experimental design were used for each semiconductor, with a removal of up to 99.96 % being observed in 2 h. The use of hydrogen peroxide as an auxiliary oxidant reduced the reaction time to 45 min, demonstrating how joint effluent treatment techniques can increase the speed and efficiency of the process.

Micro-nano bubbles in action: AC/TiO2 hybrid photocatalysts for efficient organic pollutant degradation and antibacterial activity

Developing highly active and sustainable photocatalysts is crucial for environmental remediation. This work focuses on the enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency of synthetic dyes using TiO2-coated AC hybrid photocatalysts under MNB aeration. The TiO2-coated AC hybrid photocatalyst (HP) was synthesized via a sol-gel method and characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, HR-TEM, and DRS. The study investigated the photocatalytic degradation of three dyes indigo carmine (IC), reactive black 5 (RB5), and methylene blue (MB) in wastewater, with initial dye concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM. Under UVA irradiation, the hybrid photocatalyst with MNB aeration (HP + UVA + MNB) achieved the highest degradation efficiencies of 69.09%, 60.06%, and 55.19% for IC, MB, and RB5, respectively. Further analysis showed that the chromophores and complex structures of these dyes were broken into intermediate products. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was used to describe the reaction mechanisms. The HP + UVA + MNB system demonstrated superior photocatalytic degradation activity, making it suitable for operational and environmental applications in dye wastewater treatment. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of AC and HP were tested at 100 μg/mL, showing effectiveness against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli.

From plant to nanomaterial: Green extraction of nanomucilage from Cordia dichotoma fruit and its multi-faceted biological and photocatalytic attributes

This study aimed to evaluate the extraction efficiency of mucilage from Cordia dichotoma fruits using various aqueous extraction methods, including microwave-assisted water extraction (MWE), hot-water extraction (HWE), and cold-water extraction (CWE). Different analytical techniques were employed to characterize the Cordia dichotoma mucilage (CDM). Additionally, the functional properties, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and dye reduction potential of CDM were assessed. The results indicated a significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield of CDM (13.44 ± 0.94 %) using MWE compared to HWE (12.08 ± 0.82 %) and CWE (7.59 ± 0.73 %). The optimal extraction condition was utilized for the spray-drying process, yielding a spray-dried mucilage powder (SDMP) with a yield of 9.52 ± 1.27 %. The presence of galactose and arabinose as major sugar and functional groups such as OH, COOH, CH, and NH from proteins, uronic acids, and sugars were identified. CDM predominantly comprises galactose and arabinose as major sugars. CDM particles exhibited an irregular morphology and demonstrated thermal stability, with maximum weight loss occurring between 221.83 and 478.66 °C. The particle size of CDM was 681.16 ± 2.18 nm with a zeta potential of −21.46 ± 1.72 mV. Rheological analysis revealed that CDM exhibits shear-thinning behavior. Furthermore, CDM displayed inherent biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The dye reduction potential of CDM was evidenced by an 88.67 % degradation of indigo carmine dye. In summary, this study provides insights into the cost-effective extraction methods for CDM and its potential utilization as an eco-friendly material for dye reduction.

Development of Z-scheme BiVO4/g-C3N4/rGO heterojunction nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activity

In this study, we synthesized a novel BiVO4/g-C3N4/rGO (BGR) heterojunction photocatalyst using the hydrothermal method. The synthesized catalysts were characterized through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS) to analyze their structural, morphological, and optical properties. The hybrid BGR nanocomposite displayed remarkable absorption characteristics, photocatalytic activity, and notable stability. Photocatalytic degradation performance was evaluated against methylene blue (MB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes. The BGR ternary hybrid nanocomposites demonstrated significant photocatalytic degradation efficiency, achieving removal rates of 95.6 % for MB and 97.5 % for IC dyes within 120 min. The improved photocatalytic efficiency of the ternary photocatalyst is attributed to superior electron-hole pair separation and the formation of the heterojunction structure. The BGR nanocomposite exhibited excellent recyclability, maintaining its activity and crystalline characteristics over five photodegradation cycles. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the BGR nanocomposites against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated under UV–visible light exposure. This study provides insights for designing efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for environmental remediation purposes.

Facile synthesis of zeolitic‐imidazole framework‐67 (ZIF‐67) for the adsorption of indigo carmine dye

AbstractThis study aims to synthesize ZIF‐67 for the adsorption of indigo carmine (I.C.) dye. ZIF‐67 materials were synthesized under different conditions and the synthesis condition of ZIF‐67 giving the best adsorption efficiency was obtained. In batch adsorption studies, pH, adsorbent amount, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature effects were investigated. Adsorption data were applied to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. The best correlation value was obtained in Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.999). The adsorption of I.C. dye with ZIF‐67 occurred in a monolayer with a homogeneous surface according to Langmuir isotherm. The highest adsorption capacity value of ZIF‐67 metal–organic framework for I.C. dye was found as 370 mg/g. Kinetic model studies were also performed and pseudo first‐order, pseudo second‐order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used. Pseudo second‐order was the best fitting kinetic model to the data (R2 = 0.997). Adsorption mechanisms of ZIF‐67 for I.C. dye include electrostatic interaction, π–π interaction, and hydrogen bonding. Thermodynamic studies showed that I.C. removal by ZIF‐67 is an exothermic and spontaneous process. ZIF‐67 was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), and N2 adsorption–desorption. The surface area of synthesized ZIF‐67 was found 1493 m2 g−1. The salt concentration effect on I.C. adsorption by ZIF‐67 was also investigated, showing an increase in adsorption capacities with increasing salt concentration. The regeneration study was carried out and after 5 cycles, the reduction in efficiency was 21%.

Adsorption of Indigo Carmine Dye on Chitosan Grafted Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)

تناولت هذه الدراسة امتزاز الصبغة القرمزية النيلية (مادة كيميائية تعتبر ملوثة في المياه) على المركب النانوي الشيتوزان المطعم ببوليمر ميثاكريلات الميثيل (Ch-g-PMMA). تم العثور على قيم الامتصاص للمحاليل عند ظروف مختلفة من التركيز ودرجة الحرارة والوزن والحموضة. تمت دراسة عملية الامتزاز لاختيار الوزن الافضل للمركب من (0.01-0.07). بينت أن أكبر كمية من الصبغة الممتزة على سطح المتراكب الثلاثي كانت عند (pH=4). كما تم عرض نتائج تأثير القوة الأيونية على عملية امتصاص الأملاح (كلوريد الصوديوم، كربونات الكالسيوم). لقد وجد أن CaCO3 لديه قابلية ذوبان أكبر لأنه يؤثر على كمية المادة الممتزة مقارنة بملح NaCl. كما أظهرت النتائج أن دراسة حركية الامتزاز هي من الدرجة الثانية الزائفة. تم استخدام ايزوثرم الامتزاز فروندليتش ولانجموير، وأظهرت النتائج أن الصبغة مطبقة على ايزوثرم فروندلش. كما أظهرت النتائج الحركية أن امتزاز الأصباغ يتبع حركية الدرجة الثانية الزائفة. وقد وجد أن التفاعل عبارة عن إطلاق حراري لمحلول الصبغة من خلال القيمة السالبة لدالة الإنثالبي ΔH وأن عملية الامتزاز تتم آلياً لإزالة الصبغة من خلال القيمة السالبة للطاقة الحرة ΔG والعشوائية المنخفضة للصبغة. يزيد محلول الصبغة القرمزي النيلي من القيمة السالبة لوظيفة الإنتروبيا عندما تتفاعل المادة المازة الصلبة مع المادة المازة السائلة (الصبغة) على سطح المادة المازة.

Central composite experimental design for Indigo Carmine dye removal from solutions by applying electro-coagulation and electro-oxidation processes

Textile and food industries produce toxic or harmfull dye-containing wastewaters that should be treated for safely discharge. The electro-coagulation (EC) and the electro-oxidation (EO) methods for removal of dyes from wastewaters are being investigated nowadays by researchers. In this study, the Indigo Carmine, a textile and food coloring agent, removal was investigated by applying the electro-coagulation and the electro-oxidation methods. For this purpose, aluminum electrodes for EC and graphite plates for EO were used. The central composite experimental design was applied as the optimization method for the EC and the EO processes. The optimization parameters were selected as time (10-30 minutes), current density (0.4-2 Ampere/500 mL) and concentration (50-250 mg/L), natural pH (5.78-6.90) and room temperature (20-25 °C). The EO process was determined to be effective than the EC process. Statistically important parameters were concentration and time-current density interaction for the EC, but all the parameters were statistically unimportant for the EO. Dye removal percentages by the EC were calculated between 82.75% and 98.38%, and dye removal percentages by the EO were calculated between 46.88% and 100% for the determined experimental matrix. Electrical consumptions were almost equal for the EO and the EO prosesses. A column ion exchange process (Selion SBA 2000 resin) was applied to the dye residue after the EO treatment. From the oxidation reduction measurements, the treated solutions were determined as dischargeable.

Fungi from Antarctic marine sediment: characterization and assessment for textile dye decolorization and detoxification.

Cold-adapted microorganisms can produce enzymes with activity at low and mild temperatures, which can be applied to environmental biotechnology. This study aimed to characterize 20 Antarctic fungi to identify their genus (ITS rDNA marker) and growth temperatures and evaluate their ability to decolorize and detoxify the textile dye indigo carmine (IC). An individual screening was performed to assess the decolorization and detoxification of IC by the isolates, as well as in consortia with other fungi. The isolates were affiliated with seven ascomycete genera: Aspergillus (n = 4), Cosmospora (n = 2), Leuconeurospora (n = 2), Penicillium (n = 3), Pseudogymnoascus (n = 6), Thelebolus (n = 2), and Trichoderma (n = 1). The two isolates from the genus Leuconeurospora were characterized as psychrophilic, while the others were psychrotolerant. The Penicillium isolates were able to decolorize between 60 and 82% of IC. The isolates identified as Pseudogymnoascus showed the best detoxification capacity, with results varying from 49 to 74%. The consortium using only Antarctic ascomycetes (C1) showed 45% of decolorization, while the consortia with the addition of basidiomycetes (C1 + Peniophora and C1 + Pholiota) showed 40% and 50%, respectively. The consortia C1 with the addition of the basidiomycetes presented a lower toxicity after the treatments. In addition, a higher fungal biomass was produced in the presence of dye when compared with the experiment without the dye, which can be indicative of dye metabolization. The results highlight the potential of marine-derived Antarctic fungi in the process of textile dye degradation. The findings encourage further studies to elucidate the degradation and detoxification pathways of the dye IC by these fungal isolates.

Nano-catalytic behavior of CeO2 nanoparticles in dye adsorption: Synthesis through bio-combustion and assessment of UV-light-driven photo-adsorption of indigo carmine dye

This study explores the adsorption of indigo carmine dye using bio-combusted cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs). CeO2 NPs were synthesized using a bio-combustion method, and then subjected to structural, morphological, and optical characterization for thorough investigation. Structural investigation was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed a cubic structure with evaluated average crystallite size of 11.55 nm. Later, the same was verified by employing W–H plot (13.57 nm). UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed an effective band gap of 3 eV suited for photocatalytic applications. The metal-oxygen phonon band at 986.32 cm−1 and 871.96 cm−1 is confirmed using Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphological analysis was done using Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (TEM and SEM), which revealed well-dispersed, aggregated structure enclosing spherical nanoparticles with an average size of ∼14 nm. The early precursors were validated using EDAX analysis and SEM. Optical characteristics were investigated using photoluminescence (PL), which revealed a large charge transfer band between 360 nm and 435 nm. The dye removal efficiency of CeO2 NPs was evaluated against Indigo Carmine dye using UV light. The results showed that the significantly adsorption, with more than 70 % removed after 150 min. Kinetic experiments revealed that the depreciation occurred via a pseudo-first-order reaction process. Furthermore, the impacts of certain factors such as dye dosage, pH, reusability, and scavenger on adsorption rate were explored and shown to be effective values for the adsorption process. This study emphasizes the potential of CeO2 NPs as excellent photocatalysts for environmental remediation, especially in dye removal applications.

Lanthanum anchored NiCo2S4 nanocomposite and their structural, optical, and enhanced photodegradation of Indigo Carmine (InC) dye

The focus of this study is to explore the potential of lanthanum-anchored NiCO2S4 (L-NCS) as a photocatalyst for Indigo carmine (InC) dye under visible radiation. Different analytical techniques including XRD, SEM, TEM, and PL were used to confirm the uniform distribution of lanthanum on NiCO2S4. A study of the optical and photochemical properties of L-NCS revealed a reduction in charge carrier recombination and an increase in visible light sensitivity due to the introduction of soft metal dopants into NCS. The optimized L-NCS catalyst showed a significant increase in photodegradation rate, about 7.2 times higher than that of pure NCS when exposed to visible light. Furthermore, the reproducibility of L-NCS shows excellent stability as a photocatalyst for environmental remediation.

Bio fabricated palladium nano particles using phytochemicals from aqueous cranberry fruit extract for anti-bacterial, cytotoxic activities and photocatalytic degradation of anionic dyes.

The low cost and ecological compatibility of green technology makes it superior to chemical approaches in the generation of metal nanoparticles. The current study shows the use of cranberry fruit extract in the environmentally friendly green production of palladium nanoparticles. It is well known that the fruit extract from cranberries has a rich phytochemical composition that makes it a useful bio reducing agent for the formation of PdNPs. Several spectroscopic techniques, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), were used to characterize the palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs). The diffractogram of the XRD analysis shows significant reflections at 39.98° (111), 46.49° (200), and 67.95° (220), which indicate the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of PdNPs and demonstrate the crystallinity of the produced nanoparticles from the green method. The SEM and TEM structural and morphological analyses reveal that the synthesized nanoparticles have a spherical shape with size ranging between 2 nm to 50 nm. In addition, the synthesized PdNPs demonstrated possible antibacterial activity on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as a cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC) and Sunset Yellow (SY) dyes can be effectively catalyzed by biogenic PdNPs, according to the results.

Polymer based Carbon Aerogels for Methylene blue and indigo carmine dyes removal

Abstract Herein we prepared the polymer-based carbon aerogel (CAs) from resorcinol and thiophene-2-carboxyaldehyde. The prepared CAs was characterized using the powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The above characterization techniques confirmed the formation of CA’s. As we know the CA’s possess good surface area. Hence, we used the CAs for the purpose of removing the organic dyes from the water. In the application purpose we removed Methylene Blue (MB) dye and Indigo Carmine (IC) dye from the water. Initial results confirmed that CAs actively removes 100% dyes in 3.5 and 4 h for MB and IC dyes respectively.

Factorial experimental design for removal of Indigo Carmine and Brilliant Yellow dyes from solutions by coagulation

Textile and food industries produce huge amounts of wastewaters containing dye residues. When these wastewaters are discharged to receiving surface waters like as lakes and rivers, aesthetically unpleasant situations form. Therefore, these wastewaters should be treated. Wastewater treatment is sometimes an expensive operation and cheap methods should be developed. The removal of Indigo Carmine (I.C., Acid dye) and Brilliant Yellow (B.Y., Azo dye) from synthetically prepared solutions was studied by coagulation using iron chloride salt in a batch reactor at room temperature. As an experimental approach, two leveled factorial design with three factors was applied as a function of pH (4-12), iron chloride amount (0.1-0.4 g/500 mL) and dye concentration (100-200 mg/L). Low pHs supported to removal of these two dyes. The results showed that 100% I.C. dye removal and 90.5% B.Y. dye removal were achieved. The all parameters were statistically insignificant for both the dyes. Indigo Carmine and Brilliant Yellow dyes were removed from solutions successfully. The applied treatment method was evaluated as promising due to low sludge production, low cost, low coagulation duration and high performance. A time span of 5 minutes was found as enough for removals of both of the dyes. After treatment of I.C. and B.Y. dyes by coagulation, the coagulated dyes were determined as unreusable due to iron complex by these dyes. Flocculation was found to be ineffective. A continuous flow reactor was successfully adopted for these dyes.

Synthesis, structure analysis and Fenton-like catalytic properties of copper-modified graphitic carbon nitride

Heterogeneous catalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) modified by metals have received increasing attention due to the possibility of obtaining materials with better structural properties and catalytic performance. However, achieving a high content of metal-Nx species from the pyrolysis of the precursor mixture and a clear understanding of the structure of these materials are still challenges to be overcome. Herein, copper-modified graphitic carbon nitride materials were synthesized using different proportions in mass of the cooper/melamine precursors. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by a variety of techniques, which include X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electrochemical impedance (Mott-Schottky plots), among others. The results reveal structural and surface changes in the g-C3N4 matrix after incorporating copper ions. The prepared materials were used as catalyst in Fenton and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model was used to describe the catalytic process of degradation of methylene blue (MB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes. The MB degradation was 100 % in the CuCN-30/H2O2 system after 20 min of reaction at a removal rate of 0.2 min−1, while for IC, the CuCN-15/H2O2 system obtained 87 % removal after 40 min at 0.04 min−1. The copper ions were directly responsible for generating highly reactive radicals (mainly •O2−) from H2O2. In this way, the Cu-modified samples presented unique properties of bulk and surface, good stability, excellent activity (especially under neutral and alkaline conditions) and, therefore, are promising for applications in environmental remediation processes.