Indigo Carmine Dye Research Articles

Agro-waste mediate to synthesize the solar light active titanium dioxide nanoparticles with enhanced efficacy of pollutant removal

In this research work, Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared from green waste by Wet Chemical method. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) precursor is converted to TiO2 nanoparticles by using the Musa-paradisiaca L. (Banana crop) pseudo stem extract as a capping agent. The non-dopant, anatase phase crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by using analytical techniques like TEM, HR-TEM, SAED, BET, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, XPS, DRS, UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Zeta Potential. The green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles with band gap energy 2.95 eV were used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye under solar radiation with an intensity of 1200*100 lux. Optimization process was carried out for three factors such as catalyst dosage, pH and concentration of the dye solution at constant time. TiO2 nanoparticles photocatalyst showed 99% degradation efficiency in 30 minutes (min) for the IC dye under optimum condition. This experimental work was confirmed by comparing with the theoretical results obtained from Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The RSM of the quadratic model produces a theoretical layout for the optimization process and provides the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) data which evaluate the importance of each experimental factor. The RSM results are well matched with the R2 value obtained from the experimental method. The biogenic TiO2 nanoparticles had greater efficacy in the degradation of IC dye for five cycles of reaction.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of a Nanosized Fe2V4O13 Material in Heterogeneous Fenton-like Reaction for Degradation of Organic Compounds

In this research, the nanosized Fe2V4O13 complex oxide material was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Its structure, morphology characterization, and other properties were determined using X-ray, SEM, EDX, and DTA-TG methods. The catalytic activity of the material was evaluated in terms of the decolorization and the degradation of the Indigo carmine dye. The optimal condition for the degradation and the reusability of the catalyst were determined. The results showed that the heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst is a promise for wastewater treatment.

Synergistic effects of micronanobubbles and AC/Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites in photocatalytic process

The AC/Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by sol-gel method using different concentrations of Ag. Comprehensive characterization of the crystalline structure, surface morphology, elemental composition, and optical properties of the AC/Ag–TiO2 photocatalysts was carried out using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, and UV–vis DRS techniques. Consequently, a detailed investigation into the photocatalytic degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC) and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dyes was conducted, thoroughly examining the involved photocatalytic mechanisms. The study revealed promising outcomes, particularly with the hybrid photocatalyst AC/0.5%Ag–TiO2, showcasing enhanced characteristics in both photooxidation and absorption processes, thereby boosting overall efficacy for IC (70.15%) and RB5 (69.9%). Remarkably, the introduction of small air bubbles significantly improved the removal efficiency of IC and RB5 dyes, achieving removal levels of 93.66% and 88.66%, respectively. The utilization of these micro-nanobubble systems (MNBs) resulted in notably higher first-order reaction constants compared to scenarios without MNBs, indicating the pivotal role of the photocatalyst in dye removal processes. Additionally, the photocatalyst showed unmatched efficacy in eliminating the pesticide carbaryl, attaining 100% removal with and without the presence of MNBs. Moreover, the AC/Ag–TiO2 photocatalyst exhibited significant inhibition of both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, showcasing its capability to curb their growth even without MNB aeration. This underscores its potential for applications in environmental remediation and microbial control.

Study of PEG-b-PLA/Eudragit S100 Blends on the Nanoencapsulation of Indigo Carmine Dye and Application in Controlled Release.

A nanocapsule shell of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) mixed with anionic Eudragit S100 (90/10% w/w) was previously used to entrap and define the self-assembly of indigo carmine (IC) within the hydrophilic cavity core. In the present work, binary blends were prepared by solution mixing at different PEG-b-PLA/Eudragit S100 ratios (namely, 100/0, 90/10, 75/25, and 50/50% w/w) to elucidate the role of the capsule shell in tuning the encapsulation of the anionic dye (i.e., IC). The results showed that the higher content of Eudragit S100 in the blend decreases the miscibility of the two polymers due to weak intermolecular interactions between PEG-b-PLA and Eudragit S100. Moreover, with an increase in the amount of Eudragit S100, a higher thermal stability was observed related to the mobility restriction of PEG-b-PLA chains imposed by Eudragit S100. Formulations containing 10 and 25% Eudragit S100 exhibited an optimal interplay of properties between the negative surface charge and the miscibility of the polymer blend. Therefore, the anionic character of the encapsulating agent provides sufficient accumulation of IC molecules in the nanocapsule core, leading to dye aggregates following the self-assembly. At the same time, the blending of the two polymers tunes the IC release properties in the initial stage, achieving slow and controlled release. These findings give important insights into the rational design of polymeric nanosystems containing organic dyes for biomedical applications.

Degradation of indigo carmine dye with peroxydisulphate ion in aqueous sulphuric acid phase: Kinetic study

AbstractThe quest for cleaner environments is a global concern. Hence, the investigation of degradation of the indigo carmine dye (IC) with peroxydisulphate ion in an aqueous sulphuric acid system with a view to understanding its kinetic degradation and mechanism. The degradation depicts first‐order kinetics in [S2O82−] and [IC], and the degradation mole ratio of IC: S2O82− is 1:1. The degradation rate is dependent on the change in ionic strength and medium permittivity of the system. Also, added ions (NH4+ and NO3−) influence the degradation rate of the dye which further supported the outcome of the change in ionic strength. Free radical participation is ruled out. The experimental rate law is given as (Kk3[H+])[IC][S2O82−]. Owing to the absence of detectable intermediates in the degradation process, an outer‐sphere mechanism is proposed. The study is significant in textile industries and medical settings for making environments less toxic with a well‐understood degradation rate pathway.

Recycling of natural and waste materials as supports for green silver nanoparticles as efficient catalysts in photodegradation of organic pollutants

The use of a sustainable technology to synthesize green silver nanoparticles (AgNP) from renewable resources is very appealing. Here, a green protocol for the production AgNP/composites is introduced, via in situ reduction of Ag+ ions on sustainable materials (clays and waste materials) using eucalyptus leaves extract (ELE) as a reducing and stabilizing agent, without the addition of any harmful or expensive organic solvent, surfactant or dangerous compounds. The synthesized AgNP/composites were evaluated as photocatalysts to degrade Indigo Carmine (IC) dye as a model pollutant under visible light. Kaolin and pistachio shells showed to be promising supports for green AgNP, with decolorization efficiency of 85.3(±1.8)% and 48.3(±4.1)%, respectively, after 120 min of irradiation. The best catalytic results were obtained with kaolin as support and so the influence of different synthesis parameters of AgNP/kaolin nanocomposite was evaluated. The catalytic results indicated that increasing the amount of AgNO3 and ELE in the nanocomposites, increased their photocatalytic performance. Nanocomposites synthesized at room temperature showed smaller amount of AgNP and higher decolorization efficiency, compared to those biosynthesized at 50 °C. The evaluation of active species responsible for the photodegradation of IC showed that O2•- and H+ radicals are species involved in the reaction. The AgNP/kaolin showed also to be efficient to degrade both atrazine and sulfamethoxazole after 120 min of irradiation.

Analysis of Thoracoscopic Enucleation Combined with Esophagoscopy in the Prone Position for Esophageal Submucosal Tumor.

Background: Esophageal submucosal tumors (SMTs) are rare, occurring in less than 1% of esophageal neoplasms. For surgical treatment of esophageal SMTs, enucleation is usually the procedure of choice for benign tumors. This study aimed at evaluating the surgical technique and outcomes of thoracoscopic enucleation with esophagoscopy for esophageal SMTs. Methods: Patients with esophageal SMTs who underwent thoracoscopic enucleation between 2015 and 2022 were retrospectively investigated. Surgery was performed with the patient in the prone position. First, an esophagoscope was inserted, and a sodium hyaluronate solution with indigo carmine dye was injected into the submucosal layer just below the tumor. Next, under thoracoscopy, the tumor was exposed through a thoracoscopic incision and dissection of the muscularis propria and adventitia was performed at the tumor site. The colored layer resulting from the previously injected dye was identified, and tumor enucleation was performed under guidance of the dye so as not to damage the mucosa or pseudocapsule. Results: In total, 5 surgeries were performed. The mean operative time was 122.6 minutes (range 84-168 minutes), mean blood loss was 21.1 mL (range 0-80 mL), and mean postoperative hospital stay was 8 days (range 7-10 days). There were no postoperative complications. Pathological diagnosis revealed 2 cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 2 cases of schwannoma, and 1 case of leiomyoma. Conclusions: We believe that this technique is a useful and safe method of performing thoracoscopic enucleation of esophageal SMTs because the injected dye provides an indicator of the resection line during enucleation.

Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes using reduced graphene oxide (rGO)

Photocatalysts have developed into a successful strategy for degrading synthetic and organic toxins, such as chemicals and dyes, in wastewater. In this study, graphene oxide was reduced at different temperatures and used for degrading indigo carmine and neutral red dyes. The wide surface areas, strong adsorption sites, and oxygen functionalities of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) at 250 °C (rGO-250) produced more photocatalytic degradation efficiency and adsorption percentage. The catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, solution pH and recyclability were all used to optimize the photocatalytic activity of rGO-250. This research presents a capable nano-adsorbent photocatalyst for the efficient degradation of organic dyes. GO and rGOs were also investigated for carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption properties. Results showed that rGO-250 has better CO2 adsorption properties than other rGOs. Overall, it was observed that rGO-250 has better photocatalytic and CO2 adsorption capabilities compared to graphene oxide reduced at different temperatures.

Controllable Cetrimide – Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of MoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and Coupling with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as an Effective Photocatalyst for Decolorization of Indigo Carmine Dye

This research focuses on the MoFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized via the hydrothermal method in the presence of positive surfactant- Cetrimide (CT) as a template and stabilizer. This is vital to prevent the agglomeration and reducing its activity. The mean crystal sizes of MoFe2O4 and its composite with alumina system were observed to be 23.97 and 47.41 nm, respectively. The shapes of MoFe2O4 and its composite are nanoplate and like-popcorn nanoparticles. The EDX spectra demonstrated that the MoFe2O4 and its composite are truly synthesized with high purity. The FTIR proved the MoFe2O4 is normal spinel. Based on the Tauc equation, band gaps were measured and found to be 2.78 and 4.05 eV for MoFe2O4 and its nanocomposite. The photo decolorization efficiency (PDE) of indigo carmine dye (IC) using MoFe2O4 nanoparticles and its nanocomposite was discovered to be 90.84 and 91.50%, respectively, at pH 5.3, 10 °C for 50 min. This photoreaction obeys the pseudo-first order, exothermic, spontaneous, and negative activation energy, that attitude to the multi-step occurs in chain reactions. This behavior depends on the speed of the binding step of the dye with Fe3+, Mo6+, or Al3+ in the crystal lattice of MoFe2O4 nanoparticle and its nanocomposite.

Valorization of plant by-products in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial and catalytic properties

Biosynthesis based on natural compounds has emerged as a sustainable approach for the production of metallic nanoparticles (MNP). The main objective of this study was to biosynthesize stable and multifunctional silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using different plant by-products as reducers and capping agents. Extracts obtained from Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus pinaster, Citrus sinensis, Cedrus atlantica and Camellia sinensis by-products, were evaluated. From all plant by-products tested, aqueous extract of eucalyptus leaves (EL), green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) were selected due to their higher antioxidant phenolic content and were individually employed as reducers and capping agents to biosynthesize AgNP. The green AgNP showed zeta potential values of -31.8 to -36.3 mV, with a wide range of particle sizes (40.6 to 86.4 nm), depending on the plant extract used. Green AgNP exhibited an inhibitory effect against various pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-negative (P. putida, E. coli, Vibrio spp.) and Gram-positive (B. megaterium, S. aureus, S. equisimilis) bacteria with EL-AgNP being the nanostructure with the greatest antimicrobial action. EL-AgNP showed an excellent photodegradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye under direct sunlight, with a removal percentage of up to 100% after 75 min. A complete cost analysis revealed a competitive total cost range of 8.0–9.0 €/g for the biosynthesis of AgNP.Graphical

Adsorption of cationic dyes from aqueous solution onto modified nanocellulose reinforced porous bio based polyurethane hybrid composites

In this study polyurethane (PU) based porous composites were synthesized by using the biobased polyol derived from chaulmoogra and grape seed oils. These polyols were used for the preparation of porous PU composites using methylene diphenyl diisocyanate as hard segment and polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) as soft segment with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2, 2, 2]octane (DABCO) as catalyst. Swelling ratio of the PU were analyzed by using water, salt, acid and base buffers. Nanocellulose prepared from moringa olifera seed pods were modified (aminated, carboxylated and phosphorylated) and were added as fillers (1, 3, and 5 weight %) to obtain porous polyurethane composites. The prepared samples were also characterized by using XRD, SEM, FT-IR, along with other physical and chemical methods. The SEM results show the nanofibrillation of cellulose and closed cell porosity in polyurethane. The strength of nanocellulose filled polyurethane composites (mNC-PU) increased with the increase in the mNC-content. Using the obtained mNC as filler, porous polyurethane composite with good adsorption capacity were prepared, and were used for the adsorption of Indigo carmine (IC), Rhodamine-B(Rh-D) and mixed (binary) dye system. The experimental process parameters optimization was carried out using Box Behnken Design. The predicted and the experimental percentage of dye removal were found to be in good agreement with a maximum of experimental percentage dye removal being in the range of 85 to 94 % for both IC dye and Rh-D dye individually and from mixed dye system. The coefficient of determination value and adjusted coefficient of determination value indicated that the model had significant fit. An increase in pH was found to increase the sorption capacities of the porous polyurethane towards the dyes. Maximum adsorption was found in the higher pH range of 9–12.

Box–Behnken Design and experimental studies on novel fibrous g-C3N4 towards water splitting and degradation of indigo carmine dye

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is robust and stable metal free polymeric materials that have recently gained interest towards photocatalytic applications. It shows visible-light driven photocatalytic activity with a major drawback of higher recombination rate of charge carriers and moderate oxidation ability. These issues are overcome by structural modifications using facile polymerization of acidized melamine thus controlling the structure of graphitic carbon nitride. The major factors affecting the photocatalytic activity were experimentally optimized and effect of these parameters was evaluated using the Box–Behnken Design of response surface methodology. The fabricated fibrous graphitic carbon nitride (NFgCN) shows a superior activity of 81.0 μmol g−1 h−1 hydrogen generation and 99.9 % degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye in 90 min. The NFgCN shows 5 times higher activity for hydrogen generation compared to the pristine g-C3N4.

Surfactant-Assisted synthesis of α-and β-Ag2WO4 modified with Sulphur, Phosphorous, and boron and their applications in wastewater elimination

The surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was utilized to synthesize a combination of α and β-Ag2WO4 phases, which were accordingly doped with 20 % nonmetallic moieties including phosphorous (p), boron (B), and sulphur (S) via a mild precipitation route. Through characterization tools, information was obtained on surface and elemental concentration distribution, vibration, optical, morphological, and electronic properties. These materials were used as nanoadsorbents and photocatalysts. The S doped Ag2WO4 adsorbent (SAgW) has the best removal results (98.7 %) and it follows the Freundlich model of adsorption isotherm. The kinetics of dye adsorption follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. It was shown to achieve removal percentages of 98.6 % for indigo carmine dye (IC) and 98.8 % for methyl red dye (MR), demonstrating that the presence of other dyes has no effect on the removal percentage. AgW (CTAB-assisted synthesis) demonstrated high photocatalytic oxidation of IC at 20 mg/L in only 40 min with first-order kinetics of 0.12 min−1, exceeding that of PAgW by 6 times.

Interaction of food colorant indigo carmine with human and bovine serum albumins: A multispectroscopic, calorimetric, and theoretical investigation

In this work we have studied the interaction of the food dye Indigo-Carmine (IndC) with the most studied model transport proteins i.e. human and bovine serum albumin (HSA & BSA). A multispectroscopic approach was used to analyze the details of the binding process. The intrinsic fluorescence of both the albumins was significantly quenched by IndC and the quenching was both static and dynamic in nature with the former being dominant. The HSA-lndC and BSA-IndC distance after complexation was determined by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) method which suggested efficient energy transfer from the albumins to IndC. Thermodynamics of serum protein-IndC complexation was estimated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) which revealed that the binding was enthalpy driven. Circular dichroism (CD) and FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the binding of IndC induced secondary structural changes in both the serum proteins. Synchronous and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the binding interaction caused microenvironmental changes of protein fluorophores. Molecular docking analysis suggested that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are the major forces involved in the complexation process.

A sustainable methodology employing the extract of red dragon fruit peel as a fluorescence probe for detection of indigo carmine (E132) in food samples: evaluation of the method's greenness, whiteness, and blueness.

Indigo carmine dye is one of the most widely used dyes in various fields. In this study, the ethanolic extract of red dragon fruit peel (Ex-RDFP) was employed as a green fluorescence probe for measuring the synthetic dye indigo carmine. At a fluorescence excitation of 290.5 nm, the Ex-RDFP exhibits a fluorescence emission band at 341.5 nm. Meanwhile, the indigo carmine dye possesses an absorption spectrum at a maximum peak of 290 nm. Consequently, the fluorescence intensity of the Ex-RDFP was reduced upon the addition of indigo carmine solution due to the inner filter effect mechanism. This quenching in the fluorescence intensity of Ex-RDFP was substantially associated with the indigo carmine concentration at a linear scale of 1.0-7.0 μg mL-1 (r 2 = 0.9993). Furthermore, the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation of the method were found to be 0.209 μg mL-1 and 0.635 μg mL-1, respectively. The optimal analytical conditions, such as solvent used for dilution, pH, reaction time, volume of the reagent, and temperature, were examined and carefully studied. In addition, the proposed method was successfully applied to detect indigo carmine dye in various natural syrup samples, including lemon syrup, apple syrup, cantaloupe syrup, pineapple syrup, and guava syrup, with acceptable recovery values. The method's beneficial sustainability footprint was found by using an extensive greenness analysis that incorporated the modified National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), the complex Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and the Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE) prep algorithms. In addition, "whiteness" and "blueness" were also assessed with the newly released (Red Green Blue 12) RGB12 and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) computational methods, emphasizing the benefit of the proposed method in terms of analytical efficiency, sustainability, and economy. The suggested technique is the answer to the worldwide popularity of ecologically conscious solutions by providing a green-and-white substitute for traditional techniques and advancing towards creating more sustainable quality control procedures in the future.

Bentonite/cerium-modified LDH composite catalyst for catalytic ozonation of high-concentration indigo carmine dye solution

This research tackles the pressing issue of high-concentration indigo carmine (IC) dye degradation, where concentrations reach as high as 6000 mg/L. We synthesized a novel catalyst comprising a bentonite-supported cerium-modified magnesium-aluminum layer double hydroxide (Mg-Al-Ce LDH) composite. Our investigation focused on the catalytic prowess of two versions of this catalyst in decolorizing and degrading the IC dye. Remarkably, these catalysts swiftly decolorized the dye solution within 20 min and achieved an impressive 95% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal in 60 min, significantly outperforming the 50% TOC reduction by ozonation without a catalyst. Bentonite's role as a support material was crucial, bolstering the catalysts' stability in demanding conditions. This study heralds a breakthrough in high-concentration dye waste treatment, marking a significant stride toward eco-friendly wastewater management practices.

Bio-adsorption of Cationic-Cnionic Dyes from Synthetic Effluents using an Experimental Design Approach

In the current research, Cycas leaves powder (CL) as a low-cost agro-waste adsorbent was investigated for malachite green (MG) and Indigo Carmine (IC) dye removal from contaminated water. The Cycas leaves powder was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The adsorption parameters were investigated including contact time, dye concentrations, and adsorbent dosage to determine their effects on the adsorption efficiency. The I-optimal design approach was used to intimately detect the significance of adsorption parameters and their interactions by analyzing the overall statistical results. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were analyzed using two models. The results showed that the data was well-fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order model. The thermodynamics parameters including ΔHº, ΔSº, and ΔGº were determined, and the adsorption process was non-spontaneous, and exothermic for MG and endothermic IC dyes. The results demonstrated that Cycas leave can be exploited as an affordable inexpensive material for the treatment of industrial dyes from textile discharges.

Photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye by hydrothermally synthesized graphene nanodots (GNDs): investigation of kinetics and thermodynamics.

Graphene nano dots (GNDs) are an intriguing emerging class of materials at the nano scale with distinctive characteristics and exciting potential applications. Graphene oxide was synthesized in a lab setting using a modified version of Hummers' approach and used as a precursor for synthesis of graphene nano dots. Graphene oxide is then treated through hydrothermal treatment to produce GNDs with exact control over their size and form. Synthesized graphene nano dots were subjected to various instruments to study morphology, crystallinity, size and other properties. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to detect the maximum absorbance of light. For functional group identification, FTIR analysis was conducted. X-ray diffraction analysis explained structural composition and various other parameters i.e., crystal size and diameter, which was further verified by Vesta software. Surface morphology of GNDs was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. AFM analysis of GNDs demonstrates the topography of the surface. The photo degradation of the indigo carmine dye by the GNDs also demonstrates their superiority as UV-visible light driven photo catalysts. To evaluate the results, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the degradation reactions are examined. The effects of several factors, such as temperature, initial concentration, time, pH and catalyst concentration, are also investigated. The data will be analyzed statistically by regression and correlation analysis using dependent and independent variables, regression coefficient and other statistical techniques.

Electrochemical Degradation of Indigocarmine Dye at Ni/Graphite Modified Electrode in Aqueous Solution

Electrochemical Degradation of Indigocarmine Dye at Ni/Graphite Modified Electrode in Aqueous Solution

A INFLUENCE OF OPERATING PARAMETERS ON DECOLORATION OF INDIGO CARMINE SOLUTIONS USING GAMMA RADIATIONS

Abstract: It has been observed that the process parameters influence the extent of decoloration of synthetic dyes during gamma radiolysis in aqueous solutions. The influence of some factors viz. concentration of dye, dye solution pH, addition of H2O2 on the colour bleaching of Indigo Carmine dye in aqueous medium was studied using 60Co gamma radiation source (dose rate was 0.386 kGy/hr). The dose required for the thorough decoloration was observed to be the direct function of the dye concentration in the solution. Further, when pH of solution was increased, the extent of decoloration reduced, for all the concentrations. H2O2 addition had the accelerating effect on the overall decoloration. The addition of H2O2 was governed by the critical value which corresponds to optimum dose of H2O2 that is required for maximum decoloration.